1) A Computer? Characteristics Of Computer ?

COMPUTER(DEFENITION)

• A computer is an electronic device that processes data according to a set of instructions

to produce information.

• It takes the data as an input and processes that data to perform tasks under the

control of a program and produces the output.

2_)What are the characteristics of computer?

Speed: The computer works very fast. The speed of computer is measured in terms of MIPS (Million Instructions Per Second) or
BIPS (Billion Instructions Per Second).
For example: A money counting machine counts money faster than man.

Storage: The computer can store a large volume of data and information. The storage capacity of the computer is measured in
terms of Bytes. A group of 8 bits is called a Byte.

Accuracy: The computer generated results are exact and without any mistakes with high rate of consistency. Errors may occur
due to data inconsistency or inaccuracy.

Diligence: Unlike human beings, a computer does not suffer from limitations like tiredness and lack of concentration. It can
work for hours without making any errors. It can do repeated work with same speed and accuracy.

Versatility: Computers are capable of performing any task. Multi-processing features of computer make it quite versatile in
nature. The computer can be adapted to any field easily. It is used for scientific calculations, business processing, for playing
games, teaching, training etc.

Flexibility: Computers can be programmed to perform a wide range of tasks, from simple calculations to complex operations.
They can also be easily reprogrammed to perform new tasks, making them highly flexible We can do number of things with a
computer. While some are best used for simple business tasks, filing of tasks, others are good for multimedia, gaming and so on.

Cost effectiveness: Computers reduce the amount of paper work and human effort, thereby reducing costs.

Storage capacity: A computer has much more storage capacity than human beings. It can store large amount of data. It can store
any type of data such as images, videos, text, audio and many others.

Automation: Computer is an automatic machine. Automation means ability to perform the given task automatically. Once a
program is given to computer that is stored in computer memory, the program and instruction can control the program execution
without human interaction.

3)Explain Types Of Computer ?

The computers are divided mainly three types on the based on data processed(DATA HANDLING CAPABILITIES)
1. Analog computers
2. Digital computers
3. Hybrid computers
Analog computers:
In Analog Computers, data is represented as continuously varying voltage and operate essentially by measuring rather
counting.As the data is continuously variable, the results obtained are estimated and not exactly repeatable.It can able to perform
multiple tasks simultaneously and also capable to work effectively with the irrational number.
E.g. 1/8 = 0.125 and 1/6=0.1666 Voltage, temperature and pressure are measured using analog devices like voltmeters,
thermometers and barometers.

Digital Computers
The digit computer is a machine based on digital technology which represents information by numerical digit. In Digital
Computers data is represented as discrete units of electrical pulses. The data is measured in quantities represented as either the
‘on’ or ‘off’ state.Therefore, the results obtained from a digital computer are accurate.Virtually all of today’s computers are
based on digital computers.
Hybrid Computers
It combines the good features of both analog & digital computers. It has a speed of analog computer & accuracy of digital
computer. Hybrid Computers accept data in analog form and present output also in digitally.The data however is processed
digitally.Therefore, hybrid computers require analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters for output.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE COMPUTER BY DATA PROCESSING(ON THE BASIS OF SIZE)
The computers are classified in four types on the based on data processing.
 Micro computer
 Mini computer
 Mainframe computer
 Super computer
Embedded computer
Micro Computer:
 Micro computers are the computers with having a microprocessor chip as it central processing unit.
 Originated in late 1970s.
 First micro computer was built with 8 bit processor.
 Microcomputer is known as personal computer.
 Designed to use by individual whether in the form of pc’s, workstation or
notebook computers.
 Small in size and affordable for general people.
 Ex: IBM PC, IBM PC/XT, IBM PC/AT

