1/8/25, 10:57 PM Top 70 Linux Interview Questions (2024) - GeeksforGeeks

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Linux Interview Questions and Answer

Last Updated : 16 Oct, 2024

Linux has hundreds of important concepts that you need to understand before
an interview, especially if you have 5 years of experience or are applying for
roles like DevOps, Cloud Engineer, or Application Support. That’s why Linux
interview questions are essential for preparation. These questions cover
everything from Linux commands to both basic and advanced concepts that
are critical to know. Having the right knowledge of Linux can help you stand
out from other candidates and increase your chances of securing the job.

Table of Content
Beginner-Level Linux Interview Questions
Intermediate-Level Linux Interview Questions
Advanced-Level Linux Interview Questions
Bonus Linux Interview Questions
Linux Admin Interview Questions
Linux Troubleshooting Interview Questions:
Linux Networking Interview Questions

Hence, learning interview questions can benefit you in competitiveness,

interview success, confidence-building, and many more. If you are also
preparing for a job in the Linux field, the following questions will surely benefit
you. Here we have included the Top Linux Interview Questions you can learn
as a beginner, intermediate, or expert.

Beginner-Level Linux Interview Questions

The following 15 Linux interview questions are suitable for freshers because
these questions will have basic information about Linux.

1. What is Linux?
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Linus Torvalds developed Linux, a Unix-like, free, open-source, and kernel

operating system. Mainly it is designed for systems, servers, embedded
devices, mobile devices, and mainframes and is also supported on major
computer platforms such as ARM, x86, and SPARC.

2. Explain the basic features of the Linux OS.

Some basic features of Linux are:

Linux is free and easily available.

It is more secure than other operating systems because it uses security
auditing and password authentication features.
Linux has its personal software repository.
It includes multiple languages throughout the world. Hence Linux supports
different language keyboards.
It offers CLI and GUI to use different commands and applications such as
Firefox, VLC, etc.

3. Name some Linux Distros

There are various Linux distros but the following are the most commonly used:

Ubuntu
Debian
CentOS
Fedora
RedHat
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4. What are the major differences between Linux and Windows?

The following table will help in understanding the differences between Linux
and Windows:

Comparison Factor Linux Windows

It is a free and open- It is not open-source and

Free/Paid
source OS. is free to use.

Windows is less secure

Security Linux is highly secure.
compared to Linux.

Windows uses a
As a path separator, it
Path separator backward slash between
uses a forward slash.
the directories.

Linux is more efficient

Efficiency Windows is less efficient.
than Windows.

It uses a monolithic
Kernel type It uses a microkernel.
kernel.

Linux file systems are Its file system is case-

File system
case-sensitive. insensitive.

5. Define the basic components of Linux.

Majorly there are five basic components of Linux:

Kernel: Linux kernel is a core part of the operating system that works as a
bridge between hardware and software.
Shell: Shell is an interface between a kernel and a user.
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GUI: Offers different way to interact with the system, known as the
graphical user interface (GUI).
Application programs: It is designed to perform a bundle of tasks through a
bundle of functions.
System Utilities: It is the software functions through which users manage
the system.

6. Elaborate all the file permission in Linux.

There are three types of file permissions in Linux:

Read: Users open and read files with this permission.

Write: Users can open and modify the files.
Execute: Users can run the file.

7. What is the Linux Kernel? Is it legal to edit it?

It is known as a low-level software system. The Linux kernel tracks the

resources and provides a user interface. This OS is released under GPL
(General Public License). Hence every project is released under it. So, you can
edit the Linux kernel legally.

8. Explain LILO

LILO, i.e., Linux Loader and is a Linux Boot loader. It loads the Linux operating
system into memory and starts the execution. Most operating systems like
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9. What is Shell in Linux?

In Linux, five Shells are used:

csh (C Shell): This shell offers job control and spell checking and is similar
to C syntax.]
ksh (Korn Shell): A high-level shell for programming languages.
ssh (Z Shell): This shell has a unique nature, such as closing comments,
startup files, file name generating, and observing logout/login watching.
bash (Bourne Again Shell): This is the default shell for Linux.
Fish (Friendly Interactive Shell): This shell provides auto-suggestion, web-
based configuration, etc.

