Applications of magnetic materials
Medical applications of magnetic materials
•Magnetic materials can exist in
1) Bulk state
2) On the nanoscale
What happens on the nanoscale
• Reduced size • Broken symmetry
Magnetic systems of nanoscopic or mesoscopic
scales
a) dimensions comparable to characteristic
lengths, such as the limiting size of magnetic
domains
b) broken translation symmetry, which results in
sites with reduced coordination number, with
broken exchange bonds and frustration.
•Also, nanoscopic or mesoscopic objects exhibit a
higher proportion of surface (or interface) atoms.
Close contact with other physical systems
• Another factor that modifies the magnetic properties
of the nano-objects is that they are in general in close
contact with other physical systems, for example:
• With a substrate or a capping layer, in the case of
most thin films and multilayers.
• In the case of nanoparticles, these objects may be
immersed in solid matrices or compacted in a
container.
In both cases, each particle may feel a strong
interaction with its
immediate neighborhood.
Defects and imperfections
• Also, in general, as systems such as ensembles of
nanoparticles are prepared with smaller
dimensions, the importance of imperfections and
defects becomes more relevant.
• making obtaining identical sets of nano-object
smore difficult
Magnetic materials
• We knew that magnetic field can be induced by the free
charges that flow in a current-carrying wire loop and
the direction of the induced magnetic field is described
by the right-hand rule.
• On the atomic scale, all materials contain spinning
electrons that circulate in orbits, and these electrons
can also produce magnetic fields if each of theirs
magnetic moments is properly oriented.
• Thus, a resultant magnetic moment in a macroscopic
substance can be observed and such a substance is then
said to be magnetised and this type of substance is called
magnetic material.
• A magnetic material is said to be linear, isotropic, or
homogenous if its magnetic properties (i.e. r and m) are
linear over a specified range of field, independent of the
direction of the field, or do not vary throughout the
whole medium of the material, respectively.
• Magnetic materials are also classified as soft and hard
materials.
➢Soft materials are normally used as the magnetic core
materials for inductors, transformers, and actuators in
which the magnetic fields vary frequently.
➢Hard materials sometimes called permanent magnets
are used to generate static magnetic fields in electric
motors.
Origin of magnetisation in materials
• The magnetisation in a material substance is associated with
atomic current loops generated by two principal mechanisms:
(1) orbital motions of the electrons around the nucleus and similar
motions of the protons around each other in the nucleus and
(2)Spinning motions of the electrons around its own
axis. The magnetic moment of an electron is due to
❑the combination of its orbital motion around the nucleus and
spinning
motions around its own axis.
❑similarly, the magnetic moment of the nucleus also consists of the
orbital and spin magnetic moments, which are much smaller than
that of the electron.
• This is because the mass of the nucleus is larger than the mass of the
electron. Thus, the total magnetic moment of an atom is usually
assumed to be calculated by the vector sum of the magnetic dipole
moments of its electrons.
The magnetic moment per atom
Energy difference in case of complete misalignment to
complete alignment
Into the atom
Vector model of the atom
Orbital angular momentum
Example (electron in d subshell)
Magnetic flux density B and magnetic
field strength H
• Magnetic field strength H - a physical quantity
used as one of the basic measures of the
intensity of a magnetic field
• The unit of magnetic field strength
is ampere per metre or A/m.
• Electric current I produces around itself
magnetic field strength H, whose
amplitude is independent of the type of a
continuous isotropic medium (regardless
if it is non-magnetic, magnetic, non-
linear, etc.)
• Magnetic flux density B - a physical quantity
used as one of the basic measures of the
intensity of magnetic field.
• The unit of magnetic flux density is tesla or T.
• Magnetic field strength H can be thought of as
excitation and the magnetic flux density B as
the response of the medium.