Mini Computer:
 Mini computers are originated in 1960s.
 Small mainframes that perform limited tasks.
 Less expensive than mainframe computer.
 Mini computers are Lower mainframe in the terms of processing capabilities.
 Capable of supporting 10 to 100 users simultaneously.
 In 1970s it contains 8 bit or 12 bit processor.
 Gradually the architecture requirement is grown and 16 and 32 bit.
 Minicomputers are invented which are known as supermini computers.
 Ex: IBM AS400
Mainframe Computer:
 A very powerful computer which capable of supporting thousands of user simultaneously.
 It contains powerful data processing system.
 It is capable to run multiple operating systems.
 It is capable to process 100 million instructions per second.
 Mainframes are very large & expensive computers with having larger internal storage capacity & high processing speed.
 Mainframes are used in the organization that need to process large number of transaction online & required a computer system
having massive storage & processing capabilities.
 Mainly used to handle bulk of data & information for processing.
 Mainframe system is housed in a central location with several user terminal
connected to it.
 Much bigger in size & needs a large rooms with closely humidity &
temperature.
 IBM & DEC are major vendors of mainframes.
 Ex : MEDHA, SPERRY, IBM, DEC, HP, HCL
Super Computer:
 Most powerful & most expensive computer.
 Used for complex scientific application that requires huge processing power.
 Used multiprocessor technology to perform the calculation very speedy.
 They are special purpose computers that are designed to perform some specific task.
  The cost of the super computer is depended on its processing capabilities &configuration.
 The speed of modern computer is measured in gigaflops, teraflops and
petaflops.
o Gigaflops= 109 arithmetic operation per second.
o Teraflops=1012 arithmetic operation per second.
o Petaflops=1015 arithmetic operation per second.
 Ex: PARAM , EKA, BLUE GENE/P
Embedded Computers
Computers integrated into other devices (e.g., in cars, appliances).

4)WHAT IS TRANSLATOR PROGRAMS?(ASSEMBLER,COMPILER,INTERPRETER)

5)WHAT IS SOFTWARE?TYPES OF SOFTWARE?

Software is the programs and routines for a computer or the program material for an electronic device which make it run. An example
of software is Excel or Windows or iTunes. Word processing programs and

Internet browsers are examples of software.The two main categories of software are:

A)System software

B)Aplication software

System software: System software refers to the collection of programs and software components that enable a computer or computing
device to function properly. It acts as an intermediary between the user and the computer hardware, allowing the user to interact with the
hardware and use various applications and programs.

Application software:

Application software is designed to satisfy a particular need of a particular environment. Application software may consist of a single
program or collection of programs.

System software Application software

 System Software maintains the system Application software is built for
resources and gives the path for specific tasks.
application software to run.

Low-level languages are used to write While high-level languages are

the system software. used to write the application
software.

It is general-purpose software. While it’s a specific purpose

software.

Without system software, the system While Without application

stops and can’t run. software system always runs.

System software runs when the system While application software runs as
is turned on and stops when the system per the user’s request.
is turned off.

Example: System software is an Example: Application software is

operating system, etc. Photoshop, VLC player, etc.

System Software programming is more Application software programming

complex than application software. is simpler in comparison to system
software.

The Software that is designed to control, A set of computer programs

integrate and manage the individual installed in the user’s system and
hardware components and application designed to perform a specific task
software is known as system software. is known as application software.

A system software operates the system Application software runs in the

in the background until the shutdown of front end according to the user’s
the computer. request.

The system software has no interaction Application software connects an

with users. It serves as an interface intermediary between the user and
between hardware and the end user. the computer.

6)What is Algorithm ?

The word Algorithm means A set of finite rules or instructions to befollowed in calculations or other problem-solving operations.

What are the characteristics of an algorithm?

1)Each instruction should be precise and unambiguous.

2)Each instruction should be executed in a finite time.

3)No instruction should repeat infinitely. This ensures that the algorithm terminates ultimately.

After executing the instructions, the desired results are obtained.

7) Flowchart? Features Of Flowchart? Draw The Diagram And Explain Each One?

A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents a workflow or process. A flowchart can also be defined as a diagrammatic representation of
an algorithm, a step-by-step approach to solving a task.
8. What is a pseudocode?

A Pseudocode is defined as a step-by-step description of an algorithm.Pseudocode does not use any programming language in its
representation instead it uses the simple English language text as it is intended for human understanding rather than machine
reading.Pseudocode is the intermediate state between an idea and its implementation(code) in a high-level language.

What are the advantages and limitations of pseudocode?

Advantages of pseudocode:

It allows the designer to focus on main logic without being distracted by programming languages syntax.

