SCIENCE [011]

ANSWERS TO QUESTION PAPER 2

Section A
11. C. Citric acid
12. B. – COOH
13. C. sieve tube and companion cell
14. B. heating effect of electric current.
15. B. F
16. A. 25 cm
17. Butanone is a four-carbon compound with ketone functional group.
18. Mendel was the first scientist to conduct systematic experiments for the study of
heredity.
19. According to Joule’s law, heat energy produced in a resistor is directly proportional
to the square of electric current.
10. The process of opening-closing of stomata is controlled by guard cells.
11. The unit of power of lens is diopter.
12. The purity of gold is measured in unit carat.
13. False
14. True
15. True
16. True
17. Testosterone
18. Mendel
19. (B) Ð e = angle of refraction
20. Tungston metal
21. Adrenaline Gland – At the tip of kidney
22. Pancreas – Below the stomach in the abdomen
23. Primary consumers – Herbevores
24. Secondary consumers – Carnivores

Section B
25. Solution of lime water – Ca(OH)2 is used for whitewashing the walls of the house.
It is prepared by slaking of lime as shown in the following reaction :
CaO(s) + H2O(l) ¾® Ca(OH)2(aq)
Solution of slaked lime
(Lime water)
Solution of lime water is applied to the walls of the house, then it reacts slowly
with the CO2 gas of air and a thin layer of CaCO3 is formed on walls after
two to three days. As a result, walls appear shining white.

2
 Online Answer Keys – SCIENCE 3

Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) ¾® CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)

Calcium Calcium
hydroxide carbonate

26. Non-metals as solids : Carbon, sulphur, iodine

Non-metal as liquid : Bromine (exception)
Non-metals as gases : Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

27. Autotrophic Nutrition Heterotrophic Nutrition

1. It occurs in green plants and some 1. It occurs in animals and fungi.
bacteria.
2. In such mode of nutrition, food is 2. In such mode of nutrition food is
synthesised from inorganic components, consumed from other organisms.
i.e., CO2 and H2O.

28. Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction

1. In asexual reproduction, a single 1. In sexual reproduction, two gametes of
individual is involved, whose certain opposite sex fuse to form a fertilized
body part forms the new individual of egg (zygote) that develops into a new
the same kind. individual.
2. The sex of an organism does not play 2. The organisms involved are either
any role. bisexual or the two individuals are of
opposite sex.

29. The sexual act is a very intimate connection of bodies of two individuals. So, many
diseases can be transmitted through sexual act.
Bacterial infections : Syphilis, gonorrhoea
Viral infections : Warts, HIV-AIDS
Using a condom during sexual act helps to prevent transmission of many such
infections to some extent.
30. ( 1 ) Name of this phenomenon is dispension of light.
( 2 ) In the XY spectrum, colour at point X is violet and colour at point Y is red.
31. The electric current is the net amount of electric charge that passes through any
cross-sectional area of the conductor in unit time.
Q
®I= t

® The SI unit of electric current is coulomb / second (C / s) or ampere (A).

32. Total power P = 100 W (electric bulb) + 500 W (refrigerator)

= 600 W
Consumption of both the devices in 10 days (in hours)
hour
= 12 * 10 days = 120 h
days

\ Total energy consumed = p * t

= 600 W * 120 h
= 72,000 Wh
= 72 kWh

\ Expense = 72 kWh * M 8 = M 576

4 GALA MODEL QUESTION PAPERS : STANDARD 10 (2025)

33. Direct Current (DC) Alternating Current (AC)

1. It flows only in one direction. 1. Its direction is reversed at regular
intervals of time.
2. It is obtained with a cell / battery or a 2. It is obtained with an AC generator.
DC generator.

34. ( 1 ) a – carnivores
Categories : Primary carnivores and higher carnivores
( 2 ) b – Decomposers (Bacteria and Fungus)
Function : They decompose the complex organic substance present in dead bodies
and excretory matters in simple inorganic substances.
35. Pesticides and other chemicals are used in order to protect the crops from diseases
or pests.
Such chemicals are non-biodegradable. The amount of these chemicals increases
in the soil or water bodies due to uncontrolled use of it. From soil or water they
enter in the body of plants and then it passes in trophic levels of food chain.
They get accumulated progressively at each trophic level as these chemicals are
not degradable. Due to biomagnification, high concentration of such chemical causes
lethal effects on higher level carnivores animals. Some such chemicals prove lethal
for organisms of lower trophic level too. These chemicals reach upto human beings
too through food.
Thus, it is necessary to prevent the uncontrolled use of pesticides and other
chemicals.
36. ( 1 ) x – Stomata. Exchanges of gases and process of transpiration occur by them.
( 2 ) z – Guard cells. They swell when water flows into them, causing the stomatal
pores to open.
37. The electric current and magnetic field are used in electric motor, electric generator,
loud speaker, microphone and in measuring devices.

Section C

38. ( a ) N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)

Nitrogen Hydrogen Ammonia

( b ) 2H2S(g) + 3O2(g)  2SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

Hydrogen Oxygen Sulphur Water
Sulphide dioxide

( c ) 2K(s) + 2H2O(l)  2KOH(aq) + H2(g)

Pota- water Potassium Hydrogen
ssium hydroxide

39. ( 1 ) Minerals : The elements or compounds, which occur naturally in the earth’s crust
are known as minerals.
( 2 ) Ores : The minerals which contain a very high percentage of a particular metal
and it can be extracted profitably from them are called ores.
( 3 ) Gangue : Ores obtained from the earth’s crust does not contain ores of elements
only, but ores are usually contaminated with large amount of impurities such as
soil, sand, compounds of other metals, etc. These impurities are called gangue.
 Online Answer Keys – SCIENCE 5

40. Exceptions of metallic elements :

( 1 ) All metals except mercury are solids at room temperature, while mercury is a
liquid at room temperature.
( 2 ) Generally, metals have high melting points but Galium and Caesium have very
low melting points.
( 3 ) Alkali metals (Lithium, sodium, potassium) are very soft hence, they can be cut
with a knife, while other metals cannot be cut with a knife.
Exceptions of non-metallic elements :
( 1 ) Generally, non-metals exist as solids or gases at room temperature while bromine
is a liquid.
( 2 ) Non-metals does not possess lustre, but iodine is the only non-metal which
possesses lustre.
( 3 ) Non-metals have low melting points, but the diamond, an allotrope of carbon
possesses very high melting point.
( 4 ) Non-metals are generally non-conductors of electricity, but the graphite, an allotrope
of carbon is the only non-metal which conducts electric current.
41. Adrenaline hormone is secreted from adrenal gland in the body under the fight or
flight situation.
The effect of adrenaline in body are as follows :
( 1 ) The heartbeats become faster, resulting in supply of more oxygen to muscles.
( 2 ) The blood supply to the digestive system and skin is reduced due to contraction
of muscles around small arteries in these organs. This diverts the blood to
skeletal muscles.
( 3 ) The breathing rate increases because of the contractions of diaphragm and the
rib muscles.
All these responses together enable the animal body to be ready to deal with the
situation of fight or flight.
42. Female reproductive system consists of a pair of ovary, a pair of oviduct (fallopian
tubes), an uterus, a vagina and vaginal opening.

Ovary : One pair of ovary lie inside the abdominal cavity of a woman. The female
germ cells or eggs (ova) are formed in the ovaries. Ovary produces female sex
hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.
When a girl is born, the ovaries already contain thousands of immature eggs.
On reaching puberty, some of these egg cells start maturing. One egg is produced
every month by one of the ovaries.
Oviduct (Fallopian tube) : One pair of oviducts are present which are not attached
to ovaries.
6 GALA MODEL QUESTION PAPERS : STANDARD 10 (2025)

The egg is carried from the ovary to the uterus (womb) through a thin oviduct.
The fertilisation of egg cell by a sperm takes place in the initial part of the
oviduct.
Uterus : The two oviducts unite into an elastic bag-like structure called uterus.
The implantation and development of embryo occurs here. The distal narrow
end of uterus is called cervix.
Vagina : Through the cervix, uterus opens in to tubular structure vagina. Vagina opens
outside through the vaginal opening.
The sperms enter through the vaginal passage during sexual intercourse.
43. Menstruation is the periodic event taking place after every 28 days in mature woman.
This is a cyclic process, interrupted only by pregnancy. During menstruation there
is bleeding through vaginal opening. The cell debris and unfertilised ovum is given
out of the body during menstruation.

Uterus ready for implantation Menstruation

If the egg is not fertilised, it lives for about one day. Since the ovary releases
one egg every month, the uterus also prepares itself every month to receive a fertilised
egg. Uterine lining becomes thick, spongy and richly supplied with blood. But if
fertilisation does not occur then this lining is not needed any longer. So, the lining
slowly breaks and comes out through the vaginal opening as blood and mucous.
This cycle takes place roughly every month and is called menstruation. It usually
lasts for about two to eight days.
44. The focal length of the convex mirror f = + 15 cm, object distance u = – 10 cm
According to mirror formula,
1 1 1
v +u = f
1 1 1
\v + – 10
= 15
1 1 1
\ v
= 15
+ 10
1 2+ 3 5
\ v
= 30
= 30
1 1
\ v
= 6
\ v = 6 cm
In convex mirror, the image will be formed behind the mirror at the distance of
6 cm. As the mirror is convex the image will be virtual, erect and smaller.
45. ( 1 ) Centre of curvature : The centre of a transparent (glass) sphere of which the
curved surface of a lens forms a part is called the centre of curvature of the
respective spherical surface of the lens.
The lens has two centres of curvatures C1 and C2. First surface of lens
(surface 1) has C1 as centre of curvature and for surface 2, it is C2.
 Online Answer Keys – SCIENCE 7

( 2 ) Principal axis : The imaginary straight-line passing through the two centres of
curvatures C1 and C2 of both surfaces of the lens, is called the principal axis
of the lens.
( 3 ) Focal length : The distance of the principal focus from the optical centre of a
lens is called the focal length f of the lens.
® It is denoted by f.
® Lens has two focal length f1 and f2.
46. In parallel combination of resistors more than one paths are available for the current
to flow and potential difference across each resistor is the same and is equal to
the applied potential difference between the two common points.
Three resistors with resistances, R1, R2 and R3 are connected in parallel between
points A and B as shown in the figure (a).
Here, the current I gets divided at point A amongst three resistors as shown
in the figure. The value of the current flowing through each resistor depends on
the value of its resistance.

