Java Operators

Operators are symbols that perform operations on variables and values. For
example, + is an operator used for addition, while * is also an operator used for
multiplication.

Operators in Java can be classified into 5 types:

Arithmetic Operators
Assignment Operators
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
Unary Operators
Bitwise Operators

1. Java Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations on variables and
data. For example,

a + b;

Here, the + operator is used to add two variables a and b. Similarly, there are
various other arithmetic operators in Java.

Operator Operation
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
% Modulo Operation (Remainder after division)

Example 1: Arithmetic Operators

class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// declare variables
int a = 12, b = 5;
 // addition operator
System.out.println("a + b = " + (a + b));

// subtraction operator
System.out.println("a - b = " + (a - b));

// multiplication operator
System.out.println("a * b = " + (a * b));

// division operator
System.out.println("a / b = " + (a / b));

// modulo operator
System.out.println("a % b = " + (a % b));
}
}

Output

a + b = 17
a-b=7
a * b = 60
a/b=2
a%b=2

In the above example, we have used +, -, and * operators to compute addition,

subtraction, and multiplication operations.

/ Division Operator

Note the operation, a / b in our program. The / operator is the division operator.

If we use the division operator with two integers, then the resulting quotient will
also be an integer. And, if one of the operands is a floating-point number, we will
get the result will also be in floating-point.
In Java,

(9 / 2) is 4
(9.0 / 2) is 4.5
(9 / 2.0) is 4.5
(9.0 / 2.0) is 4.5

% Modulo Operator

The modulo operator % computes the remainder. When a = 7 is divided by b = 4,

the remainder is 3.

Note: The % operator is mainly used with integers.

2. Java Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used in Java to assign values to variables. For
example,

int age;
age = 5;

Here, = is the assignment operator. It assigns the value on its right to the variable
on its left. That is, 5 is assigned to the variable age.

Let's see some more assignment operators available in Java.

Operator Example Equivalent to

= a = b; a = b;
+= a += b; a = a + b;
-= a -= b; a = a - b;
*= a *= b; a = a * b;
/= a /= b; a = a / b;
%= a %= b; a = a % b;

Example 2: Assignment Operators

class Main {
 public static void main(String[] args) {

// create variables
int a = 4;
int var;

// assign value using =

var = a;
System.out.println("var using =: " + var);

// assign value using =+

var += a;
System.out.println("var using +=: " + var);

// assign value using =*

var *= a;
System.out.println("var using *=: " + var);
}
}

Output

var using =: 4
var using +=: 8
var using *=: 32

3. Java Relational Operators

Relational operators are used to check the relationship between two operands.
For example,

// check if a is less than b

a < b;
Here, < operator is the relational operator. It checks if a is less than b or not.

It returns either true or false.

Operator Description Example
== Is Equal To 3 == 5 returns false
!= Not Equal To 3 != 5 returns true
> Greater Than 3 > 5 returns false
< Less Than 3 < 5 returns true
>= Greater Than or
Equal To 3 >= 5 returns false
<= Less Than or
Equal To 3 <= 5 returns true

Example 3: Relational Operators

class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {

// create variables
int a = 7, b = 11;

// value of a and b
System.out.println("a is " + a + " and b is " + b);

// == operator
System.out.println(a == b); // false

// != operator
System.out.println(a != b); // true

// > operator
System.out.println(a > b); // false

// < operator
System.out.println(a < b); // true

// >= operator
System.out.println(a >= b); // false
 // <= operator
System.out.println(a <= b); // true
}
}

Note: Relational operators are used in decision making and loops.

4. Java Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to check whether an expression is true or false. They
are used in decision making.

Operator Example Meaning

&& (Logical expression1 && true only if both expression1 and

AND) expression2 expression2 are true

|| (Logical expression1 || true ifeither expression1 or

OR) expression2 expression2 is true

! (Logical !expression true if expression is false and vice

NOT) versa

Example 4: Logical Operators

class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {

// && operator
System.out.println((5 > 3) && (8 > 5)); // true
System.out.println((5 > 3) && (8 < 5)); // false

// || operator
System.out.println((5 < 3) || (8 > 5)); // true
System.out.println((5 > 3) || (8 < 5)); // true
System.out.println((5 < 3) || (8 < 5)); // false
 // ! operator
System.out.println(!(5 == 3)); // true
System.out.println(!(5 > 3)); // false
}
}

Working of Program
(5 > 3) && (8 > 5) returns true because both (5 > 3) and (8 > 5) are true.