Since it is language independent, it can be translated to any computer language code.

It allows designer to express logic in plain natural language.

It is easier to write actual code using pseudocode.

Unlike algorithms, pseudocodes are concise so pseudocodes are more readable and easier to modify.

Disadvantages of pseudocode:

There are no accepted standards for writing pseudocodes and designer use their own style while writing pseudocodes.

Pseudocode cannot be compiled and executed so its correctness cannot be verified by using computers.

9) Basic Organisation Of A Computer?

Basic Organisation of a Digital Computer

‘A simple computer system comprises the basic components like Input Devices, CPU
(Central Processing Unit) and Output Devices as under:

Input Devices:

o The devices which are used to entered data in the computer systems are known as input devices.

o Keyboard, mouse, scanner, mike, light pen etc are example of input devices.

FUNCTION OF INPUT DEVICES

o Accept the data from the outside worlds.

o Convert that data into computer coded information.

o Supply this data to CPU for further processing.

 Output Devices:

o The devices which display the result generated by the computer are known as

output devices.

o Monitor, printer, plotter, speaker etc are the example of output devices.

FUNCTIONS OF OUTPUT DEVICES

o Accept the result form the CPU.

o Convert that result into human readable form.

o Display the result on the output device.

 Memory Unit:

o The data & instruction have to store inside the computer before the actual processing start.
o Same way the result of the computer must be stored before passed to the output devices. This tasks performed by memory unit.

FUNCTIONS OF MEMORY UNIT

o Store data & instruction received from input devices.

o Store the intermediate results generated by CPU.

o Store the final result generated by CPU.

The memory can be classified into the following categories

· Primary memory

· Auxiliary or secondary memory

(i) Primary memory: main memory is the fastest memory in a digital

computer system. This memory is primarily used to store the data and program

temporarily during the execution of a program.

(ii) Auxiliary or Secondary memory: secondary memory or auxiliary

memory is used to store the operating system, compiler, assembler, application

programs, data file etc. those are not read by CPU directly.

Arithmetical & Logical Unit:

o The ALU is the place where actual data & instruction are processed.

o All the calculations are performed & all comparisons are made in ALU.

o Performs all arithmetical & logical operations.

o An arithmetic operation contains basic operations like addition, subtraction,multiplication, division.

o Logical operations contains comparison such as less than, greater than, less than equal to, greater than equal to, equal to, not equal to.

Control Unit:

o It controls the movement of data and program instructions into and out of the CPU, and to control the operations of the ALU.

o In sort, its main function is to manage all the activities within the computer system.

o Controls the internal parts as well as the external parts related with the

computer.

CPU:

o The Unit where all the processing is done is called as Central Processing Unit.

o It contains many other units under it.

o Main of them are:- Control Unit And ALU (Arithmetic & Logic Unit)
10) EXPLAIN COMPUTER LANGUAGE?(HIGH LEVEL AND LOW LEVEL(ASSEMBLY AND MACHINE LEVEL))?

11) Write a note on evolution of computers? Or Write a note on generation of computers.

Evolution of Computer Generations.

The modern computer took its shape with the advent of time. It was around 16th century when the evolution of computer started. The initial
computer faced many changes, obviously for the betterment. It continuously improved itself in terms of speed, accuracy, size, and cost to get
the shape of the modern day computer. This long period can be conveniently divided into the following

phases called computer generations:

First Generation:

 Duration: 1942-1955

Technology: vacuum tube

o Used as a calculating device.

o Performed calculations in milliseconds.

o To bulky in size & complex design.

o Required large room to place it.

o Generates too much heat & burnt.

o Required continuously hardware maintenance.

o Generates much heat so must air-conditioner rooms are required.

o Commercial production is difficult & costly.

o Difficult to configure.

o Limited commercial use.

o ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC are example of 1st generation computer.

Second Generation:

 Duration: 1955-1964

 Technology: transistor

o 10 times Smaller in size than 1st generation system.

o Less heat than 1st generation computers.

o Consumed less power than 1st generation system.

o Computers were done calculations in microseconds.

o Air-conditioner is also required.

o Easy to configure than 1st generation computers.

o More reliable in information.

o Wider commercial use.

o Large & fast primary/secondary storage than 1st generation computers.