   L
 et I1, I2 and I3 be the currents flowing through the resistors with resistances
R1, R2 and R3 respectively.
I = I1 + I2 + I3 ... ... (1)
   I n a parallel combination of resistors, the potential difference across every resistor
is equal to the potential difference V of the battery.
According to Ohm’s law,
V V V
I1 = , I2 = and I3 =
R1 R2 R3

V V V
  I1 = + + ... ... (2)
R1 R2 R3

   Now, if a resistor with resistance Rp, instead of three resistors with resistances
R1, R2 and R3, is connected in the circuit such that the current flowing through
the circuit remains the same as I then Rp is called the equivalent resistance of
the circuit [see figure (b)].
V
I= ... ... (3)
Rp
V V V V
From equation (2) and (3), = + +
Rp R1 R2 R3

1 1 1 1
\ = + +
Rp R1 R2 R3

   T
 hus, in a parallel combination of resistors, the sum of the reciprocals of the
individual resistances is equal to the reciprocal of the equivalent resistance.
8 GALA MODEL QUESTION PAPERS : STANDARD 10 (2025)

Section D

47. ( a ) Preparation of washing soda : Sodium carbonate is obtained by heating baking soda.
Heat
2NaHCO3(s) ¾¾® Na2CO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Sodium
carbonate

Recrystallisation of sodium carbonate forms washing soda.

Na2CO3(s) + 10H2O(l) ¾¾¾® Na2CO3 .10H2O(s)

Washing soda

® Washing soda is a basic salt.

Uses : (1) It is useful in the manufacture of glass, soap. (2) It is used for removing
permanent hardness of water. (3) In paper and textile industries. (4) As a reagent
in laboratory.
( b ) Uses of H2 : (1) As a fuel, (2) In hydrogenation of vegetable oil and (3) In
preparation of ammonia.
Uses of Cl2 : (1) Water treatment, (2) In disinfecting of water, (3) In preparation
of PVC, (4) In preparation of CFCs and (5) In preparation of bleaching powder.
48. Aim : To form hydrogen gas by the reaction of zinc granules with dilute sulphuric
acid (H2SO4).
Apparatus : Test tube, delivery tube, vessel filled with soap solution, candle, cork
with one hole, stand.
Materials : Zinc granules, dilute sulphuric acid.
Diagram :

Description of the experiment :

  Take about 5 mL of dilute sulphuric acid in a test tube and a few pieces of zinc
granules to it.
  Arrange the apparatus as shown in the figure.
  Observe around the surface of zinc granules.
  Pass the gas being evolved through the soap solution.
  Why are bubbles formed in the soap solution ?
  Take a burning candle near the bubbles filled with gas. Observe what happens.
  In above reaction, metal displaces hydrogen gas (H2) from acid. The compound
so formed by metal with acid is called salt.
  Metal + Acid ¾® Salt + Hydrogen gas
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) ¾® ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)
 Online Answer Keys – SCIENCE 9

  Reaction of zinc with sodium hydroxide : Zinc reacts chemically with sodium
hydroxide and produces hydrogen gas and sodium zincate.
Zn(s) + 2NaOH(aq) ¾® Na2ZnO2(aq) + H2(g)

49. ( a ) The atomic number of chlorine is 17, hence its electronic configuration is
K L M
represented as, .
2 8 7
® Thus, chlorine has seven electrons in its valence M shell.
® It requires one more electron to fill the M shell.
® So, two chlorine atoms share their one electron each of M shell to form a
molecule of chlorine (Cl2).
® As a result, each chlorine atom attains the electronic configuration of the
nearest noble gas argon; which has eight electrons in its M shell.
® These two valence electrons are depicted by dots or crosses is shown as
follows :
Shared electrons

Cl + Cl Cl Cl Cl – Cl
Single
Chlorine atoms Chlorine
bond
molecule
K L
( b ) The atomic number of nitrogen is 7, so its electronic configuration is .
2 5
® Thus, nitrogen has five electrons in its L shell.
® Therefore, it needs three more electrons to fill the L shell.
® Two atoms of nitrogen share three electrons of L shell to form a molecule
of nitrogen (N2).
® As a result, each atom of nitrogen attains the electronic configuration of their
nearest noble gas neon (Ne), which has eight electrons in their L shell.
® These six valence electrons are depicted by dots or crosses is shown as
follows :
Shared electrons

N + N N N NºN

Two nitrogen Triple bond

atoms between two
nitrogen atoms
10 GALA MODEL QUESTION PAPERS : STANDARD 10 (2025)

50.

The purpose of making urine is to filter out waste products from blood.
® Nitrogenous wastes such as urea, uric acid, etc. are removed from blood in the
kidneys.
® Urine is produced by filtration units i.e., nephrons.
® Cup-shaped Bowman’s capsule collects the filtrate.
® Some substances in the initial filtrate, such as glucose, amino acids, salts and
a major amount of water are selectively reabsorbed as the urine flows along the
coiled tube.
® The amount of water reabsorbed depends on the amount of water present in the
body and amount of dissolved waste which is to be excreted.
® Thus, urine is formed in both kidneys.
[In a normal healthy adult, the initial filtrate in the kidneys is about 180 L
daily. However, the volume of excreted urine is only a litre or two per day. The
remaining filtrate is reabsorbed in the kidney tubules.]
51. Amoeba and Paramoecium are single celled organisms.
Amoeba takes in food using temporary finger like extensions (Pseudopodia) of
the cell surface which fuse over the food particle forming a food vacuole.

Inside the food vacuole, complex substances are broken down into simpler ones
which then diffuse into the cytoplasm. The remaining undigested material is moved
to the surface of the cell and thrown out.
 Online Answer Keys – SCIENCE 11

In Paramoecium, a unicellular animal has a definite cell shape and food is

taken in at a specific spot. Food is moved to this spot by the movement of cilia
which cover the entire surface of the cell.
52. The splitting of white light into its seven component colours is called dispersion of
light.

Description :
® Take a thick sheet of cardboard and make a small hole or narrow slit in its
middle.
® Allow sunlight to fall on the narrow slit. This gives a narrow beam of white
light.
® Now, take a glass prism and allow the light from the slit to fall on one of its
faces.
® Turn the prism slowly until the light that comes out of it appears on a nearby
screen.
We observe beautiful band of seven colours (VIBGYOR) on the screen. The deviation
suffered by the violet light is maximum and that by the red light is minimum.
Reason for dispersion : White light is composed of seven colours.
® All seven colours of white light have different wavelengths.
® As a result, the speed of each colour of light is different. So their deviation is
different while coming out of the prism.
® So, the white colour coming out from the prism appears as a band of seven
colours.

53. Magnetic field lines : The lines along which the iron filings align / arrange themselves
due to force acting on them in the magnetic field of a bar magnet are called magnetic
field lines.

The diagram showing the magnetic field lines around a bar magnet is as follows :

The properties (characteristics) of magnetic field lines are as follows :

( 1 ) The magnetic field lines emerge from north pole and merge at the south pole
outside the magnet, while inside the magnet the direction of field lines is from
south pole to its north pole.
Thus, the magnetic field lines are closed and continuous curve.
12 GALA MODEL QUESTION PAPERS : STANDARD 10 (2025)

( 2 ) The magnetic field lines are crowded near the pole where the magnetic field
is strong and are far apart near the middle of the magnet and far from the
magnet where the magnetic field is weak.
( 3 ) The magnetic field lines never intersect each other.
( 4 ) In case the field lines are parallel and equidistant, then these represent a
uniform magnetic field.
54. Unwanted, unusable items, remains and other products of household garbage are
called waste.
It is classified into two types based on form of the waste.
( 1 ) Solid waste : Kitchen wastes like vegetables, fruits, vegetable / fruit peels bones,
etc. Moreover metallic waste, glass, plastic, polythene are also included in solid
waste.
( 2 ) Liquid waste : Liquid wastes are easily managed and handled easily as compared
to solid wastes.
Watses are classified into two types based on degradation.
( 1 ) Bio-degradable waste : The waste which can be decomposed naturally by the
action of microorganisms or decomposers (scavangers) is called bio-degradable
waste.
e.g., Vegetable, fruit, paper, etc.
( 2 ) Non-biodegradable waste : The waste which cannot be decomposed naturally by
the action of microorganisms or decomposers (scavangers) is called non-
biodegradable waste.
These substances are affected by temperature and pressure, but they remain in
their original form in the environment.
e.g., Glass, plastic, polythene, metal, etc.
 ANSWERS TO QUESTION PAPER 3

Section A

11. C. Antacid

2. A. 1

3. C. Cow

4. D. 4 W

5. D. + 20 cm

6. D. Iris

17. The general formula of alkene is CnH2n.

18. When tall pea plants (TT) and short pea plant (tt) were hybridized it produced all
tall progeny because tallness is dominant trait.

19. 1 kWh = 3.6 * 106 joule (J)

10. The suction force created due to transpiration is the main force for the conduction
of water in the xylem.

11. A candle is placed at a distance 20 cm from a plane mirror; then the distance
between the candle and its image would be 40 cm.

12. Diamond and graphite are the allotropes of carbon.

13. True

14. False

15. False

16. False

17. Various involuntary actions like respiration, heart beat, blood pressure, peristalsis of
alimentary canal, coughing, sneezing, hiccup, vomiting, etc. are controlled.

18. No, because plants of F1 generation are genetically Tt (heterozygous) white parent
plants are TT (homozygous).

19. 1.8 times

20. (A) Resistance – Q / t

21. Auxin – Phototropism

22. Gibberellin – Helps in stem growth

23. Omnivores – Crow

24. Scavanger – Fox

13
14 GALA MODEL QUESTION PAPERS : STANDARD 10 (2025)

Section B

25. ( 1 ) Substance X is calcium oxide. Its formula is CaO.

( 2 ) Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water and forms slaked lime (Ca(OH)2) and
liberates large amount of heat. It is an exothermic reaction.
CaO(s) + H2O(l) ¾® Ca(OH)2(aq) + Heat

26. Calcination Roasting

1. The process in which carbonate ores are 1. The process in which sulphide ores are
changed into oxides by heating strongly converted into oxides by heating strongly
in limited air is called calcination. in the presence of excess air is called
roasting.
2. CO2 gas is evolved. 2. SO2 gas is evolved.

27. Mouth, Oesophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Rectum

Partial digestion of starch ® Mouth
Partial digestion of proteins ® Stomach

28. Importance of DNA copying in reproduction :

( 1 ) Transmission of hereditary information of parents to offsprings.
( 2 ) Formation of variations by changes in DNA leads to evolution of species over a
period of time.

29. Binary fission is a type of fission, in which parent cell splits into two cells. e.g.,
Amoeba, bacteria.
Multiple fission is a type of fission in which single celled organisms divide into
many daughter cells at one time. e.g., Plasmodium

30. For a young adult with normal vision –

( 1 ) the near point of the eye is about 25 cm and
( 2 ) the far point of the eye is infinity (¥).

31. The coils of electrical heating devices such as electric toasters and electric irons are
made of an alloy. e.g., Nichrome rather than a pure metal because :
( 1 ) the resistivity of an alloy e.g., Nichrome is much higher than that of its constituent
metals.
( 2 ) alloys do not oxidise (i.e., burn) readily at high temperature (i.e., when it is
red hot at 800 °C)
( 3 ) alloy has a high melting point.

32. The amount of charge Q, that flows between two points at potential difference
V (= 12 V) is 2 C.
Thus, the amount of work W, done in moving the charge is
W = VQ
=12 V × 2 C
= 24 J
 Online Answer Keys – SCIENCE 15

33.