10. What is a root account?

The root is like the user’s name or system administrator account in Linux. The
root account provides complete system control, which an ordinary user cannot
do.

11. Describe CLI and GUI in Linux.

CLI, i.e., command line interface. It takes input as a command and runs the
tasks of the system. The term GUI refers to the Graphical User Interface or the
human-computer interface. It uses icons, images, menus, and windows, which
can be manipulated through the mouse.

12. What is Swap Space?

Linux uses swap space to expand RAM. Linux uses this extra space to hold
concurrently running programs temporarily.

13. What is the difference between hard links and soft links?

Here is the table that shows the difference between soft links and hard links:

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Hard Links Soft Links

It includes original content. It includes the original file location.

Hard links are faster as compared to

Soft links are slower.
soft links.

It shares similar inode numbers. It shares different inode numbers.

There is no relative path for hard links. Relative paths are used for soft links.

It didn’t link the directories. It links the directories.

Any change in this link reflects other Every change in this link reflects its
files directly. hard link and the actual file directly.

It uses less memory. It uses more memory.

14. How do users create a symbolic link in Linux?

Symbolic links, symlink, or soft links are shortcuts to files and directories. Users
can create the symbolic link in Linux through the’ ln’ command. The general
command to create a symbolic link is as follows:

ln -s <existing_source file> <optional_symbolic link>

15. What do you understand about the standard streams?

Output and input in Linux OS are divided into three standard streams:

Stdin (standard input)

stdout(standard output)
stderr
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Under Linux, these standard streams channel communication of output and

input between programs and their environment.

Intermediate-Level Linux Interview Questions

The next 15 questions are the best suitable for those who have an
intermediate level of experience in Linux:

16. How do you mount and unmount filesystems in Linux?

In this case, you can use the ‘mount’ and ‘umount’ commands.

For mounting:

First, identify the partition through the fdisk -l command. You can also use
the lsblk command for it.
After identifying the partition, create the directory which will work as the
mount point. For example, running the mkdir /mnt/mountpnt will create the
mountpnt directory as the mount point.
Finally, you can run sudo mount <partition> <mount_point_directory> to
complete the mounting.

For Unmounting:

Once you check if the specific filesystem is in use, you can run the `sudo
umount <mount_point_directory>` for unmounting. If you want to learn more
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17. How do you troubleshoot network connectivity issues in Linux?

There are multiple ways to troubleshoot the network connectivity and find the
issue correctly:

Check the Internet Connectivity:

First of all, please check if the internet connection option is on and also check
the cables to find if there is any issue with it.

Verify the Network Configuration:

Please check that your network is configured correctly and the network
interface has your IP address. You can check it by running the ip addr or
ifconfig commands.
You can also run the ip route command to check if the default gateway is set
properly.
Finally, verify the DNS server configuration in the /etc/resolv.conf file.

Check the Firewall:

Sometimes, firewall rules block the internet connection for the system’s
security. Hence, you can run the ufw or iptables command to modify the
firewall rules.

Network Interface:

You can restart your network interface through the ifup and ifdown commands.
Once you restart the network interface, please reboot the system to make
changes successful.

18. How do you list all the processes running in Linux?

You can list the currently running process in Linux through various commands
such as:

ps Command:

The ps command displays brief information about the running processes. You

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result, and the -e option displays all processes. Moreover, you can use the ps
auxf command to get a detailed list of processes.

top and htop Command:

The top command displays the real-time details about the system process
and the complete resource usage.
The htop command is the improved version of the top command because it
displays the color-coded list with additional features such as sorting,
filtering, sorting, etc.

19. What is the chmod command in Linux, and how do you use it?

You can use the chmod command to change the file permissions of the
directories. It offers a simple way to control the read and write permissions. For
instance, if you want to change the permission of the ABC.sh script and give it
the write and executable permission, you can run the below command:

chmod u+wx ABC.sh

The chmod command is not limited to the write (w), read (r), and executable (x)
permissions because there are symbolic modes and numeric modes, which you
can learn from this guide.