Third Generation:

 Duration: 1965-1975

 Technology: IC chip

o Smaller in size than 1st & 2nd generation computers.

o Perform more fast calculations than 2nd generation systems.

o Large & fast primary/secondary storage than 2nd generation computers.

o Air –conditioner is required.

o Widely used for commercial applications.

o General purpose computers.

o High level languages like COBOL & FORTAN are allowed to write programs.

o Generate less heat & consumed less power than 2nd generation computer.

Fourth Generation:

 Duration: 1975-1989

 Technology: Microprocessor chip

o Based on LSI & VLSI microprocessor chip.

o Smaller in size.

o Much faster than previous generations.

o Minimum hardware maintenance is required.

o Very reliable as computer to previous generation computers.

o Totally general purpose computer.

o Easy to configure.

o Possible to use network concept to connect the computer together.

o NO requirement of air-conditioners.

o Cheapest in price.

Fifth Generation:

 Duration: 1989 to Present

 Technology: ULSI microprocessor chip

o Much smaller & handy.

o Based on the ULSI chip which contains 100 million electronic components.

o The speed of the operations is increased.

o Consumed less power.

o Air-conditioner is not required.

o More user friendly interface with multi-media features.

o High level languages are allowed to write programs.

o Larger & faster primary/secondary storage than previous generations.

o Notebook computers are the example of 5th generation computers.

2)Ram And Rom
13) Impact And Non Impact Printer ?

printers are output devices that allow you to print information on paper. There are certain types of printers which are described below.
 Impact Printers

 Character Printers

 Line Printers

 Non-Impact Printers

 Laser Printers

 Inkjet Printers

Printer

Impact Printer

Characters are printed on the ribbon, which is subsequently crushed against the paper, in impact printers. The following are the
characteristics of impact printers:

 Exceptionally low consumable cost.

 Quite noisy

 Because of its low cost, it is ideal for large-scale printing.

 To create an image, there is physical contact with the paper.

Character Printers

Character Printer has the capability to print only one character at a time. It is of two types.

 Dot Matrix Printer

 Daisy Wheel

Line Printers

Line Printers are printers that have the capability to print one line at a time. It is of two types.

 Drum Printer

 Chain Printer

Non-Impact Printers

Characters are printed without the need for a ribbon in non-impact printers.Because these printers print a full page at a time, they’re also
known as PagePrinters. The following are the characteristics of non-impact printers:

 Faster

 They don’t make a lot of noise.

 Excellent quality

 Supports a variety of typefaces and character sizes

Laser Printers

Laser Printers use laser lights for producing dots which will produce characterson the page.

Inkjet Printers

Inkjet printers are printers that use spray technology for printing papers. Highquality papers are produced in an Inkjet printer. They also do
color printing.

14)What is Logic Gates ?explain different types of logic gates with diagram and truth trable?

15)What Is Computer Memory?Explain Three Types Of Computer Memory ?

Computer memory is just like the human brain. It is used tostore data/information and instructions. It is a data storage unit or a data storage
device where data is to be processed and instructions required for processing are stored. It can store both the input and output can be stored
here.
cache memory?

It is a type of high-speed semiconductor memory that can help the CPU run faster. Between the CPU and the main memory, it serves as a
buffer. It is used to store the data and programs that the CPU uses the most frequently.

Classified into”

Primary

Secondary

cache

primary memory?

RAM. The term is based on the fact that any storage location can be accessed directly by the processor.

Dynamic RAM. DRAM is a type of semiconductor memory that is typically used by the data or program code needed by a computer
processor to function.

Static RAM. SRAM retains data bits in its memory for as long as power is supplied to it. Unlike DRAM, which stores bits in cells
consisting of a capacitor and a transistor, SRAM does not have to be periodically

refreshed.

 D RAM (Dynamic RAM): D RAM uses capacitors and transistors and stores the data as a charge on the capacitors. They contain
thousands of memory cells. It needs refreshing of charge on capacitor

after a few milliseconds. This memory is slower than S RAM.