34. Biotic community together with the physical environment forms an interacting system
which is called ecosystem.
Types of an ecosystem :
Based on habitat medium
|
 

Terrestrial ecosystem Aquatic ecosystem
 |
Forests, grasslands,  
deserts Fresh Marine
water ecosystem ecosystem
   
  River, springs, Ocean
lakes, ponds

35. Successive levels of nourishment in the food chain are known as trophic levels.
It shows transfer of energy in an ecosystem.
Food chain is a sequential list of prey-predator relationship.
Grass ¾® Mouse ¾® Snake ¾® Kite
m m
m
Producer Consumer
Primary Secondary Tertiary
consumer consumer consumer
First Second Third Fourth
trophic trophic trophic trophic
level level level level

36. ( 1 ) Structure of nephron shown in the diagram. Nitrogenous wastes such as urea
and uric acid are removed from blood by it.
( 2 ) x – Bowman’s capsule. It is cup-shaped and collects the filtrate.

37. Force on the given conductor (and hence the displacement of the conductor) depends
upon :
( 1 ) direction of current and
( 2 ) direction of magnetic field.
® Experiments have shown that the magnitude of the force is the highest (or the
displacement of the rod is largest) when the direction of current is at right angle
to the direction of the magnetic field.
16 GALA MODEL QUESTION PAPERS : STANDARD 10 (2025)

Section C

38. There are three types of decomposition reactions : ( 1 ) Thermal decomposition,

( 2 ) Photochemical decomposition and ( 3 ) Electrolytic decomposition (Electrolysis).
( 1 ) Thermal decomposition : Decomposition of calcium carbonate to calcium oxide and
carbon dioxide on strongly heating is called a thermal decomposition reaction.
Heat
CaCO3(s) ¾¾¾®  CaO(s) + CO2(g)
( 2 ) Photochemical decomposition : When silver chloride is placed in sunlight,
it decomposes to silver (Ag) and chlorine gas (Cl2). This reaction is called
photochemical decomposition.
Sunlight
2AgCl(s) ¾¾¾¾®  2Ag(s) + Cl2(g)
( 3 ) Electrolytic decomposition (Electrolysis) : When acidic water is kept in voltameter,
the electrolysis of water takes place and hydrogen gas on cathode and oxygen
gas on anode are produced. This is called electrolytic decomposition.
Electricity
2H2O(l) ¾¾¾¾¾® 2H2(g) + O2(g)

39. ( 1 ) Iron, when exposed to air and moisture, undergoes chemical change to form
iron oxide which is reddish brown powder called rust.
( 2 ) Remedies to avoid rusting are :
( i ) Apply paint on the surface of iron.
(ii) Apply grease or oil coating on iron.
( 3 ) Naman showed the value of awareness, concern and helpful nature.

40. The metals obtained from their ores are not very pure. Hence, it is essential to purify
the metals. The most widely used method for refining impure metals is electrolytic
refining.

® Metals such as copper, zinc, tin, nickel, silver and gold are refined by electrolytic
process. In this process, the impure metal is made the anode and a thin strip
of pure metal is made the cathode.
® A solution of the metal salt is used as an electrolyte.
® The apparatus is set up as shown in the figure.
® On passing the electric current through the electrolyte, the pure metal from the
anode dissolves into electrolyte. An equivalent amount of pure metal from the
electrolyte is deposited on the cathode.
 Online Answer Keys – SCIENCE 17

For example,
At anode (+) : Cu(s) ¾® Cu2+(aq) + 2e–
(Impure)

At cathode (–) : Cu2+(aq) + 2e– ¾® Cu(s)

(Pure)

Net reaction : Cu(s) ¾® Cu(s)

(Impure) (Pure)

® The soluble impurities pass into the solution while the insoluble impurities such
as gold, silver, platinum are settled at the bottom of the anode and are called
anode-mud.

41. If the movement in a plant organ is induced by an external and directional stimulus,
then it is called tropism or tropic movement.
The process induced by a stimulus is called a response or reaction. If the
growth of the plant organ is towards the direction of the stimulus, it is called
positive tropism and if the growth of the plant organ is in the opposite direction
of the stimulus, it is called negative tropism.
Factors inducing stimulus : Light, gravitational force, water, chemical and physical
touch are the common factors that induce stimuli.
( 1 ) Phototropism : The reaction of plant organ in response to stimulus in the form
of light is called phototropism or phototropic movement.
e.g., Root system of plant shows negative phototropism and the shoot system
shows positive phototropism.
( 2 ) Geotropism : The reaction of plant organ in response to the direction of the
gravitational force is called geotropism.
e.g., Root system shows positive geotropism and the shoot system shows negative
geotropism.

42. In many plants root, stem and leaves develop into new plants under appropriate
condition. Such a mode of reproduction is called vegetative propagation.
Advantages of vegetative propagation are as follow :
( 1 ) Vegetative propagation is used in layering or grafting methods to grow many
plants like sugarcane, roses or grapes for agricultural purposes.
( 2 ) Plants raised by vegetative propagation can bear flowers and fruits earlier than
those produced from seeds.
18 GALA MODEL QUESTION PAPERS : STANDARD 10 (2025)

43. Unicellular fungi yeast; small bud like outgrowth separates and grows further into an
individual. In yeast, some times this process continues three to four times resulting
in a multicellular colony.

Certain lower animals e.g., Hydra use regenerative cells for reproduction in the
process of budding. In Hydra, a bud develops as an outgrowth due to repeated cell
division at one specific site. This bud develops into tiny individual and when fully
mature, detach from the parent body and become new independent individual.

44. ( a ) Position of the object : Between C and F (centre of curvature and principal focus)

Position of the image : Beyond C (centre of curvature)

Size of the image relative to that of the object : Enlarged
( b ) Position of the object : At 2F1

Position of the image : On the opposite side of the object at 2F2

Size of the image : Same as that of the object
 Online Answer Keys – SCIENCE 19

45. ( 1 ) Convex lens

( 2 ) The image is formed at the principal focus of the convex lens.
(3)

46.

Calculation of current flowing in the circuit :

Equivalent resistance of the circuit,
Rs = 4 W + 8 W + 12 W = 24 W
Potential difference V = 6 volt
In a series combination, the current flowing through each resistor is the same and
equal to the total current flowing through the circuit.
\ Current through the resistors,
V
I=
R
6
=
24

= 0.25 A
\ The ammeter will show reading of 0.25 A.
Calculation of potential difference across 12 W resistor :
0.25 A current flows through the 12 W resistor,
V = IR
= 0.25 × 12 = 3 V
\ The voltmeter will show reading 3 V.
20 GALA MODEL QUESTION PAPERS : STANDARD 10 (2025)

Section D

47. Baking soda is used for making tasty cripsy pakoras or cake.
Chemical name : Sodium carbonate (NaHCO3)
Preparation : When carbon dioxide is passed through an aqueous solution of sodium
carbonate baking soda is obtained.
Na2CO3(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) 2NaHCO3(aq)
Uses : (1) For making baking powder by mixing baking soda with mild edible acid
like tartaric acid. (2) As an antacids to set relief in acidity. (3) It is used in soda-
acid fire-extinguishers. (4) As disinfectant. (5) As a reagent in laboratory. (6) As a
household material.
48. A scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution is called pH scale.
® p in pH stands for ‘potenz’ in German which indicates the meaning power.
® On the pH scale, we can measure pH generally from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very
alkaline).
® On the pH scale, value less than 7 represents acidic solution; value greater than
7 represents basic solution while the value 7 shows neutral solution. It is shown
in the figure 2.6 below :

® The pH value increases from 7 to 14, which indicates an increase in concentration

of OH – ions, that is, increase in strength of alkali and the solution becomes
more basic.
® In general, higher the concentration of hydronium ion (H+(aq)), higher is the
acidity and lower is the pH value; and lower the concentration of hydronium ion
(H+(aq)), lower is the acidity and higher is the pH value.
 Online Answer Keys – SCIENCE 21

49. In soap, the functional group sodium carboxylate (– COONa) is linked with hydrocarbon
(– R).

While in detergent, the functional group sodium sulphonate (– SO3Na) is linked with
hydrocarbon (– R).

Mechanism of cleansing action of soap : The molecules of soap are sodium or

potassium salts of long chain carboxylic acids.
® Two ends of soap molecule possess different properties. One end is hydrophilic
and it dissolves in water, while the other end is hydrophobic and it dissolves in
hydrocarbons.
® When soap is at the surface of water, the hydrophobic ‘tail’ of soap will not be
soluble in water and the soap will align along the surface of water with the ionic
end in water and the hydrocarbon ‘tail’ protruding out of water.
® Inside water, these molecules have a particular orientation that keeps the hydrocarbon
portion out of the water.

® This happens due to the formation of clusters of molecules in which the hydrophobic
tails are in the interior part of the cluster and the ionic ends are on the surface
of the cluster.
® This formation is called a micelle.
® Soap in the form of a micelle collects the oily dirt in the centre of it and is
able to clean.
® These micelles exist in solution as a colloid. Micelles do not cluster to precipitate
because of ion-ion repulsion.
® Thus, the dirt suspended in the micelles is also easily rinsed away.
22 GALA MODEL QUESTION PAPERS : STANDARD 10 (2025)

50. The heart is a muscular organ as big as our fist.

Human heart has different chambers to prevent oxygen rich blood from mixing
with the blood containing carbon dioxide.

The circulation path in human heart : Heart has 2 upper receiving chambers called
atria. It has 2 lower chambers called ventricles which can push blood out of the
heart.
In left chambers :
® Oxygen rich blood from the lungs comes to the thin walled upper left chamber
of the heart, i.e., left atrium through pulmonary veins.
® The left atrium relaxes when it is collecting this blood.
® Now, left atrium contracts, while left ventricle relaxes.
® So, that the blood is transferred to left ventricle.
® When the muscular left ventricle contracts, the blood is pumped through aorta
and supplied to the whole body.
In right chambers :
® Deioxygenated blood comes from the body to the upper right chamber, i.e., right
atrium as it relaxes.
® As the right atrium contracts, the corresponding lower chamber, the right ventricle
dilates.
® This transfers deoxygenated blood to the right ventricle, which in turn pumps it
through pulmonary artery to the lungs for oxygenation.
Valves ensure that blood does not flow backwards when the atria or ventricles
contract.
Since ventricles have to pump blood into various organs, they have thicker
muscular walls, than the atria do.
 Online Answer Keys – SCIENCE 23

51. Lymph is a colourless fluid involved in transportation. It is also called tissue fluid.
Through the pores present in the wall of capillaries some amount of plasma,
proteins and blood cells escape into intercellular spaces in the tissues to form the
lymph or tissue fluid.
Lymph is similar to the plasma of blood but contains less protein.
Lymph drains into lymphatic capillaries from the intercellular spaces, which join
to form large lymph vessels that finally open into larger veins.
Functions of lymph :
( 1 ) Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine.
( 2 ) It drains excess fluid from intercellular space back into the blood.