20. How do you check disk space usage?

There are some simple commands you can use to check disk space usage, such
as:

df Command:

The df or disk-free command shows the used and the available disk space. You
can use the additional options to check disk space differently. For instance, you
can use the df -h command to check the disk usage in the human-readable
format.

du Command:

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directory. However, you can run the following command to check the disk
usage of a specific directory:

du -sh ~/<directory>

ncdu Command:

The NCurses Disk Usage, or ncdu command, displays more interactive disk
usage. Similar to the du command, the ncdu command also requires the path of
the specific directory to check its space.

21. How do you find the process ID (PID) of a running process?

You can use the following command to find the Process ID or PID of the
currently running process:

pgrep Command:

The pgrep command shows the PID of a process through its name or other
different attributes. For example, you can find the PID of process_1 using the
below command:

pgrep <process_1>

ps Command:

ps command not only displays the currently running process but also shows
the process’s PID. However, if you want to check the PID of a specific process,
you can combine the ps with the grep command:

ps -e | grep -i <process_1>

22. What is the rsync command, and how do you use this command for
synchronization?

The rsync command is used to synchronize and transfer the files in Linux. It
synchronizes files between two local systems, directories, or a network. The
basic rsync command contains the following:
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rsync <options> <source> <destination>

For example, let’s synchronize between Documents and the Downloads

directory. For this, you need to run the following command:

rsync -av ~/Documents ~/Downloads

If you want to go one step further, then you can use the below command:

rsync -avz --delete ~/Documents ~/Downloads

In the above command:

The -a option preserves all the permissions and other attributes

The -v option displays the detailed output of the synchronization
The -z allows compression that decreases the bandwidth use.
The –delete option removes the file in the Downloads that do not exist in
the Documents directory.

23. How do you create a user account?

You can use adduser and useradd commands to create a user for the system.

useradd Command:

Let’s create a username, “Ron,” and provide a password for accessing the
system:

useradd Ron
passwd Ron

You can also explore the useradd command’s additional options to modify the
new user’s permissions and privileges.

adduser Command:

The adduser command is similar to the useradd command, so let’s create a

username “Shawn”:

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Shawn

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24. How do you format a disk in Linux?

The mkfs or make file system command helps format the disk in the Linux
system. All you need to do is use the following method to format the disk:

First, run the lsblk command to list the available partitions and identify which
disk you want to format.

If the selected disk is mounted, then unmount it through the following

command:

umount <partition>

Now, find the file system type of the disk, like EXT4, NTFS, or XFS. Once you
are done then, run one of the following commands according to the file system
type:

mkfs.ext4 <partition>
mkfs.xfs <partition>
mkfs.ntfs <partition>

Finally, mount the disk again through the mount command after the successful
format. Moreover, please ensure that you have created a complete disk backup
to eliminate the chances of data loss.

25. How do you change the password for a user account?

Changing the password of a user account is simple because all you need to do
is use the passwd command:

passwd username

For example, let’s change the password of a user “Ron” through the below
command:

passwd Ron

Once you run the command, the system will ask you to enter and confirm the
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26. What is the difference between a process and a thread?

In Linux, processes are the independent program, while a thread is the unit of
execution. So here are the complete differences between process and thread:

Comparison Factors Process Thread

Creation time Creation time is higher Creation time is less.

It depends on other
It is independent because
threads because they
Dependency it does not share
share some memory with
memory.
other threads.

Resource Resource use is higher Requires lesser resources

The termination time is The termination time is

Termination time
higher less.

27. What is the ulimit command, and how do you use it?

The ulimit command controls the resource limit for the user process. You can
use the ulimit command to set the limit on the system resource to prevent
consuming the higher resources. This command contains multiple options to
set the limit. For example, you can use the u option to set a maximum number
of processes to 50:

ulimit -u 50

You can explore more options of the ulimit command by following this guide.

28. What is the find command, and how do you use it?

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find <directory> <file>

For example, let’s find a Linux.txt file located in the Downloads directory
through the below command:

find ~/Downloads -name Linux.txt

Once you run the above command, the find command will start finding the
Linux.txt in the Downloads directory and subdirectories.

29. What is RAID in Linux?

The full form of RAID is the Redundant Array of Independent Disk that allows
the system to combine the different physical disk drives into a logical unit.
RAID is used to improve the system’s disk performance and data integrity.
There are different RAID levels you can configure according to the
requirements. Here is the detailed information about the RAID levels:

RAID Level Description

It is called striping, which allows you to

RAID 0 split the data into multiple disks
without redundancy.