ROM (Read Only Memory): It is a non-volatile memory. Non-volatile memory stores information even when there is a power supply
failed/ interrupted/stopped. ROM is used to store information that is used to

operate the system. As its name refers to read-only memory, we can only read the programs and data that is stored on it.

 PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory): This read-only memory is modifiable once by the user. The user purchases a blank
PROM and uses a PROM program to put the required contents into the PROM. Its content can’t be erased once written.

 EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only

Memory): EPROM is an extension to PROM where you can erase the content of ROM by exposing it to Ultraviolet rays for nearly 40
minutes.

 EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only

Memory): Here the written contents can be erased electrically. You can delete and reprogramme EEPROM up to 10,000 times.

secondary memory? Give example.

It is also known as auxiliary memory and backup memory. It is a nonvolatile memory and used to store a large amount of data or
information.The data or information stored in secondary memory is permanent, and it

is slower than primary memory. A CPU cannot access secondary memory directly. The data/information from the auxiliary memory is first
transferred to the main memory, and then the CPU can access it.

Magnetic Tape, Magnetic Disk

Floppy Disk, Hard Disk, Compact Disk.

Hard Disk: A hard disk is a part of a unit called a hard disk drive. It is used to storing a large amount of data. Hard disks or hard disk drives
come in different storage capacities.(like 256 GB, 500 GB, 1 TB, and 2

TB, etc.).

Floppy Disk: A floppy disk consists of a magnetic disc in a square plastic case. It is used to store data and to transfer data from one device
to another device. Floppy disks are available in two sizes (a) Size: 3.5 inches, the Storage capacity of 1.44 MB (b) Size: 5.25 inches, the
Storage capacity of 1.2 MB. To use a floppy disk, our computer needs to have a floppy disk drive. This storage device becomes obsolete
now and has been replaced by CDs, DVDs, and flash drives.

Compact Disc: A Compact Disc (CD) is a commonly used secondary storage device. It contains tracks and sectors on its surface. Its shape
is circular and is made up of polycarbonate plastic. The storage capacity ofCD is up to 700 MB of data.
16)Differentiate Between Primary And Secondary Memory ?

17)difference between Volatile And Non Volatile Memory ?

Volatile memory is used to store information based on power supply. If the power supply is off, all the data and information on this memory
will be lost. For example, RAM (Random Access Memory).

non-volatile memory is used to store information even when the power supply is off. For example, ROM (Read Only Memory).

18)Explain Any Five Input Devices?

Input device enables the user to send data, information, or control signals

to a computer.

Some of the popular input devices are:

1. Keyboard

2. Mouse

3. Scanner

4. Joystick

5. Light Pen

6. Digitizer

7. Microphone

8. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)

9. Optical Character Reader (OCR)

10. Digital Camera

11. Webcam

12. Biometric Devices

Keyboard.

The keyboard is a basic input device that is used to enter data into a computer or any other electronic device by pressing keys. It has
different sets of keys for letters, numbers, characters, and functions. Keyboards are connected to a computer through USB or a Bluetooth
device for wireless
communication.

Types of keyboards: There can be different types of keyboards based on the region and language used. Some of the common types of
keyboards are as follows:

QWERTY Keyboard:

It is the most commonly used keyboard with computers in modern times. It is named after the first six letters of the top row of buttons and is
even popular in countries that do not use Latin-based alphabet. It is so popular that some people think that it is the only type of keyboard to
use with

computers as an input device.

AZERTY Keyboard:

It is considered the standard French keyboard. It is developed in France as an alternative layout to the QWERTY layout and is mainly used
in France and other European countries. Some countries have manufactured their own versions of AZERTY.

DVORAK Keyboard:

This type of keyboard layout was developed to increase the typing speed byreducing the finger movement while typing. The most frequently
used letters are kept in a home row to improve typing.

mouse.

The mouse is a hand-held input device which is used to move cursor or pointer across the screen. It is designed to be used on a flat surface
and generally has left and right button and a scroll wheel between them. Laptop computers come with a touchpad that works as a mouse.

It lets you control the movement of cursor or pointer by moving your finger over the touchpad.

Some mouse comes with integrated features such as extra buttons to perform different buttons.

The mouse was invented by Douglas C. Engelbart in 1963.