52. Dhiren is unable to see the plate of a car parked at 30 feet. From this it can be
said that Dhiren is suffering from myopia.
Causes of myopia : The focal length of the eye lens is decreased due to excessive
curvature of the eye lens.
® The length of eyeball is elongated (longer than normal), i.e., the distance between
the retina and the eye lens is increased.
® Due to either or both the causes, the eye lens is not able to focus the rays
coming from a distant object (at infinity) on the retina.
Correction of the defect : To correct a myopic eye, the person has to wear spectacles
with a concave (i.e., divergent) lens of suitable focal length or power.
These parallel rays from a distant object are brought to the focus upon the
retina with help of a concave lens.

53. To avoid overloading of domestic electric circuits, the following precautions should
be taken :
( 1 ) Wires used for carrying current should be of proper current rating.
( 2 ) Two separate circuits should be used, one of 5 A current for lighting electric
bulbs, tubes, TV, etc. and another of 15 A for higher current rating appliances
such as heating appliances, AC, etc.
( 3 ) Parallel circuits should be used and each circuit should have a fuse of proper
rating.
( 4 ) Too many higher power rating electrical appliances such as electric iron, geyser,
air-conditioner, etc. should not be switched on at the same time.
( 5 ) Too many electrical appliances should not be operated on a single socket
simultaneously.
24 GALA MODEL QUESTION PAPERS : STANDARD 10 (2025)

( 6 ) Wires should be replaced by new wires of proper rating and good insulation
after every 5 – 6 years.
( 7 ) PVC of good quality should be used.

54. Each step or level of food chain forms a trophic level. Energy flow begins with
producers in it.
The producers (green plants) are at the first trophic level. They absorb light
energy and through photosynthesis convert it in chemical energy as a food.
The energy then moves up to higher level organisms like herbivores. After that
when carnivores eat herbivores, energy is transfered to carnivores. Thus, the flow
of energy takes place from producer organisms to various levels of consumers. So,
entrance for solar energy in an ecosystem is green plant which form the source of
energy for consumers. Chemical energy is helpful for the processes of living world.

Top Carnivores

Carnivores

Herbivores

Producers

Sunlight

The flow of energy in an ecosystem is always unidirectional. The energy that

is captured by green plants does not revert back to the sun and the energy which
passes to the herbivores does not come back to the autotrophs.
As energy moves progressively through the various trophic levels it is no longer
available to the previous level.
 ANSWERS TO QUESTION PAPER 4

Section A
11. C. pH < 7
12. B. CH3COOH
13. D. Amino acid
14. D. 5 A
15. B. Convex mirror and concave lens
16. B. Atmospheric refraction
17. Ethanol is used in the preparation of tincture iodine.
8. In somatic cells of human being, the chromosomes are found in 23 pair.
9. The SI unit of electric power is watt.
10. The terminal end of excretory unit opens in the collecting duct.
11. Concave mirror is used in the head light of a car.
12. Sania Nehwal wins bronze medal in badminton, then the medal would be made of
Cu and Sn metals.
13. True
14. True
15. False
16. True
17. Iodine
18. Dominant
19. Cornea

20. (C) – Electric cell

21. Medula – Salivation

22. Cerebellum – Balance of body
23. Importance of Ozone layer – Absorption of UV radiation
24. Depletion of Ozone layer – CFCs

Section B

25. Endothermic reaction Exothermic reaction

1. A chemical reaction in which heat 1. A chemical reaction in which heat energy
energy is absorbed during the formation is evolved during the formation of
of product is called an endothermic product is called an exothermic reaction.
reaction.
2. For example, reaction of barium 2. For example, reaction of quick lime
hydroxide with ammonium chloride is with water is an exothermic reaction.
an endothermic reaction.

26. More reactive metals displace less reactive metals from the solution of their compounds.
Such displacement reactions are highly exothermic. The amount of heat evolved is

25
26 GALA MODEL QUESTION PAPERS : STANDARD 10 (2025)

so large that the metals are produced in the molten state. This reaction is called
as the thermit reaction.
For example, the reaction of iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3) with aluminium forms molten
Fe, which is used to join railway tracks or cracked machine parts.
Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s)  2Fe(l) + Al2O3(s) + Heat

27. Atrium Ventricle

1. The upper two chambers of the heart are 1. The lower two chambers of the heart
atria. are ventricles.
2. They are relatively thin-walled. 2. They are quite thick-walled.

28. The various methods of asexual reproduction are : (1) Fission (Binary fission and
multiple fission), (2) Fragmentation, (3) Regeneration, (4) Budding, (5) Spore formation
and (6) Vegetative propagation.

29. ( 1 ) (a) Hydra (b) Rhizopus

( 2 ) A sexual reproduction : (a) Budding (b) Spore formation
30. In rainy season there are many clouds in the sky having tiny water droplets.
When the sunlight is incident on tiny water droplets, due to these tiny water
droplets, refraction, dispersion, internal reflection and at the end again refraction of
sunlight take place.
Due to which a band is created which contains seven colours in the sky which
is known as rainbow.

31. ( 1 ) An electric cell –

( 2 ) A resistor of resistance R –

( 3 ) Ammeter –

( 4 ) A wire joint –

32. We are given, potential difference V = 60 V, current I = 4 A.

V 60 V
According to the Ohm’s law, resistance of heater coil R = I
= 4A
= 15 W.

When the potential difference is increased to 120 V the current is given by

V 120 V
current = R = 15 X
= 8 A.

Thus, the current through the heater becomes 8 A.

33. ( 1 ) Electromagnets are used in electrical devices such as an electric bell, an electric
fan, telegraph, an electric train, an electric motor, generator, etc.
( 2 ) They are used for lifting and transporting large masses of iron in the form of
girders.

( 3 ) They are used in medical practice for removing pieces of iron from wounds.
34. Decomposers feed on the excretory substances as well as dead bodies of plants and
animals.
Bacteria and fungi are decomposers.
 Online Answer Keys – SCIENCE 27

® They breakdown the complex organic substances into simple inorganic substances.
® Such simple inorganic substances are used up by the plants again.
® So, they play an important role in cyclic pathway of the elements.
35. Living organisms of an ecosystem depend on each other for their food requirement.
A series of organisms feeding on one another form a food chain. In food chain
series of organisms take part at various biotic levels.
Food chains generally consists of only three or four steps.
Each step or level of the food chain forms a trophic level.

36. A – Right ventricle, B – Left ventricle, C – Pulmonary artery, E – Right atrium

37. In this case, Fleming’s left-hand rule is used to find the direction of the force acting
on the conductor.
® Stretch the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of your left hand such that
they are mutually perpendicular. If the first (fore) finger points in the direction
of magnetic field and second (middle) finger points in the direction of current,
then the thumb will point in the direction of motion or the force acting on the
conductor.

Section C

38. A reaction in which one reactant gets oxidised and the other reactant gets reduced,
then such reaction is called redox reaction (or oxidation – reduction reactions).
OR
A reaction in which both oxidation and reduction reactions occur simultaneously
is called redox reaction (or oxidation – reduction reactions).
Examples of redox reaction :
Gain oxygen
\Oxidation reaction
( 1 ) CuO + H2 ¾¾® Cu + H2O
Lose oxygen
\Reduction reaction

Gain oxygen
\Oxidation reaction
( 2 ) ZnO + C ¾¾® Zn + CO
Lose oxygen
\Reduction reaction

Lose hydrogen
\Oxidation reaction
( 3 ) MnO2 + 4HCl ¾¾® MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
Lose oxygen
\Reduction reaction

In above reactions, CuO, ZnO and MnO2 are reduced to Cu, Zn and MnCl2
respectively while H2, C and HCl are oxidised to H2O, CO and Cl2 respectively.
28 GALA MODEL QUESTION PAPERS : STANDARD 10 (2025)

39. Alloy : A mixture of two or more metals or a metal and a non-metal is called an
alloy.
Uses of Alloys :
( 1 ) Solder is an alloy of lead and tin, which has low melting point. It is used for
Gelding electrical wires together.
( 2 ) Stainless steel is an alloy of iron, nickel, chromium and carbon, which is hard.
It does not get rusted. It is used in household uternsils.
( 3 ) Brass is used to make machine parts, musical instruments.
Alloy Constituent elements
( 1 ) Stainless steel Iron (Fe) + Nickel (Ni) + Chromium (Cr) + Carbon (C)
( 2 ) Brass Copper (Cu) + Zinc (Zn)
40. ( 1 ) Metals of high reactivity : The metals at the top of the reactivity series are
highly reactive. For example, K, Na, Ca, Mg and Al.
® These metals are so reactive that they are never found in a free state.
® There metals are obtained by electrolysis method.
( 2 ) Metals of medium reactivity : The metals in the middle of the reactivity series
are moderately reactive. For example, Zn, Fe, Pb.
® They are found in the earth’s crust mainly as oxides, sulphides or carbonates.
® There metals are obtained by reduction using carbon.
( 3 ) Metals of low reactivity : The metals at the bottom of the reactivity series are
least reactive.
® They are often found in free state. For example, gold, silver, platinum and
copper.
® Copper and silver are also found in the combined state as their sulphide or
oxide ores.
Many ores of metlas are their oxide form. The reason for this is that oxygen
is very active and abudant on earth.
41. Reflex action is involuntary instant action without the involvement of brain for bringing
about important reaction needed for survival.
Reflex action is controlled by spinal cord. There is no active role of the brain in it.
Examples of reflex action : (1) Removal or withdrawal of hand or leg when anything
sharp touches unknowingly; (2) Removal of hand when anything hot touches unknowingly;
(3) Coughing, Sneezing, Yawning; (4) Movement of diaphragm; (5) Knee jerk response;
(6) Contriction of pupil in bright light; (7) Blinking of eye; (8) Mouth starts watering
when smell or sight of favourite / delicious food is there.
42. Unicellular organism divides to form new individuals. The process of cell division
is called fission.
Fission is the simplest method of asexual reproduction in unicellular organisms
like protozoa and bacteria. Many different patterns of fission have been observed.
Types of fission : ( 1 ) Binary fission and ( 2 ) Multiple fission.
( 1 ) Binary fission : Many bacteria and protozoa simply split into two equal halves
during cell division.
Amoeba, the splitting of the two cells during division can take place in any plane.
 Online Answer Keys – SCIENCE 29

( 2 ) Multiple fission : Malarial parasite : Plasmodium divides into many daughter cells
simultaneously called multiple fission.

43. Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction

1. In asexual reproduction, a single 1. In sexual reproduction, two gametes of
individual is involved, whose certain opposite sex fuse to form a fertilized
body part forms the new individual of egg (zygote) that develops into a new
the same kind. individual.
2. The sex of an organism does not play 2. The organisms involved are either
any role in the reproductive process. bisexual or the two individuals are of
opposite sex.
3. The new organism has all the characters 3. The new individual follows laws of
of the parent organism without any inheritance and therefore, differs from
change in the hereditary characters. its parent organisms.