It is called mirroring, which allows you

RAID 1 to create a complete copy of data on
multiple disks.

It distributes the parity information and

RAID 5
data on multiple disks.

It is the improved version of RAID 5 as it

RAID 6 uses two sets of parity information to
provide higher data redundancy.
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RAID Level Description

It combines RAID 0 and RAID 1 to

RAID 10 generate the set of mirror disks to
improve performance and redundancy.

30. What are the challenges of using Linux?

There are numerous challenges that a user faces while using Linux:

Linux shows hardware compatibility issues in certain devices because

manufacturers prioritize Windows compatibility.
Learning Linux is not easy because the configuration and commands require
proper knowledge.
Although Linux supports Steam, it still needs to be impressed regarding
game compatibility and availability.
Sometimes users face driver and firmware-related issues.

Advanced-Level Linux Interview Questions

These 15 questions will revolve around your experience and help you in
preparing for the advanced-level Linux interview:

31. What is the /proc file system?

/proc (Proc File System) is the virtual file system that shows information about
the system and the Kernel data structures. It is the essential interface to access
the system, perform debugging tasks, check the Kernel functioning, find
process-related information, and many more.

Therefore, you can use /proc file system in Linux to get information about the
system and modify the particular Kernel parameters at the runtime.

32. How do you secure a Linux server?

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methods:

Create a strong password

Update the server and apply security patches.
Use secured protocols like SSH and configure it to use key-based
authentication for higher security.
Use the intrusion detection system (IDS) to monitor network traffic and
prevent malicious activities.
Configure the firewall to limit the inbound and outbound traffic on the
server.
Disable all unused network services.
Create regular backups.
Review logs and perform regular security audits.
Encrypt network traffic and enable monitoring.

33. What is strace command?

The strace command is the diagnostic utility by which you can trace and
monitor the system calls generated by the process. It allows you to find how
programs interact with Kernel and can be used for debugging and
troubleshooting. For example, let’s find the system calls generated by the ls
command:

strace ls

Once you run the above command, the system will start tracing the list
command and show the system calls generated by it. Output from the above
command includes information like call name, argument, and return values.

34. How do you optimize Linux system performance?

You can optimize the Linux performance through various strategies to improve
resource usage and efficiency. So some of the strategies are:

Updates the system as per the latest one available.

Optimize the disk, enable the caching, and optimize the access pattern.
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Disable the necessary services and use lightweight alternatives of the tools.
Monitor the system resources regularly.
Perform the Kernel parameter tune-up.
Use tools like Performance Co-Pilot (PCP) to monitor system-level
performance.

35. How to administer Linux servers?

Administering a Linux server requires different strategies and management to

maintain the overall functionalities. Here are some major strategies you can
follow:

Handle user account management and assign appropriate access

permissions.
Configure the system to optimize the performance, improve the security and
maintain the network connectivity.
Implement the backup strategy to perform regular backups of the server.
Implement the monitoring tools to track resource usage, system
performance, and network.
Set up monitoring tools to track system performance, resource usage, and
network activity.
Configure firewall, set up intrusion detection, manage user permissions and
configure the SSH.
Create a proper recovery planning that must include regular backup, critical
configuration documentation, recovery process testing, and offsite storage.

36. What is a Linux virtual memory system?

Virtual memory is a great memory management utility in any OS. You can use
the virtual memory system as secondary memory. This memory is used by both
software and hardware in Linux so that your system can cope with the lack of
physical memory. Moreover, virtual memory is also used to compensate for the
RAM usage by transferring the data temporarily from RAM to disk storage.

37. What do you understand about process scheduling in Linux?

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Process scheduling is the mechanism that identifies the order of processes

running on the system. In other words, process scheduling determines the
order and execution time of multiple processes running on the system
concurrently. This process scheduler of Linux is priority-based and uses a
preemptive algorithm. It allocates CPU time for different processes to ensure
efficient CPU resource usage. These processes are dynamic, and their order
can change depending on many factors, such as resource usage, process
behavior, and scheduling policies.