Trackball Mouse:

It is a stationary input device that has ball mechanism to move the pointer or cursor on the screen.

The ball is half inserted in the device and can be easily rolled with finger, thumb or the palm to move the pointer on the screen. The device
has sensor to detect the rotation of ball.

Mechanical Mouse:

It has a system of a ball and several rollers to track its movement. It is a corded type of mouse.

Optical Mouse:

An optical mouse uses optical electronics to track its movement. It is more reliable than a mechanical mouse and also requires less
maintenance.

Cordless or Wireless Mouse:

As the name suggests, this type of mouse lacks cable and uses wireless technology such as IrDA (infrared) or radio (Bluetooth or Wi-Fi) to
control the movement of the cursor.

Scanner?

A computer scanner is a digitizer, a type of input device. It takes real-world objects (e.g., a document or picture) and converts them to digital
information for a computer to store or manipulate. A scanner only sends information to the computer and cannot receive information from
the

computer like a printer (an output device).

MICR?

Magnetic ink character recognition is the string of characters at the bottom

left of a personal check that includes the account, routing, and check

numbers.

MICR numbers are designed to be readable by both individuals and sorting

equipment.

They can't be faked or copied, due to the use of magnetic ink and unique
fonts.

The benefits of the technology include enhanced security against fraud and

mechanization of check processing.

8. What is OMR?

Short for optical mark reading or optical mark recognition, OMR is gathering information from human beings by recognizing marks on
a document. OMR is accomplished using a hardware device (scanner) that detects a reflection or limited light transmittance on or through a
piece of

paper. OMR allows the processing of hundreds or thousands of documents per hour. For example, students may recall taking tests or surveys
where they filled in bubbles on paper with a pencil. Once the form had been completed, a teacher or teacher's assistant would feed the cards
into a system that grades or gathers information from them.

19)Explain Any Five Output Devices ?

Output Devices are the devices that show us the result after giving the input toa computer system. Output can be of many different forms
like image, graphic audio, video, etc.

Example: Monitor

Printer

Television

Speakers

monitors.

Monitors, also known as Visual Display Units (VDUs), are a computer’sprimary output device. It creates images by arranging small dots,
known as pixels, in a rectangular pattern. The amount of pixels determines the image’s sharpness.

The two kinds of viewing screens used for monitors are described below.

 Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor: Pixels are minuscule visual elements that make up a CRT display. The higher the image quality or
resolution, the smaller the pixels.

 Flat-Panel Display Monitor: In comparison to the CRT, a flat-panel display is a type of video display with less volume, weight, and
power consumption. They can be hung on the wall or worn on the wrist. Flat-panel displays are currently used in calculators, video games,
monitors,laptop computers, and graphical displays.

printers.

Printers are output devices that allow you to print information on paper. There

are certain types of printers which are described below.

 Impact Printers

 Character Printers

 Line Printers

 Non-Impact Printers

 Laser Printers

 Inkjet Printers

Printer

Impact Printer

Characters are printed on the ribbon, which is subsequently crushed against the

paper, in impact printers. The following are the characteristics of impact

printers:

 Exceptionally low consumable cost.

 Quite noisy

 Because of its low cost, it is ideal for large-scale printing.

 To create an image, there is physical contact with the paper.

Character Printers

Character Printer has the capability to print only one character at a time. It is of

two types.

 Dot Matrix Printer

 Daisy Wheel

Line Printers

Line Printers are printers that have the capability to print one line at a time. It is

of two types.

 Drum Printer

 Chain Printer

Non-Impact Printers

Characters are printed without the need for a ribbon in non-impact printers.

Because these printers print a full page at a time, they’re also known as Page

Printers. The following are the characteristics of non-impact printers:

 Faster

 They don’t make a lot of noise.

 Excellent quality

 Supports a variety of typefaces and character sizes

Laser Printers

Laser Printers use laser lights for producing dots which will produce characters

on the page.

Inkjet Printers

Inkjet printers are printers that use spray technology for printing papers. Highquality

papers are produced in an Inkjet printer. They also do color printing.

22. What Is Internet ? explain the Applications Of Internet ? Features Of Internet

Internet is a global network that connects billions of computers across the world with each other and to the World Wide Web.

features of Internet?