44. A convex lens forms a real, inverted image of the same size as that of the object,
if the object is placed at 2F1.
In this case v = + 50 cm and m = – 1
v
Now, m =
u
v 50
\u= = = – 50 cm
m –1

Here, v = 2f = 50 cm
50 cm
\f= = 25 cm
2
= 0.25 m
1
\ Power P =
f (m )
1
=
0.25 m
100
= m– 1
25

= 4 dioptre

=4D
Thus, the needle is placed at 50 cm from the convex lens of power 4 D.
45. If the reflecting surface of a mirror is flat (plane), then the mirror is called a plane
mirror.
30 GALA MODEL QUESTION PAPERS : STANDARD 10 (2025)

The nature of an image formed by a plane mirror is as follows :

( 1 ) The image formed by a plane mirror is always virtual and erect.
( 2 ) The size of the image is equal to that of the object.
( 3 ) The image formed is as far behind the mirror, as the object is in front of it.
( 4 ) The image formed is laterally inverted, i.e., the left side of the object seems to
be the right side of the image and vice versa.
Uses of a plane mirror :
( 1 ) A plane mirror is commonly used as a looking glass.
( 2 ) Plane mirrors are used in making a periscope and kaleidoscope.
46. Two or more than two resistors are said to be connected in series, if they are
joined end to end and the same (i.e., total) current flows through each one of them
when a potential difference is applied across the combination.

 I n figure (a), three resistors with resistance R1, R2 and R3 are connected in series
across the points A and B. Here, current (I) flowing through each of the resistors
R1, R2 and R3 is the same, but the total potential difference (p.d.) of the battery
V is divided according to the resistances between the two ends of the respective
resistors.
  If the potential difference (p.d.) across R1, R2 and R3 are V1 , V2 and V3 respectively,
then V = V1 + V2 + V3 ... ... (1)
 N
 ow, if one resistor with resistance Rs, instead of these three resistors with
resistances R1, R2 and R3 is connected in the circuit in such a way that the
current flowing through the circuit remains the same as I, then Rs is the resistance
of the series combination. It is also called equivalent resistance of the combination
[see figure (b)].
Now, applying Ohm’s law, V = IRs ... ... (2)
  From equation (1) and (2),
IRs = V1+V2+V3
  On applying Ohm’s law to the three resistors separately, we have
V1 =IR1
V2=IR2
V3=IR3 ... ... (3)
From (1), (2) and (3),
IRs = IR1 +IR2+IR3

   R s= R1+R2+R3 ... ... (4)

 T
 hus, the equivalent resistance Rs of the series combination is equal to the sum
of the individual resistances.
 Online Answer Keys – SCIENCE 31

Section D
47. Aim : To form hydrogen gas by the reaction of zinc granules with dilute sulphuric
acid (H2SO4).
Apparatus : Test tube, delivery tube, vessel filled with soap solution, candle, cork
with one hole, stand.
Materials : Zinc granules, dilute sulphuric acid.
Diagram :

Description of the experiment :

Take about 5 mL of dilute sulphuric acid in a test tube and a few pieces of zinc
granules to it.
Arrange the apparatus as shown in the figure.
Observe around the surface of zinc granules.
Pass the gas being evolved through the soap solution.
Why are bubbles formed in the soap solution ?
Take a burning candle near the bubbles filled with gas. Observe what happens.
In above reaction, metal displaces hydrogen gas (H2) from acid. The compound
so formed by metal with acid is called salt.
Metal + Acid ¾® Salt + Hydrogen gas
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) ¾® ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)

48. ( 1 ) Importance of pH in soil : Plants require a specific pH range for their healthy
growth.
® The soil whose pH is between 6.5 to 7.3, the growth and development of
shrubs is good.
® The farmers add lime (CaO) to the acidic soil to neutralise it, while to
neutralise basic soil, they add gypsum (CaSO4 .2H2O) to the soil.

( 2 ) In the remedy of bite of honeybee : When we are stung by honeybee then sting
of bee releases formic acid due to which we experience pain and irritation.
To get the relief in the effect of bee-sting basic substances such as an
aqueous solution of baking soda is applied around the place of bite which
neutralises the acidic poison.
32 GALA MODEL QUESTION PAPERS : STANDARD 10 (2025)

49. Compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural formulae are
known as structural isomers.

Structural isomers of Pentane (C5H12) :

( a ) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3

n-Pentane (Pentane)

( b ) CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH3

|
CH3
Isopentane (2-Methyl butane)

(c) CH3
|
CH3 – C – CH3
|
CH3
Neo-pentane (2, 2-Dimethyl propane)

50.
The components of the
Functions
transport system in human
1. Blood
( i ) Plasma Acts as fluid transport medium of various material.
Transport of food, CO2, salts and nitrogenous wastes.
( ii) Red blood corpuscles Transport of O2.
(iii) White blood corpuscles Fight with invading pathogens.
(iv) Platelets Help in clotting mechanism during injury.
2. Heart It acts as a blood pumping organ.
3. Blood vessels
( i ) Arteries Carry blood away from the heart.
( ii) Veins Carry blood from different organs and bring it back
to the heart.
(iii) Capillaries Exchange of material between the blood and
surrounding cells.
4. Lymph Carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine and
drain excess fluid from intercellular spaces back into
the blood.
 Online Answer Keys – SCIENCE 33

51.

[Human respiratory system]

Human respiratory system contains :
( 1 ) Nostrils and nasal passage : Air is taken into the body through the nostrils. The
air passing through the nostrils is filtered by fine hairs that line the passage.
The passage is also lined with mucus which help in this process.
( 2 ) Organs in throat : Pharynx, larynx and trachea (windpipe) form continuous tubular
passage through it air passes.
Trachea extended from throat to lungs located in chest cavity.
Rings of cartilage are present in the throat. These ensure that the air-
passage does not collapse.
( 3 ) Lungs : One pair of lungs located in chest cavity. Within the lungs, the passage
divides into smaller and smaller tubes which finally terminate in balloon – like
structures alveoli (singular – alveolus).
The wall of the alveoli contain an extensive network of blood vessels. The
alveoli provide a surface where the exchange of gases can take place.
52. The earth’s atmosphere is a heterogeneous mixture of minute particles such as smoke
particles, tiny water droplets, suspended dust particles and molecules of air.
When a beam of light strikes such colloidal particles, the path of light beam
becomes visible due to diffused light by these particles. This phenomenon of scattering
of light by the colloidal particles is known as the Tyndall effect.
Light rays reach us after the dispersion of light in all the directions from these
particles.
Examples of the Tyndall effect :
( 1 ) When a fine beam of sunlight enters into a smoke filled room through a small
hole, a spread path of the beam becomes visible.
( 2 ) When the sunlight enters a canopy of dense forest, the Tyndall effect is seen
due to the scattering of light through tiny water droplets of mist.
( 3 ) Sometimes smoke emitted by the combustion of engine oil appears blue in colour
due to the Tyndall effect.
This phenomenon is developed commercially to determine the size and
density of aerosol and other colloidal particles.
34 GALA MODEL QUESTION PAPERS : STANDARD 10 (2025)

53. ( 1 ) When the current in the rod AB is increased, the displacement of the rod will
also be more (in the same proportion).
( 2 ) If a stronger horse-shoe magnet is used, then the displacement of the rod will
also be more (in the same proportion).
( 3 ) If the length of the rod AB is increased, then the displacement of the rod will
also be more (in the same proportion).
( 4 ) The displacement of rod AB would be largest (highest) when the direction of
current is at right angle to the direction of the magnetic field.
54. ( a ) Living organisms depend on each other for their food requirement and form a
food chain. Among the various ecosystems, each one is having definite food chain.
Organisms of one food chain are linked with food chaing of other ecosystems
to from complex webs. It is called food web.
® The trophic inter-relationship between animals in nature cannot be explained
as simple chains only. The length and complexity of food chains vary greatly.
Each organism is generally eaten by two or more other kinds of organisms
which in turn are eaten by several other organisms. So, instead of a straight-
line food chain, the relationship can be shown as a series of branching lines
called a food web.
( b ) We can help in reducing the problem of waste disposal by following methods :
( 1 ) Biodegradable domestic wastes such as left-over food, fruit and vegetable
peels, dry leaves and other wastes of gardens, etc. can be burried in a pit.
They are converted into compost and used as manure.
( 2 ) Waste materials such as tin, cans, paper, glass, metallic articles are
recycled. Through the process of recycling such materials are reused to form
new products.
Name of methods : (1) Reuse and (2) Recycle.
 ANSWERS TO QUESTION PAPER 5

Section A
11. A. Between 0 to 7
12. D. single and double bond
13. A. Bowman’s capsule
14. A. 3.6 * 106
15. B. At 2F2
16. D. Red
17. Methane is a major component of biogas and CNG.
8. Snail animal can change its sex.
-3
9. 1mA = 10 mA
10. Gill is a respiratory organ of a fish.
11. Convex mirror is used as rear view mirror in the vehicles.
12. The active metals like sodium and potassium are kept immersed in kerosene to
keep them safe.
13. False
14. True
15. False
16. False
17. Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
18. Heredity
19. (B) Correction of far-sightedness – Concave lens
20. Andre Ampere
21. Reflex action – Spinal cord
22. Involuntary action – Medulla
23. First trophic level – Producers
24. Second trophic level – Primary consumers

Section B
25. Chemical reaction, in which reactants react to form insoluble precipitate is called
precipitation reaction.
For example,
( 1 ) AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq)  AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
White
precipitate
( 2 ) BaCl2(aq) + K2SO4(aq)  BaSO4(s) + 2KCl(aq)
White
precipitate

26. When Al reacts with nitric acid, hydrogen gas is not evolved because HNO3 is a
strong oxidising agent. It oxidises the H2 produced with water and itself is reduced
to any of the nitrogen oxide (N2O, NO or NO2).

35
36 GALA MODEL QUESTION PAPERS : STANDARD 10 (2025)

27. Large fat globules break into small fine droplets by the effect of bile salts of bile
juice. This is called emulsification of fats.
Pancreatic lipase acts on emulsified fats to break it and finally intestinal lipase
digests fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
This process take place in small intestine.
28. Unicellular fungi yeast; small bud like outgrowth separates and grows further into an
individual. In yeast, some times this process continues three to four times resulting
in a multi-cellular colony.

Certain lower animals e.g., Hydra use regenerative cells for reproduction in the
process of budding. In Hydra, a bud develops as an outgrowth due to repeated cell
division at one specific site. This bud develops into tiny individual and when fully
mature, detach from the parent’s body and become new independent individual.
29. A – Stigma, B – Petal, C – Ovary, D – Sepal
30. The red colour gets scattered least by fog or smoke because of its longer wavelength
relative to light of any other colour. So, it can be seen even from a long distance.
Therefore it is used in signals showing danger.
31. The work done in bringing a unit positive charge from infinity to a particular point
in the electric field, against the electrostatic force due to the electric field is called
the electric the electric potential at that point.
Work done
Electric potential =
Electric Charge
W
V= Q

® SI unit of electric potential is Volt (V) or Joule / Coulomb (J / C).