38. What are the most important Linux commands?

There are a ton of useful commands in Linux, and here are some of the
commonly used commands:

ls: Display directory contents such as folders and files.

mkdir: Used to create a new directory.
pwd: Shows the current directory.
top: Display system running processes and resource usage.
grep: Search a specific pattern in a file.
cat: Through this command, users can add multiple files and also display
the content of the files.
tar: Archives directories and files into a tarball.
wget: Download files from the browser or web.
free: Shows memory usage.
df: Shows disk space usage.
man: Gives a manual page for a specific command that displays instructions
and details.

39. What is the iptables command, and how to use it for network
filtering?

The iptables command configures Netfilter firewall rules providing the

network address translation, packet filtering, etc. iptables inspects the network
packet and then manages them according to the defined rules. Here is how you
can use the iptables command for network filtering:
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Run the below command to display the current iptables rules, including
policies, chains, and other actions for the network:

iptables -L

The iptables configuration uses the predefined set of chains to process the
network packages at different stages. So you can define rules to these chains
for manipulating the network packets:

iptables -A <chain> <options> -j <target>

In the above command:

<chain>: Specifies the chain where you want to define a new rule.
<options>: Defines the conditions for the rule, like ports, protocols, etc.
-j <target>: Defines the target action when the packet matches the rule.

By default, iptables rules get automatically removed after the system reboot,
but you can use the following command to make the rules persistent:

iptables-save > /etc/iptables/rules.v4

40. How do you troubleshoot a Linux OS that fails to boot?

In case of the system boot failure, you can follow various approaches such as:

Check the warning and error messages you get during the boot process
because it can help you diagnose the issues.
Check the boot logs to find the exact reason behind the boot error.
Open the GRUB bootloader and check the boot options to solve the booting
problems.
Check the hardware connections like cables, RAM, cooling fan, etc.
If the system shows an error message related to the Kernel, try to boot it
with the older Kernel version from GRUB.
Identify the last changes you made in the system before the boot.

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The init or also called the initialization process is the first process that begins
during the system boot. It is responsible for initializing and processing the
system in its functional state. Hence, init works as the parent process because
its process ID is 1. Originally Linux systems used to have SysV init, but now it is
developed as the systemd init (an improved version of SysV).

42. What is SMTP?

SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. This set of communication
guidelines allows the software to transmit electronic mail online. The main aim
of SMTP is to set communication rules between servers. There are two models
of SMTP:

End-to-end model: This model is used to connect different organizations.

Store-and-forward model: This model is used within an organization.

43. What is LVM in Linux?

The full form of LVM is Logical Volume Manager, which provides an advanced
disk management approach in Linux. It is a subsystem that allows a user to
efficiently allocate the disk space on the physical storage device.

You can use the LVM to create the logical volume for easy storage
management through various features like resizing, volume mirroring, and
snapshots. LVM is a powerful utility for disk management where you need
dynamic storage allocations.

44. What is the difference between UDP and TCP?

The following table shows the difference between UDP and TCP:

Factors UDP TCP

Connection-oriented UDP does not establish a TCP is connection-

proper connection. oriented because it
establishes
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Factors UDP TCP

between the sender and

receiver.

It guarantees reliable
UDP does not provide a data delivery by
Reliability
reliability mechanism. retransmitting corrupt
packets or lost packets.

It is used in low It is used where ordered

overhead, speed, and data is delivered, and
Usage
real-time communication reliable data must be
applications. delivered.

Video/voice conferencing, File transfers, email, web

Applications DNS, online gaming, browsing, database
streaming media, etc. transactions, etc.

45. What is /etc/resolv.conf file

The /etc/resolv.conf is the config file used for the DNS server resolution
process. This config file is used to specify the DNS server, set up the search
directive for domains, and configure the resolver options.

46. What is the difference between absolute and relative paths in

Linux?

Absolute path = It specifies the exact location of a file or directory from the
root directory (“/”). We will notice that they always start with a forward slash
(“/”).

For Example: `/home/user/jayesh/geeksforgeeks.txt`

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For Example: `documents/file.txt`

47. What is the grep command used for in Linux?

The grep command is used to search for specific patterns within files or input
streams. It allows us to find and print lines that we give to match the pattern.

For example: If we want to search `test` in a text file name “file.txt”. We use
the following command

grep "test" file.txt

This command will search for the word `test` in the file named “file.txt” and
print the matching lines.

