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Phsics Investigatory Project

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Varshini Pera
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23 views11 pages

Phsics Investigatory Project

Uploaded by

Varshini Pera
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Physics investigatory Project

eddy current and factors affecting


eddy current

By
Varshini Peranandam 12-D

1
2
acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Mr.Prashant
Karunakaran for their invaluable guidance and support
throughout the course of this project. Their expertise and
encouragement were instrumental in the successful
completion of this work.
Special thanks to my family and friends for their unwavering
support and understanding during the project.
Finally, I appreciate the resources and facilities provided
which were crucial to the research and experimentation
conducted.

3
index
toPic Page number
Introduction 5-9
What causes eddy current ? 5
Factors affecting eddy current 6-7
Uses of eddy current 8-9
Experiment 10-11
Aim 10
Materials required 10
Procedure 11
Observations 11
Conclusions 11

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introduction and theory

What is eddy current ?

Eddy current is defined as the induced


current in a conducting coil when a
magnetic flux is allowed to flow through
it or in other words, it is the induced
current in a conducting body due to a
change in magnetic flux. The eddy current
definition can be explained as an
important nature of a solid conducting
body.
They are loops of electrical current induced within conductors by a
changing magnetic field in the conductor according to Faraday’s law
of induction. Eddy currents flow in closed loops within conductors, in
planes perpendicular to the magnetic field.

What causes eddy current ?

When a conductor travels through a magnetic field or when the


magnetic field around a stationary conductor change, eddy currents
are produced. Eddy currents can thus be generated anytime the
intensity or direction of a magnetic field changes in a conductor.
We know from Lenz’s Law that the direction of an induced current,
such as an eddy current, will be such that the magnetic field created
by it opposes the change in the magnetic field that caused it.

5
Electrons in a conductor swirl in a plane perpendicular to the
magnetic field for this to happen. The eddy current’s magnitude is:
• Proportional to the magnetic field’s magnitude
• Proportional to the area of the loop
• Proportional to the rate of change of Magnetic flux inversely
• Proportional to the conductor’s resistance

Factors affecting eddy current ?

1.Electric conductivity
Electrical conductivity is often described as the ease of electron flow
within a material.
higher electrical conductivity reduces the formation of eddy currents.
This is because materials with high conductivity allow electric
currents to flow more easily and create opposing magnetic fields that
cancel out eddy currents. As a result, the eddy currents are weaker in
highly conductive materials.

2.Magnetic permeablity :
Magnetic permeability is a measure of how easily a material can
become magnetized or how well it allows magnetic field lines to pass
through it.
Increases the strength of eddy currents. Materials with high magnetic
permeability can better channel and enhance the magnetic field,
which induces stronger eddy currents. This can lead to greater energy
losses due to increased eddy current strength.

3.Magnetic field and magnetic flux :


A stronger magnetic field induces more intense eddy currents. This is
because a stronger magnetic field creates a greater rate of change in
6
the magnetic flux, which leads to stronger circulating currents within
the material.

Materials with higher electrical resistance impede the flow of eddy


currents, leading to lower intensity of these currents and reduced
energy loss due to resistive heating.

Uses of Eddy Current


Induction Furnace – It’s a device used in
the smelting industries. The metal to be
melted is placed in a rapidly fluctuating
high-induced current. The strong induced
currents produce a larger amount of heat,
and the metal melts. In this way, it’s used in
the extraction of metals from the ore.

Induction Motor – The induction motor is rotated


by employing Eddy currents. It’s done when the
induced currents are exposed to the metallic rotor
spinning in the magnetic field. So, according to
Lenz’s law, the relative motion is reduced between
the rotor and the field and rotates in the direction
of the magnetic field. Therefore, the induction
motor rotates.

Energy Metre – In the energy metre, the armature


coil has an aluminium disc that rotates in the paired
poles of a permanent horseshoe magnet. Due to the
braking effect caused by the induced currents, the
energy consumed is proportional to the deflection.

7
Speedometer – The speedometer in the
vehicle has a magnet that is attached to the
main shaft of the vehicle. The magnets are
tied with the hair strings. When the vehicle
moves, the magnet moves and makes an
angle that shows the speed of the vehicle with
hair strings.

Electric Brakes – In electromagnetic trains, the wheels


of the train move in the air, and it can be stopped by
electromagnetic currents. The opposite changing flux
caused by the Eddy current makes the train stop.

Deadbeat Galvanometer – When the induced


Eddy current is passed in the coil, without any
oscillation, the pointer of the deadbeat
galvanometer rests in final equilibrium. This
can be done by electromagnetic damping with a
large Eddy current.

Metal Identification – Detection of counterfeit coins in the coin-


operated machines and rejection of the counterfeit coins are done by
the Eddy current. When the coin is inserted into the machine, it gets
into a stationary magnet, where the eddy current is applied, and
validation of the coin takes place.

8
Structure Test – Eddy currents are widely used in structural
identification and testing of metallic structures. It’s used to test the
structural components of aircraft heat exchange tubes.
Inspection – It helps in the inspection of coating layers in metals and
products. It’s a non-contact type of inspection, which does not
damage the work.

Surface Detection – Eddy current is one among the many methods to


find the irregularity or discontinuity in the surface of the materials.

exPeriment

Aim and Theory :


When a magnet is dropped down a metallic tube, the changing
magnetic field created by the falling magnet pushes electrons around
in circular, eddy-like currents. These eddy currents have their own
magnetic field that opposes the fall of the magnet. The magnet falls
dramatically slower than it does in ordinary free fall inside a
nonmetallic tube.
Materials required :
• aluminum, copper, or brass tubing with an inner diameter larger
than the magnet and with walls as thick as possible

9
• A neodymium disk magnet

Procedure :
Hold the metal tube vertically above a table and drop the
magnet through the tube.

Observations :
The magnets dropped out of copper tube in 1 second 64 milli seconds
The magnets dropped out of the aluminium tube in 1 second 13 milli
seconds
The magnets dropped out of the Plastic tube in 64 milliseconds

10
material time taken for magnet to fall

1.Copper 1 Second 64 milliseconds

00:01:64

2.Aluminim 1 second 13 milliseconds

00:01:13

3.Plastic 64 milliseconds

00:00:13

Conclusions :
As the magnet falls, the magnetic field around it constantly changes
position. As the magnet passes through a given portion of the metal
tube, this portion of the tube experiences a
changing magnetic field, which induces the flow
of eddy currents in an electrical conductor, such as
the copper or aluminum tubing. The eddy currents
create a magnetic field that exerts a force on the
falling magnet. The force opposes the magnet’s
fall. As a result of this magnetic repulsion, the
magnet falls much more slowly.

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