32. The amount of charge Q, that flows between two points at potential difference
V (= 12 V) is 2 C.
Thus, the amount of work W, done in moving the charge is
W = VQ
=12 V × 2 C
= 24 J
33. ( 1 ) Overloading : The current flowing in domestic wiring at a particular time depends
on the power ratings of the appliances being used. If too many electrical
appliances of high power rating e.g., electric iron, water heater, air-conditioner,
etc. are switched on at the same time, they draw an extremely large current
from the circuit. This is called overloading.
( 2 ) Earthing : The earth-wire which has insulation of green colour, is usually connected
to a metal plate deep in the earth near the house. Earthing wire is used as
a safety measure especially for those electrical appliances that have a metallic
body. This earthing wire connected to the metallic body of the appliances.
 Online Answer Keys – SCIENCE 37

The function of an earth wire is to provide a low-resistance conducting path

to the current leaking from an electrical appliance to the earth and thereby
prevent electric shock to the user of the electrical appliance.
Therefore, it is necessary to earth metallic appliances such as an electric
press, toaster, table fan, refrigerator, etc.

34. Producer organisms Consumer organisms

1. These are autotrophic organisms. 1. These are heterotrophic organisms.
2. They transform solar energy into chemical 2. They consume other organisms or their
energy and prepare food through products for their food.
photosynthesis for themselves as well as
for other organisms.

35. There are two types of waste on the basis of degradation :

( 1 ) Biodegradable wastes : The wastes which can be disposed off naturally by the
action of microorganisms / decomposers are called biodegradable wastes.
e.g., Vegetables, fruits, paper, etc.
( 2 ) Non-biodegradable wastes : The wastes which cannot be converted into harmless
simpler forms by the action of microorganisms are called non-biodegradable
wastes.
e.g., Glass, plastic, polythene, metal, etc.

36. x – Pseudopodia, y – Food vacuole

Life process – Nutrition in amoeba

37. ( 1 ) The region surrounding a magnet in which the force of attraction and repulsion
due to that magnet can be detected (using magnet or magnetic substances) is
called the magnetic field.
( 2 ) The lines along which the iron filings align / arrange themselves due to force acting
on them in the magnetic field of a bar magnet are called magnetic field lines.

Section C
38. When food containing oil and fat is kept in an open air, it undergo oxidation and
become rancid; due to which their smell and taste changes. This process is called
rancidity.
The remedies to prevent rancidity are as follows :
( 1 ) Use antioxidant.
Usually, to avoid rancidity in food containing oil and fat, substances are added
which prevent oxidation. Such substances are known as antioxidant substances.
Manufacturers of potato chips flush bags of chips with gas such as inactive
nitrogen gas as antioxidant to prevent the oxidation of potato chips.
( 2 ) To keep food in close container.
Food kept in air-tight containers helps to slow down its oxidation and
rancidity is retarded.
38 GALA MODEL QUESTION PAPERS : STANDARD 10 (2025)

39. The common properties of non-metallic elements are as follows :

( 1 ) They exist either in solid, liquid or gaseous form.
( 2 ) They are non-conductors of heat and electricity. (Exception : Graphite)
( 3 ) They do not possess the properties of malleability and ductility.
( 4 ) They are non-sonorous.
( 5 ) They have lower melting and boiling points compared to metals.
( 6 ) They do not possess lustre. (Exception : Iodine)
40. Examples of corrosion are as follows :
( 1 ) Silver articles become black after some time when exposed to air. This is because
it reacts with sulphur in the air to form a coating of silver sulphide (Ag2S).
( 2 ) Copper reacts with moist carbon dioxide in the air and slowly loses its shiny
brown surface and gains a green coat. This green substance is basic copper
carbonate (CuCO3).
( 3 ) Iron when exposed to moist air for a long time acquires a coating of brown
flaky substance called rust (Fe2O3 · xH2O).

41. Human Nervous System

|
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
¯ ¯
Central Nervous Peripheral Nervous
System (CNS) System (PNS)
| |
–––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Brain Spinal cord Cranial nerves Spinal nerves
General functions :
( 1 ) CNS receives information from external environment and other parts of the body
and bring about integration.
( 2 ) Spinal cord is involved in reflex action.
( 3 ) Brain is the main coordinating centre of the body.
( 4 ) Brain allows us to think and take actions based on that thinking.
( 5 ) Peripheral nervous system communicates between CNS and the other parts of
the body.
42. ( 1 ) a – Pollen tube. It carries male germ cell.
( 2 ) b – Ovary. It grows rapidly and ripens to form a fruit after fertilisation.
( 3 ) d – Pollen grain. It is released from anther of stamen and by the process of
pollination it reaches on the stigma.
43. The sexual act always has the potential to lead to pregnancy. There are many ways
that have been devised to avoid pregnancy and thereby achieving population control.
( 1 ) Mechanical barrier : By the use of it sperm does not reach the egg. Condoms or
similar barriers worn in the vagina can serve this purpose. Other contraceptive
Intrauterine devices (IUD) such as loop or copper-T are placed in the uterus to
prevent pregnancy. It may cause side effects due to irritation of the uterus.
( 2 ) Chemical methods : In this method, contraceptive pills have to be taken orally
by female.
 The drugs in contraceptive pills change the hormonal balance of the female
body in such a way that eggs are not released making fertilisation impossible.
   Since they change hormonal balances, they can cause side-effects too.
 Online Answer Keys – SCIENCE 39

( 3 ) Surgical methods : If the vas deferens in the male is blocked, sperm transfer
will be prevented. If the fallopian tube in the female is blocked, the egg will
not be able to reach the uterus. In both cases fertilisation will not take place.
Surgical methods can be used for such blocks. While surgical methods are
safe in the long run, surgery itself can cause infections and other problems if
not performed properly.
44. Radius of curvature R = + 3.00 m; (R Convex mirror)
Object distance u = – 5.00 m;
Image distance v = ?
Height of the image h¢ = ?
R 3.00 cm
Focal length f = =+ = + 1.50 m
2 2

(as the principal focus of a convex mirror is behind the mirror)

1 1 1
Since v + u = f
1 1 1
\ v = f
– u
1 1
= 1.50
– (– 5.00)
1 1
= +
1.50 5.00

5.00 + 1.50
=
7.50
+7.50
\v= = + 1.15 m
6.50

\ The image is formed at (about) 1.15 m behind the mirror.

hl
Magnification m =
h
v 1.15 m
= – =– = + 0.23
u – 5.00 m

\ The image is virtual, erect and smaller in size (relative to the object) by a factor
of 0.23.
45. When a ray of light travels obliquely from one transparent medium to another, its
speed changes. Therefore at the boundary separating the two media, there occurs a
change in its direction of propagation. This phenomenon is called refraction of light.
Laws of refraction of light :
( 1 ) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface of two
transparent media at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.
( 2 ) The ratio of the sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is
a constant, for the light of a given colour and for the given pair of media. This
law is called the Snell’s law of refraction. (This is true for angle 0° < i° < 90°)
If i is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of refraction, then
sin i
sin r
= constant = n21,

Where, n21 is known as the refractive index of the second medium with respect
to the first medium.
40 GALA MODEL QUESTION PAPERS : STANDARD 10 (2025)

46. ( a ) In a series circuit the current is constant throughout the electric circuit.
( 1 ) So it is obviously impracticable to connect an electric bulb and an electric heater
in series because they need currents of widely different values to operate properly.
( 2 ) In a series circuit when one component (or electrical appliance) fails due to
some defect, the circuit is broken and none of the components (or electrical
appliances) works.
( 3 ) In a series circuit all the electrical appliances have only one switch due to which
they cannot be turned ON or OFF separately.
( 4 ) In a series circuit electrical appliances of different power ratings do not get the same
voltage (220 V) as that of the power supply line because the voltage is shared by
all the appliances. The appliances get less voltage and hence do not work properly.
( b ) Parallel connection is seen in a domestic circuit. Its advantages are as under :
( 1 ) In a parallel circuit, the total current is divided through different electrical gadgets
and total resistance is also decreased. So this is helpful particularly when each
gadget has different resistance and requires different current to operate properly
(due to their different power ratings).
( 2 ) In a parallel circuit, each electrical appliance gets the same voltage (p.d.) equal
to 220 V as that of the power supply line. Due to this, all the appliances work
properly.
( 3 ) In a parallel circuit, if one electrical appliance stops working due to some defect,
other appliances are not affected. They continue to work without any problem.
( 4 ) In a parallel circuit, each appliance has its own switch due to which it can be
turned ‘ON’ or turned ‘OFF’ independently, without affecting other appliances.

Section D
47. Alcohol and glucose contain hydrogen, but their solution do not conduct electricity
as acids do.

Apparatus : Beaker, 6 V electric cell, bulb, switch, rubber cork, nail.

Materials : Alcohol, glucose, dilute HCl solution.

Diagram :

Description of experiment :
Take alcohol in a clean beaker. Put a rubber cork in the centre of the beaker and
insert two big nails on it.
Arrange them so that two ends remain out of the surface of alcohol.
 Online Answer Keys – SCIENCE 41

Now, connect 6 V electric cell (battery), bulb and switch with nail and arrange the
circuit as shown in the figure. Now, turn the switch ON.
Observe whether the bulb glows or not. Note the observation.
Now, take glucose solution instead of alcohol in the beaker and perform the above
activity. Note the observation.
Now, take dilute HCl solution instead of glucose solution and perform the above
activity. Note the observation.
Observation : Bulb does not glow for both alcohol and glucose solution, but bulb glows
in the activity with dilute HCl solution.
Conclusion : Alcohol and glucose contain hydrogen but do not show characters of an
acid and so they are not categorised as acids.
48. Preparation of bleaching powder : Bleaching powder is produced by the action of
chlorine on dry slaked lime (Ca(OH)2).
Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 ¾® CaOCl2 + H2O
® Bleaching powder is represented as CaOCl2 and its chemical name is calcium
oxychloride.
Uses : (1) For bleaching cotton and linen in the textile industry, for bleaching wood
pulp in paper industries and for bleaching washed clothes in laundry. (2) As an
oxidising agent in many chemical industries. (3) For disinfecting drinking water and
making it free from germs.

49. ( 1 ) Methanal ( 2 ) Pentyne

H–C–H HC º C – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
||
O

( 3 ) Methanoic acid ( 4 ) Bromobutane

H – C – OH CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – Br
||
O
50. Water conducting channels : Xylem consists of vessels and tracheids, which form
continuous water conducting channel.
Absorption of water by the roots : The root cells actively take up ions from soil.
This creates a difference in the concentration of these ions between the root and the
soil. Water, therefore moves into the root from the soil to eliminate this difference.
Column of water : To eliminate the concentration difference between the soil and the
root, the steady movement of water into root creates column of water.
Conduction of water by root pressure : Due to absorption of water by root cells,
a pressure is generated to push water in xylem element.
This pressure is insufficient to move water over the heights of plants. So,
plants use another strategy to move water in xylem upwards to the highest points
of the plant body.
Conduction of water by transpiration pull : The loss of water in the form of vapour
from the aerial parts of the plant is known as transpiration.
The water which is lost through the stomata is replaced by water from the
xylem vessels in the leaf. Evaporation of water molecules from the cells of a leaf
creates a sunction which pulls water from the xylem cells of roots.
42 GALA MODEL QUESTION PAPERS : STANDARD 10 (2025)

During the day when the stomata are open, the transpiration pull becomes the
major driving force in the movement of water in the xylem.
At night effect of root pressure is necessary for the upward flow of water.
Thus, transpiration helps in absorption and upward movement of water and
minerals dissolved in it from roots to the leaves.