48. How do you check the status of a service or daemon in Linux?

To check the status of a service or daemon, we can use the `systemctl`

command followed by the service name.

For example: If we want to display the status of the Apache Web server. We
use the following command.

systemctl status apache2

It will show whether the service is running, stopped, or in an error state.

49. What is the difference between /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow files?

The /etc/passwd file stores essential user information like usernames, user IDs,
home directories, and default shells. Each line in the file represents a user
account.

The /etc/shadow file contains encrypted passwords and other security-related

information. It is only accessible by the root user or privileged processes

50. How do you compress and decompress files in Linux?

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To compress files in Linux, you can use the tar command along with gzip
compression.

For example: If we want to create a file name “jayesh” with gzip compression.
We use the following command.

tar -czvf jayesh.tar.gz files

This command will create a compressed archive file containg the specified
“files”

To decompress the same, we use the following command.

tar -xzvf jayesh.tar.gz

51. What is the difference between a process and a daemon in Linux?

A process is an executing instance of a program. It can be a foreground process

that interacts with the user or a background process started by a user or
another process.

A daemon is a background process that runs independently of user sessions. It

is typically started at system boot time and performs system tasks or provides
services. Daemons often have no user interaction and continue running even
when users log out.

52. How do you schedule recurring tasks in Linux?

We can use `crontab` command for performing recurring tasks in Linux. By

adding entries to the crontab file, we can specify when and how frequently a
command or script should be executed

For Example: If we want to execute a script name “geeks.sh” every day at 3:30
AM. We use the following command.

crontab -e

This command opens the crontab file in an editor.

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30 3 * * * /path/to/geeks.sh

53. What is the sed command used for in Linux?

The sed command is used to perform text transformations on files. It can

search for specific patterns and replace them with desired text.

For Example:

sed `s/foo/bar/g` file.txt

This command replaces all occurrences of “foo” with “bar” in the file name
“file.txt”

54. What are runlevels in Linux?

Runlevels in Linux define different system states, such as single-user mode or

multi-user mode with or without a GUI. They determine which services start or
stop during system startup and shutdown. The default runlevel is often set to a
multi-user mode with a GUI (runlevel 5). Runlevel 3 is commonly used for a
multi-user mode without a GUI.

Bonus Linux Interview Questions

The next 5 Linux interview questions are the most common ones recruiters ask.

55. What is sudo in Linux?

The word “sudo” is the short form of “Superuser Do” that allows you to run the
command with system privileges. With this command, you can get the system’s
administrative access to perform various tasks. The sudo command requires a
password before the execution to verify the user’s authorization.

56. What is umask?

It is used for user file creation mode. When a user creates any file, then it has
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57. How to find and kill a process in Linux?

You can use different commands to kill a process, but first, you must find the
PID of that specific process. So, please run the below command:

ps aux | grep <process>

Once you get the PID of the process then run the kill command to end it:

kill <PID>

If you don’t want to find the PID, then you can use the pkill command to kill a
process by its name:

pkill <process>

The pkill command sends a signal (by default, SIGTERM) to the matched
processes, causing them to terminate.

58. What is network bonding in Linux?

Network bonding is the process of creating a single network by combining two

or more network interfaces. This combination of networks improves
redundancy and performance by increasing bandwidth and throughput. The
major benefit of network bonding is that the overall network works fine even if
a single network in the bonding does not work properly.

59. What is SELinux?

SELinux or also known as Security-Enhanced Linux, is the security framework.

It offers an additional layer of security to improve access control and
strengthen security. SELinux was developed to improve the security policies to
prevent unauthorized access and exploitation. However, learning about
SELinux is essential before working on it can create serious security issues.

60. What is the purpose of the SSH protocol in Linux, and how do you
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The Secure Shell (SSH) is a protocol in Linux which is used to establish a

secure encrypted connection between a local and remote machine. It allows to
securely access and manage remote servers. If we want to connect to a remote
server using SSH. We can use the following command.

ssh username@remote_ip

Here replace the `username` with the desired username of the remote server
and replace the `remote_ip` with the IP address of the remote server.

61. How do you check the contents of a file without opening it in

Linux?