Major features of the Internet are listed below:

Easy to Use

The software that is used to access the Internet or web browser is designed in such a way that is very simple and can be easily learned and
used. Also, it is easy to develop.

Flexibility

Flexibility in terms of transfer of data. Basically, the internet network carries information in digital form in a majority of cases instead of
voice information in analog form.

Accessibility

Internet service is a worldwide service and access to all. People located in remote or anywhere interior can also use the Internet. Therefore,
information through the internet flows across the networks in a standardised manner.
Interaction with Media and Flexibility of Communication

Businesses are expanding with the help of the Internet. There is a high degree of interaction with the media due to internet service. Like,
News, magazines, publishing houses, etc. have extended their business with the help of Internet service. Also, communication is flexible due
to internet service. With the help of text voice, video people can communicate easily.

Low Cost and Security

The maintenance and development costs of Internet service are comparatively low. Also, Internet service helped the security system both at
an individual and national levels. For example CCTV cameras, etc.

Communication

Today, there are thousands of such Internet applications for communication, through which you can communicate with someone else.

There are some popular communication internet applications, which are given below.

 Email

 Skype

 Google Meet

 Zoom

 WhatsApp

 Facebook Messenger

Email

Through email, you can also send an email to someone in a few seconds and can also receive email from anyone. You just need to have an
internet connection to send or receive emails. Through email, you can send text messages, program files, spreadsheets,

photos, videos, etc to anyone. Email is mostly used by professional people.

Job Search

Due to covid 19, many people lost their jobs today or if they say, millions of people around the world have become unemployed due to
covid epidemic, and it is very difficult to find jobs again. Through these internet job applications, you can find jobs for yourself sitting at

home, these job portals have all kinds of jobs for all types of people, all you have to do is use these job applications and just send your
resume. We have givenbelow the names of some jobs providing internet applications.

 Naukri.com

 Monster.com

 Freshersworld.com

 Indeed.com

 Glassdoor

Online Shopping

Today there are many such applications on the Internet, through which you can buy anything online. Such as - Mobile, Tablet PC,
Computers, Watch, Smart Watch, Television, Fan, Table Fan, LED Bulb, Glasses, Ring, Jewellers, Camera, Home Appliances, clothes, etc.

Through these shopping applications, you can order any item of your need sitting at home. We have given below the names of some
shopping applications, from which you can shop.

 Amazon

 FlipKart

 Paytm Mall

 ShopClues

 Myntra

Travel
Due to the Covid epidemic all over the world, people have stopped traveling, and as the effect of the Covid epidemic is working, people are
now starting to leave their homes.Today, there are many such Internet applications, so they make your journey even

easier. You can book travel tickets, hotels, taxis, etc. through these internet applications.

Or you can now book the same trip through these applications

 MakeMyTrip.

 Cleartrip.

 Goibibo.

 Agoda.

 Booking.com.

 Yatra.

Research

Research means to do deep research about a subject or to know everything about that subject. Doing research is no small task, it takes a

lot of time and effort to do research about anything.Today there are many such internet applications that make your research

easier and you do not have to work harder too. All you have to do is use these applications to complete your research.

 Mendeley

 Flipboard

 Researcher

 Google Keep

 Curiosity

 Paperity

 Slack

 DropBox

Online Payments

Today is the era of online payments, in today's digital age, now everyone is paying any bill online instead of giving cash. Today online
payments are in full swing all over the world.

There are many benefits of online payment. For example - you do not need to carry cash, there is no need to spare money in taking any
item.

 Paytm

 PhonePe

 Google Pay

Social Networking

Social networking is also a good platform, through which you talk to people.Today millions of people around the world are using social
networking sites. Through social networking sites, you can make connections with friends, family,classmates, customers, and clients.

You must have an internet connection to use social networking sites becausewithout an internet connection you cannot use these social
networking sites.

 Facebook

 Instagram

 Twitter

 LinkedIn

 YouTube

4.
23 Web Browser?give example?

The web browser is an application software to explore www (World Wide Web). It provides an interface between the server and the client
and it requests to the server for web documents and services.

Example: Internet explorer, Google chrome, Mozilla firefox, Netscape navigator.