[ Movement of water during transpiration in a tree]

51. The excretory system of human being includes a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters,
a urinary bladder and a urethra.

[ Excretory system in human beings]

( a ) Kidney : In human being a pair of kidneys are located in the abdomen, one on
either side of the backbone.
® Urine is produced by filtering out nitrogenous waste products from the blood
in the kidneys.
( b ) Ureter : A pair of long tubes, which connects the kidneys with the urinary bladder.
® Urine produced in the kidneys pass to urinary bladder through ureter.
( c ) Urinary bladder : It is a muscular bag, for storing urine. Urine is temporarily
stored in it until the pressure of the expanded bladder leads to the urge to
pass it out through urethra.
( d ) Urethra : A passage extending from urinary bladder and opening to outside of body.
® Urine is excreted through it.
 Online Answer Keys – SCIENCE 43

52. ( 1 ) Arvind might be suffering from far-sightedness defect of vision.

( 2 ) The image would form behind the retina in this defect.
( 3 ) ( i ) The focal length of the eye lens is increased due to least curvature of the
eye lens.
( ii ) The length of eyeball is shortened (shorter than normal) i.e., the distance
between the retina and the eye lens is decreased.
( 4 ) To correct this defect, the person has to wear spectacles with a convex lens of
suitable focal length.
53. Solenoid : A coil of many circular turns of insulated copper wire wrapped closely in
the shape of a cylinder is called a solenoid.

® When an electric current is passed through the solenoid, it produces a magnetic

field through and around it.
® The pattern of magnetic field lines of the magnetic field through and around a
current-carrying solenoid is shown in figure.

Characteristics of the magnetic field produced by a current-carrying solenoid :

® Magnetic field lines come out from north pole and enter the south pole from
outside, while magnetic field lines inside come out from south pole and are
towards north pole.
® Magnetic field lines are closer to each other at poles, where the magnetic field
is strong.
® Magnetic field lines do not intersect each other.
® If magnetic field lines are parallel and at equidistance from each other, then they
show equal magnetic field.
54. A system formed by an interaction between biotic components and physical environment
is called an ecosystem. An ecosystem consists of two main components : ( 1 ) Abiotic
components and ( 2 ) Biotic components.
( 1 ) Abiotic components : All the non-living constituents of an ecosystem are included
in the abiotic components. Temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind, soil, light,
minerals, etc. are abiotic components.
44 GALA MODEL QUESTION PAPERS : STANDARD 10 (2025)

( 2 ) Biotic components : All living organisms of an ecosystem are included in

the biotic components. Organisms are grouped as producers, consumers and
decomposers according to their food habit. Their mode of sustenance forms the
trophic relationship in the environment.
( i ) Producers : Those organisms which can make organic compounds like sugar
and starch from inorganic substances using solar energy in presence of
chlorophyll are called producers.
e.g., Certain bacteria, various kinds of algae and all green plants.
( ii ) Consumers : Those organisms which consume the food produced either
directly from producers or indirectly by feeding on other consumers are
called consumers.
e.g., Non-chlorophyllous and heterotrophic organisms.
Consumers can be divided into four categories :
( 1 ) Herbivores – e.g., cow, deer
( 2 ) Carnivores and higher carnivores – e.g., frog and snake
( 3 ) Omnivores – e.g., human, cockroach
( 4 ) Parasites – e.g., liver-fluke, plasmodium
(iii) Decomposers : The microorganisms which breakdown the complex organic
substances into simple inorganic substances are called decomposers.
e.g., Certain bacteria and fungi.
 ANSWERS TO QUESTION PAPER 6

Section A
11. C. Reddish Brown
12. C. 5 % – 8 % acetic acid in water.
13. D. Gall bladder
14. D. The material of the wire
15. C. Virtual and diminished
16. D. All of the given
7. The common name of ethanoic acid is acetic acid.
8. The factor suggested by Mendel is known as gene in modern genetics.
9. 4 W is the equivalent resistance of the circuit shown below :

10. The main artery emerging from the left ventricle is called aorta.

11. A rectifying lens of power – 0.4 D is used to prepare spectales, then the type of this
lens is concave.

12. An element X has atomic number 13, then neon is the nearest inert gas to the
element X.
13. False
14. True
15. True
16. True
17. GH (Growth Hormone)
18. Reptillia
19. Ciliary muscles
20. (B) Nichrome – Semi-conductor
21. Estrogen – Regulates menstrual cycle
22. Thyroxin – Regulates metabolism for body growth
23. Autotrophic – Conversion of inorganic matters into organic matters using solar energy
24. Decomposers – Conversion of organic matters into inorganic matters

45
46 GALA MODEL QUESTION PAPERS : STANDARD 10 (2025)

Section B

25. The importance of balanced chemical equation are as follows :

( 1 ) Number of moles of the reactants and products involved in the reaction can be
known by the balanced chemical equation.
( 2 ) Balanced chemical equation gives details about the quantity of reactant used and
quantity of products formed during chemical reaction.
( 3 ) Physical state of the reactants and products can be known.
26. Since copper is not an active metal like Na, K, Zn, etc. it does not react with
dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl).

27. Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration

1. O2 is used in this process. 1. O2 is not used in this process.
2. At the end of this process CO2 and 2. At the end of this process in medium
H2O are produced. of plant origin Ethanol and CO2 are
produced and in medium of animal
origin only lactic acid is produced and
no CO2.

28. The changes seen in the boys at the time of puberty are as follows :
  In boys, testes start secreting male sex hormones.
  Testes start producing sperms.
  New hair growth on the face as moustache and beard.
  Body becomes more muscular.
29. Spore formation in Rhizopus
a – Sporangium, b – Spore, c – Hyphae
30. The splitting of light into its component colours is called dispersion of light. The
band of coloured components of a light beam is called its spectrum.
[The phenomenon of a splitting of white light into its seven constituent colours is
called dispersion of white light.]
31. ( 1 ) A schematic diagram which represents the relative positions and connections of
various circuit components, represented by their electrical symbols, is called a
circuit diagram.

(2)

32. Here, I = 5 A, V = 220 V,

t = 2 h = (2 × 60 × 60) s = 7200 s
Power P = VI = 220 × 5 = 1100 W = 1100 J / s
 Online Answer Keys – SCIENCE 47

Now,
Energy consumed W = Pt = 1100 J / s × 7200 s
= 7920000 J
= 7.92 × 106 J
OR
Energy consumed W = Pt = 1100 W × 2 h
= 2200 Wh
= 2.2 × 103 Wh
= 2.2 kWh
33. The characteristics of magnetic field lines are as follows :
( 1 ) The magnetic field lines emerge from north pole and merge at the south pole
outside the magnet, while inside the magnet the direction of field lines is from
its south pole to its north pole.
Thus, the magnetic field lines are closed and continuous curve.
( 2 ) The magnetic field lines are crowded near the pole where the magnetic field
is strong and are far apart near the middle of the magnet and far from the
magnet where the magnetic field is weak.
( 3 ) The magnetic field lines never intersect each other because if they do so, there
would be two directions of magnetic field at that point which is absurd.
( 4 ) In case the field lines are parallel and equidistant, these represent a uniform
magnetic field.
34. When biodegradable waste is buried in pits, compost is produced through the process
of decomposition. This manure can be used in the garden.
Collect non-biodegradable wastes seperately, and proper disposal arrangements
are made for tis recycling.
35. The problems caused by the generated non-biodegradable wastes are as follows :
( 1 ) It causes biological magnification.
( 2 ) They keep on accumulating in nature causing pollution.
( 3 ) They prevent growth of vegetation when dumped underground.
( 4 ) They may be inert and simply persist in the environment for a long time and
may harm various members of the ecosystem.
36. y – Kidney – filtration of blood
z – Urinary bladder – storage of urine
37. ( 1 ) Use a safety fuse of proper rating : It prevents damage to the appliances and
circuit due to overloading.
( 2 ) Use a proper earth wire : It prevents possible electric shock when the live wire
accidentally touches the metallic body of an appliance.

Section C
38. ( 1 ) Copper powder, on heating forms copper (II) oxide on its surface.
( 2 ) The colour of copper oxide is black.
( 3 ) Copper is obtained by passing hydrogen gas over hot copper oxide.
Heat
CuO(s) + H2(g) ¾¾® Cu(s) + H2O(g)
48 GALA MODEL QUESTION PAPERS : STANDARD 10 (2025)

39. The common properties of metals are as follows :

   Metals possess shining on their surface (lustre) in their pure form.
   Metals are solid and hard.
   Metals possess properties of malleability and ductility.
   Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
   Metals have high melting points and boiling points.
   Metals are sonorous.
40. The compounds formed by the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal are
known as ionic compounds or electrovalent compounds. Atomic number of sodium
is 11. Sodium atom has one electron in its outermost shell (M-shell). Sodium atom
loses the electron from its M-shell and forms sodium cation (Na+) and acquires
stable complete octet structure of noble gas neon (Ne).
Na ¾® Na+ + e –
(2, 8, 1) (2, 8)

Similarly, atomic number of chlorine is 17. Chlorine atom has seven electrons
in its outermost shell (M-shell). Chlorine atom gains one e – which is lost by sodium
atom and forms chloride anion (Cl–) and acquires stable complete octet structure
of noble gas argon (Ar).
Cl + e – ¾® Cl –
(2, 8, 7) (2, 8, 8)

Sodium cation (Na+) and chloride anion (Cl–) being oppositely charged attract
each other and are held by strong electrostatic forces of attraction and exists as
sodium chloride (NaCl).
Na+ + Cl– ¾® Na+Cl– or NaCl
(2, 8) (2, 8, 8)
–
In short, Na + Cl  [Na+] [ Cl ]
Sodium chloride exists as a group of oppositely charged ions.
41. Human brain has three major regions or parts : ( 1 ) Fore-brain, ( 2 ) Mid-brain and
( 3 ) Hind-brain.
( 1 ) Fore-brain : The fore-brain has separate areas specialised for hearing, smell, sight
and so on.
® There are separate areas of association where sensory information is interpreted
by putting it together with information from other receptors as well as with
information already stored in the brain.
® Based on all this, a decision is made about how to respond.
It has motor areas which control the movement of voluntary muscles.
® It has a separate centre associated with hunger.
( 2 ) Mid-brain : Corpora quadrigemina is a part of mid-brain. Centres for visual and
auditory reflexes are located there.
( 3 ) Hind-brain : Pons, medulla and cerebellum are the parts of hind-brain.
Involuntary actions including blood pressure, salivation and vomiting are
controlled by the medulla.
Cerebellum is responsible for precision of voluntary actions and maintaining
the posture and balance (Equilibrium) of the body.
 Online Answer Keys – SCIENCE 49