In Linux we can use the `cat` command to view the content of a file without
opening it in an editor form.

For example: If we want to check content of a file with file_name = `geeks.txt`

cat geeks.txt

62. What is the purpose of the crontab file in Linux, and how do you
schedule recurring tasks using cron jobs?

The crontab file in Linux is used to schedule recurring tasks or cron jobs. It
contains a list of commands or scripts that are executed at specified time
intervals. To edit the crontab file, you can use the crontab -e command.

For example: If we want to run a script name `jayesh.sh` every day at 5 AM,
we can use the following procedure.

First, we need to open the crontab in editorial format.

crontab -e

Secondly, add the entries in the crontab file.

0 5 * * * /path/to/jayesh.sh
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63. How do you find and replace text in a file using the sed command
in Linux?

The sed command (stream editor) can be used to find and replace text in a file.
The basic syntax is sed ‘s/pattern/replacement/g’ filename.

For example: to replace all occurrences of “true” with “False” in a file

sed 's/true/False/g' file_name

64. What is the purpose of the sudoers file in Linux, and how do you
configure sudo access for users?

The sudoers file in Linux controls the sudo access permissions for users. It
determines which users are allowed to run commands with superuser (root)
privileges. To configure sudo access, you can edit the sudoers file using the
visudo command.

For example:

sudo visudo

Now add this line anywhere in the file. For instance, if we want to grant a user
full sudo access.

user_name ALL=(ALL) ALL

65. How do you change the ownership of a file or directory in Linux

using the chown command?

In Linux, you can change the ownership of a file or directory using the chown
command. The basic syntax is chown new_owner: new_group filename.

For example: If we want to change the ownership of a file to user “Jayesh” and
group “users”.

chown jayesh:users file_name

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66. What is the purpose of the ping command in Linux, and how do
you test network connectivity to a remote host?

Ping command is used to test the network connectively between the local and
remote hosts. It basically sends an ICMP echo request packet to the remote
host and waits for the corresponding echo reply packet.

For example: If we want to check the connectivity to a remote host, we use the
following command.

ping remote_host_ip

Here replace `remote_host_ip` with the Ip address of the host

67. How do you recursively copy files and directories in Linux using the
cp command?

In linxux we can simply use `-R` option with the `cp` command to recursively
copy the file and directories.

For example:

cp -R sourece_durectory destination_directory

68. What is the purpose of the netstat command in Linux, and how do
you view network connections and listening ports?

The netstat command in Linux is used to display active network connections,

routing tables, and listening ports. To view network connections and listening
ports, use the netstat command with appropriate options.

For example: If we want to display all listening TCP ports, we can use the
following command.

netstat -tuln

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To set up a static IP address in Linux using the command-line interface, you

need to modify the network configuration file. The location and name of the file
may vary depending on the Linux distribution, but commonly it is
/etc/network/interfaces. Open the file with a text editor and modify the
configuration to set a static IP address, subnet mask, gateway, and DNS
servers.

For example:

iface eth0 inet static

address 192.168.1.100
netmask 255.255.255.0
gateway 192.168.1.1
dns-nameservers 8.8.8.8 8.8.4.4

Save the file and restart the network service or reboot the system for the
changes to take effect.

70. How to copy a file to multiple directories in Linux?

We can copy a file to multiple directories in Linux by these methods and

command xargs, find, tee and shell loop.

xargs command on Unix/Linux operating system converts input from

standard input into an argument list for a specified command.
The command find initiates a search and allows actions to be performed
based on the search results.
The tee command reads standard input and copies it to both standard
outputs and to one or more files.

Linux Admin Interview Questions

71. How are files organized in Linux?

Linux follows a hierarchical file system structure. The root directory is denoted
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72. How can you find the IP address of a Linux system?

The ‘ifconfig’ or ‘ip addr show’ command can be used to display the IP address
of a Linux system.

73. What is the distinction between a hard link and a symbolic link in
Linux?

A hard link is a direct reference to a file, whereas a symbolic link is a reference

to the file’s path. Deleting a hard link does not affect the file, but deleting a
symbolic link breaks the link between the file and its path.

74. How do you check the amount of disk space being used in Linux?

The ‘df’ command displays information about the disk space usage on Linux,
including the total, used, and available space on filesystems.