Some important features of the web browsers are:

 Web browsers allow the user to open multiple information resources at the same time, either in different browser windows or in different
tabs of the same window.

 Web browser handle text, images, videos and other types of information of the world wide web.

 Web browsers support HTTP secure and offer quick and easy ways

to delete the web cache, download history, form and search history,cookies, and browsing history.

 Web browser gives the facility to save a web page in a file on your computer, and send the contents of a web page e-mail to others onthe
internet.

 All web browser are fundamentally simple to use.

24)What Is An Email ?explain uses and Advantages Of Email,OPERATIONS ?

• - Email: Electronic mail service

• Through email, you can also send an email to someone in a few seconds and can also receive email from anyone. You just need
to have an internet connection to send or receive emails.

• Through email, you can send text messages, program files, spreadsheets,photos, videos, etc to anyone. Email is mostly used by
professional people.

• - Key Elements: Sender, recipient, subject, message body

• - Examples: Gmail, Outlook, Yahoo Mail

How to Create an Email Account How to Create an Email Account

• - Go to email service provider's website

• - Click 'Sign Up' or 'Create Account'

• - Enter required details (name, username, password, etc.)

• - Verify email or phone number

• - Start using your email account

Email Operations

• - Composing and sending emails

• - Receiving and reading emails

• - Replying and forwarding emails

• - Organizing emails using folders or labels

• - Managing spam and junk emails

25)ASCII and UNICODE

Short for American Standard Code for Information Interchange, ASCII is a standard that assigns letters, numbers, and other characters
in the 256 slots available in the 8-bit code.

There are two types of ASCII codes:

ASCII-7
ASCII-8

The ASCII table, an abbreviation for American Standard Code forInformation Interchange, utilizes a 7-bit character encoding system to
represent 128 unique characters. These include both control and printable characters.

A-O >65-79

P-Z >80-90

&

a-o >97-111

p-z >112-122

Unicode?

Unicode is a standard for character encoding. The introduction of ASCII characters was not enough to cover all the languages. Therefore, to
overcome this situation, it was introduced. The Unicode Consortium introduced this encoding scheme.

9. What is the different Unicode encoding forms?

UTF stands for Unicode Transformation Format

 UTF-8: It uses 8 bits to represent the characters.

 UTF-16: It uses 16 bits to represent the characters.

 UTF-32: It uses 32 bits to represent the characters.

need of Unicode?

1. It defines all the characters needed for writing the majority of known languages in use today across the world.

2. It is a superset of all other character sets.

3. It is used to represent characters across different platforms and programs.

features of Unicode?

 It is a global standard for encoding.

 It has support for the mixed-script computer environment.

 The encoding has space efficiency and hence, saves memory.

 It provides a unique number for every character, no matter what platform, device, application or language.

 It has been adopted by all modern software providers and now allows data to be transported through many different platforms, devices
and applications without corruption.

26.Write a Leave letter

27.Mail merge

1. Mail Merge:

o Automates the creation of personalized documents.

o Useful in generating mass mailings, labels, or certificates.

o Used for creating personalized letters or labels.

o Go to Mailings Tab → Start Mail Merge.

o Connect to a data source (e.g., Excel) to insert personalized fields like name, address, etc.

28.Scientific function

o Performs complex calculations accurately.

 o Applied in engineering, scientific analysis, and statistical research.

o Excel offers a range of built-in functions for calculations:

 SUM(A1:A10): Adds numbers in the range A1 to A10.

 AVERAGE(A1:A10): Finds the mean of the numbers.

 SIN(), COS(), TAN(): Trigonometric calculations.

 LOG(), LN(): Logarithmic calculations.

29.Universal gate

30Conversions

31.Expand UNIVAC, EDSAC, ULSI, ENIAC, COBOL, IBM, VLSI, MSI, SSI and IC.

 UNIVAC: Universal Automatic Computer

 EDSAC: Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator

 ULSI: Ultra Large-Scale Integration

 ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

 COBOL: Common Business-Oriented Language

 IBM: International Business Machines

 VLSI: Very Large-Scale Integration

 MSI: Medium-Scale Integration

 SSI: Small-Scale Integration

 IC: Integrated Circuit