42. Flower is the reproductive organ in flowering plants (angiosperms).

[Longitudinal section of flower]

Parts of a flower : Sepals, petals, stamens and pistils. Among these stamens
and pistils are reproductive parts.
Stamens : It is a male reproductive part. It consists filament and an anther.
Anther produces pollen grains that are yellowish in colour.
Pistil : It is present in the centre of a flower and is the female reproductive
part. It is made up of three parts : (1) Ovary : bottom swollen part, (2) Style : middle
elongated part and (3) Stigma : terminal sticky part.
The ovary contains ovules and each ovule has an egg cell.
Types of flowers on the basis of reproductive parts are as follows :
( 1 ) Unisexual flower : When flower contains either stamens or pistil, it is called
unisexual flower. e.g., Papaya, watermelon.
( 2 ) Bisexual flower : When flower contains both stamens and pistil, it is called
bisexual flower. e.g., Hibiscus, mustard, datura.
43. When new generations are to be created from a single individual without gametes
then it is known as asexual reproduction. Whereas the mode of reproduction involving
both male and female sexes to produce new generation is called sexual reproduction.
Limitations of asexual mode of reproduction are as follows :
   I t hinders diversity.
   O
 rganisms reproduce very quickly, as a result number of offsprings increase
leading to increased competition.
   I nheritance is possible from only single parent.
   P
 opulation cannot be controlled.
   O
 rganisms cannot adapt easily.
   T
 he niche gets filled up quickly.
44. Object size h = + 4.0 cm; Object distance u = – 25.0 cm;
Focal length f = – 15.0 cm (R Concave mirror)
Image distance v = ?
Image size h¢ = ?
Now,
1 1 1
v + u = f
50 GALA MODEL QUESTION PAPERS : STANDARD 10 (2025)

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
\ v = f
– u = – =– +
– 15.0 – 25.0 15.0 25.0
1 – 5.0 + 3.0 – 2. 0
\ = =
v 75.0 75.0

\ v = – 37.5 cm
The screen should be placed at 37.5 cm in front of the mirror. The image is real.
hl v
Also, magnification m = =–
h u
vh (– 37.5 cm) (+ 4.0 cm)
\ h¢ = – =–
u (– 25.0 cm)

= – 1.5 × 4 cm

= – 6.0 cm
Height of the image h¢ = – 6.0 cm
The image is inverted and enlarged.
45.

[ The New Cartesian sign convention for spherical mirrors]

As shown in figure, the pole (P) of the mirror is taken as the origin of the New
Cartesian coordinate system. The principal axis of the mirror is taken as the X-axis
and a perpendicular drawn to the principal axis at pole (P) of the mirror, is taken
as Y-axis.
( 1 ) The object is always placed to the left of the mirror. This implies that the
light from the object falls on the mirror from the left-hand side.
( 2 ) All distances parallel to the principal axis are measured from the pole of
the mirror.
( 3 ) All the distances measured to the right of the origin (along + X-axis) are taken
as positive while those measured to the left of the origin (along – X-axis) are
taken as negative.
( 4 ) The distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis (along
+ Y-axis), are taken as positive.
( 5 ) The distances measured perpendicular to and below the principal axis (along
– Y-axis), are taken as negative.
46. Ohm’s law : The current flowing through a conductor, such as a metallic wire, is
directly proportional to the potential difference across its ends, provided its temperature
and other physical conditions remains the same.
 If
 I is the current flowing through a conductor and V is the potential difference
(or voltage) across its ends, then according to Ohm’s law,
 Online Answer Keys – SCIENCE 51

I μ V (at constant temperature).

This can also be written as,
VμI
\ V = (constant) I
V
\ = constant
I
=R

\ V = IR
 R
 is constant for the given metallic wire at a given temperature and is called
its resistance.
 Resistance
 is the property of a conductor to oppose the flow of charges through it.
 The
 SI unit of resistance is ohm. It is represented by the Greek letter W (Omega).
V
 According
 to Ohm’s law, R =
I

Section D
47. Preparation of sodium hydroxide : When an aqueous solution of sodium chloride
(brine) is electrolysed, chlorine gas is liberated at anode and hydrogen gas at cathode.
During electrolysis, sodium hydroxide is formed in the solution.
2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) ® 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) + H2(g)
This process is called chlor-alkali process since the products formed are – chlor
for chlorine and alkali for sodium hydroxide.
The three products (H2(g), Cl2(g), NaOH) produced in this process are useful.
Uses : (1) De-greasing of metals. (2) In the preparation of soap. (3) In purification of
petroleum. (4) For making cotton unshrinkable. (5) As a reagent in laboratory.
48. ( 1 ) Scientific name : Plaster of Paris
1
Chemical formula : CaSO4 · 2
H2O
373 K 1 1
CaSO4 · 2H2O(s)  CaSO4 · 2 H2O(s) + 1 2
H2O(g)

( 2 ) Uses : (1) In contstruction and in plastering the wall. (2) In making casts in
dentistry. (3) In making toys and idols. (4) In making chalks for writing on the
black board.
49. ( 1 ) When a large quantity of ethanol is consumed, it tends to slow down metabolic
processes.
® Moreover, it depresses the Central Nervous System (CNS). This results in lack
of coordination, mental confusion, drowsiness, lowering of the normal inhibitors
and finally individual becomes unconscious and lethargic.
® The individual may feel relaxed but does not realised that his sense of judgement,
sense of timing and muscular coordination have been seriously impaired.
® Instead of ethanol, intake of methanol in very small quantities can cause death;
because methanol is oxidised to methanal in liver. Methanal reacts rapidly with
the components of cells and coagulates the protoplasm.
® Methanol also affects the optic nerve and causes blindness.
® Thus, consumption of alcohol is dangerous to living beings.
52 GALA MODEL QUESTION PAPERS : STANDARD 10 (2025)

( 2 ) The uses of ethanol are as follows :

(1) It is used as an industrial solvent in medicines such as tincture iodine,
cough syrups and many tonics. (2) It is used in the preparation of lacquers,
varnishes and fragrant substances like perfumes. (3) It is used as an antiseptic.
(4) Pure ethanol (absolute alcohol) is the active ingredient of all alcoholic drinks.
50. ( a ) a – Liver, b – Stomach, c – Small intestine, d – Anus
( b ) Digestion in stomach : Gastric glands are present in the wall of the stomach.
These release 0.5 % hydrochloric acid (HCl), a protein digesting enzyme called
pepsin and mucus, i.e., Gastric juice.
The hydrochloric acid creates an acidic medium which facilitates the action
of the enzyme pepsin.
dil. HCl
Pepsinogen ¾¾¾® Pepsin
(inactive
enzyme)
active
Proteins ¾¾¾® Proteoses +
Peptones

The mucus protects the inner linning of the stomach from the action of acid
and of pepsin enzyme under normal conditions.
The exit of food from the stomach is regulated by a sphincter muscle which
releases it into the small intestine.
51. A process by which carbon dioxide and water are converted into carbohydrates in
presence of sunlight and chlorophyll is called photosynthesis.
Equation for the process of photosynthesis :
Sunlight
6CO2 + 12H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
Chlorophyll Glucose

The following events occur in photosynthesis :

( 1 ) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
( 2 ) Conversion of light energy into chemical energy, and splitting of water molecules
into hydrogen and oxygen ions.
( 3 ) Reduction of carbon dioxide into carbohydrate (glucose).
52. Atmospheric refraction is the phenomenon of bending of light passing through the
earth’s atmosphere.
  The earth is surrounded by a layer of air called the atmosphere. The density of
air in the atmosphere is not the same everywhere. The hotter air is lighter (less
dense) than the cooler air (more dense) above it.
  In general, density is highest at the earth’s surface and goes on decreasing as
we move higher.
  The refractive index of air depends on its density. The lower the density of air,
the lower is its refractive index.
  Thus, the upper layers of the earth’s atmosphere are optically rarer as compared
to the lower layers.
  Thus, light coming from the Sun and stars passes through a medium (air) of
continuously increasing refractive index before it reaches the observer on the earth
and hence its direction of propagation continuously changes.
 Online Answer Keys – SCIENCE 53

  Since the physical conditions of the refracting medium (air) are not stationary, the
apparent position of an object as seen through the hot air fluctuates continuously.
This wavering is thus an effect of atmospheric refraction (refraction of light by
earth’s atmosphere) on small scale in our local environment.
Some phenomena based on atmospheric refraction are :
( 1 ) Twinkling of stars
( 2 ) Advance sunrise, i.e., the sunrise is observed two minutes earlier than the actual
sunrise.
( 3 ) Delayed sunset, i.e., the sunset is observed two minutes later than the actual
sunset.
( 4 ) Stars seem higher than they actually are.
( 5 ) The Sun appears oval (or flattened) at the sunrise and the sunset, but appears
circular at noon.
53.

[Common domestic circuit (schematic diagram)]

( 1 ) In our homes, we receive supply of electric power through a main supply (also called
mains), either supported through overhead electric poles or by underground cables.

( 2 ) This supply is through the live / positive wire (red insulation cover), neutral / negative
wire (black insulation cover) and the earth wire (green insulation cover).
( 3 ) The potential difference between the live wire and neutral wire is 220 V.
( 4 ) At the meter-board in the house, these three wires pass into an electricity meter
through a main fuse.
( 5 ) Through the main switch they are connected to the line wires in the house.
( 6 ) These wires supply electricity to separate circuits within the house.
( 7 ) Often, two separate circuits are used, one of current rating 15 A for appliances
with higher power ratings such as geysers, air coolers, etc. and the other of
current rating 5 A for bulbs, fans, radio, etc.
( 8 ) The earth wire is usually connected to a metal plate deep in the earth near
the house as local earthing.
( 9 ) Inside the house, in each separate circuit, different appliances are connected across
the live and neutral wires. Each appliance has a separate ‘ON’ / ‘OFF’ switch to
complete the circuit or to discontinue the current in the circuit.
54 GALA MODEL QUESTION PAPERS : STANDARD 10 (2025)

(10) In order that, each appliance has equal potential difference, all appliances are
connected in parallel across the supply.
54. ( a ) Ozone is a molecule formed by three atoms of oxygen in the presence of UV
(Ultraviolet) rays.
Ozone performs an essential function at the higher levels of the atmosphere.
However, at ground level it is a deadly poison.
Ozone absorbs shorter wavelength UV rays from the sun. Thus it protects
the living system on earth.
( b ) ( 1 ) Buy loose fruits and vegetables in order to avoid packaging.
( 2 ) Limit the use of disposable items such as razors, pens, etc.
( 3 ) Use reusable nappy-pad.
( 4 ) Buy reusable carry bags.
( 5 ) Use rechargeable batteries.