75. How do you start and stop a service in Linux?

The ‘systemctl start <service>’ command is used to start a service, and

‘systemctl stop <service>’ is used to stop a service in Linux.

76. What are common causes of file permission issues in Linux?

Common causes of file permission issues in Linux include incorrect ownership,

improper permissions set for users or groups, and conflicts between different
users’ permissions.

77. How do you troubleshoot a Linux system that cannot connect to a

remote server?

Possible troubleshooting steps include checking network connectivity using

tools like ‘ping’, verifying firewall rules, checking DNS settings, and examining
relevant log files for error messages.

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78.What steps would you take to fix a network connectivity issue in

Linux?

Steps would include checking physical connections, verifying IP configuration,

checking firewall settings, ensuring DNS resolution is working, and using
network troubleshooting tools like ‘ping’, ‘traceroute’, or ‘tcpdump’.

79. How do you check the system logs in Linux?

System logs can be checked using the ‘tail’ or ‘less’ command to view the
contents of log files located in the ‘/var/log’ directory, such as ‘syslog’,
‘messages’, or ‘auth.log’.

80. What are the possible reasons for a Linux system running out of
memory?

Possible reasons include memory leaks in applications, excessive memory

usage by running processes, inadequate memory allocation, or high memory
demands from large datasets.

81. How would you troubleshoot a slow-performing Linux server?

Troubleshooting steps might involve checking system resource usage with

tools like ‘top’ or ‘htop’, monitoring disk I/O, analyzing network traffic,
identifying memory or CPU bottlenecks, and reviewing application logs.

82. What are common causes of a Linux system running out of disk
space?

Common causes include large log files, excessive data storage, uncontrolled
growth of temporary files, improper cleanup of old files, or runaway processes
generating excessive output.

83. How can you identify and terminate a process that is using a lot of
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The ‘top’ or ‘htop’ command can display the processes using the most CPU. To
terminate a process, the ‘kill’ command followed by the process ID (PID) can be
used.

84. How would you troubleshoot a Linux system that cannot boot up?

Troubleshooting steps might include checking hardware connections, verifying

BIOS/UEFI settings, booting into a recovery mode or live system, analyzing
boot logs, and diagnosing disk or file system errors.

Linux Networking Interview Questions:

85. What does the ‘ifconfig’ command do in Linux?

The ‘ifconfig’ command is used to configure or display network interfaces in

Linux. It can be used to view or modify IP addresses, netmasks, and other
network interface parameters.

86. How do you set up a fixed IP address in Linux?

A fixed IP address can be set up in Linux by editing the network configuration

file (e.g., ‘/etc/network/interfaces’ or ‘/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-
<interface>’) and assigning the desired IP address to the interface.

87. How do you configure a DNS server in Linux?

DNS server configuration involves editing the ‘/etc/named.conf’ (BIND) or

‘/etc/named/named.conf.options’ (ISC BIND) file to specify the server’s zone
information, name resolution options, and defining forwarders or root hints.

88. What is a firewall in Linux, and how do you set it up?

A firewall is a network security system that filters and controls network traffic.
In Linux, ‘iptables’ or newer ‘nftables’ can be used to set up firewall rules by
defining filtering criteria, network zones, and desired actions.
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89. How do you check the network connectivity between two Linux
systems?

Network connectivity between two Linux systems can be checked using tools
like ‘ping’ or ‘traceroute’, which send packets to the target system and report on
the round-trip time and the path taken.

90. What is the purpose of the ‘route’ command in Linux?

The ‘route’ command is used to view or modify the IP routing table on a Linux
system. It displays information about the network routes and allows adding or
deleting routes.

91. How do you configure a Linux system to act as a router?

To configure a Linux system as a router, IP forwarding must be enabled by

setting the appropriate value in the ‘/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward’ file.
Additionally, network interfaces and routing tables need to be configured
accordingly.

Wrapping Up!
So, this was the complete information about the top 50+ Linux interview
questions you need to learn to secure a good job in the Linux field. We have
divided this blog into multiple parts to make the above information suitable for
freshers, intermediate, and expert-level learners. If you are an experienced
learner, go through the fresher and intermediate questions because it will help
you recall the concepts.

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