(5 > 3) && (8 < 5) returns false because the expression (8 < 5) is false.

(5 < 3) || (8 > 5) returns true because the expression (8 > 5) is true.

(5 > 3) || (8 < 5) returns true because the expression (5 > 3) is true.

(5 < 3) || (8 < 5) returns false because both (5 < 3) and (8 < 5) are false.

!(5 == 3) returns true because 5 == 3 is false.

!(5 > 3) returns false because 5 > 3 is true.

5. Java Unary Operators

Unary operators are used with only one operand. For example, ++ is a unary
operator that increases the value of a variable by 1. That is, ++5 will return 6.

Different types of unary operators are:

Operator Meaning

+ Unary plus: not necessary to use since numbers are positive without using
it
- Unary minus: inverts the sign of an expression
++ Increment operator: increments value by 1
-- Decrement operator: decrements value by 1
! Logical complement operator: inverts the value of a boolean

Increment and Decrement Operators

Java also provides increment and decrement operators: ++ and -- respectively.

++ increases the value of the operand by 1, while -- decrease it by 1. For
example,

int num = 5;

// increase num by 1
++num;
Here, the value of num gets increased to 6 from its initial value of 5.

Example 5: Increment and Decrement Operators

class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {

// declare variables
int a = 12, b = 12;
int result1, result2;

// original value
System.out.println("Value of a: " + a);

// increment operator
result1 = ++a;
System.out.println("After increment: " + result1);

System.out.println("Value of b: " + b);

// decrement operator
result2 = --b;
System.out.println("After decrement: " + result2);
}
}
Run Code
Output

Value of a: 12
After increment: 13
Value of b: 12
After decrement: 11

In the above program, we have used the ++ and -- operator as prefixes (++a,
--b). We can also use these operators as postfix (a++, b++).

There is a slight difference when these operators are used as prefix versus when
they are used as a postfix.

To learn more about these operators, visit increment and decrement operators.

6. Java Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators in Java are used to perform operations on individual bits. For
example,

Bitwise complement Operation of 35

35 = 00100011 (In Binary)

~ 00100011
________
11011100 = 220 (In decimal)
Here, ~ is a bitwise operator. It inverts the value of each bit (0 to 1 and 1 to 0).

The various bitwise operators present in Java are:

Operator Description
~ Bitwise Complement
<< Left Shift
>> Right Shift
>>> Unsigned Right Shift
& Bitwise AND
^ Bitwise exclusive OR
These operators are not generally used in Java. To learn more, visit Java Bitwise
and Bit Shift Operators.

Other operators
Besides these operators, there are other additional operators in Java.

Java instanceof Operator

The instanceof operator checks whether an object is an instanceof a particular
class. For example,

class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {

String str = "Programiz";

boolean result;

// checks if str is an instance of

// the String class
result = str instanceof String;
System.out.println("Is str an object of String? " + result);
}
}

Output

Is str an object of String? true

Here, str is an instance of the String class. Hence, the instanceof operator
returns true. To learn more, visit Java instanceof.

Java Ternary Operator

The ternary operator (conditional operator) is shorthand for the if-then-else
statement. For example,

variable = Expression ? expression1 : expression2

Here's how it works.

If the Expression is true, expression1 is assigned to the variable.

If the Expression is false, expression2 is assigned to the variable.

Let's see an example of a ternary operator.

class Java {
public static void main(String[] args) {

int februaryDays = 29;

String result;

// ternary operator
result = (februaryDays == 28) ? "Not a leap year" : "Leap year";
System.out.println(result);
}
}

Output

Leap year
In the above example, we have used the ternary operator to check if the year is a
leap year or not. To learn more, visit the Java ternary operator.