 Outline

Looping
• Functional Dependency
• Definition and types of FD
• Armstrong's axioms (inference rules)
• Closure of FD set
• Closure of attribute set
• Canonical cover
• Decomposition and its types
• Anomaly in database design and its types
• Normalization and normal forms
• 1NF
• 2NF
• 3NF
• BCNF
• 4NF
• 5NF
What is Functional Dependency (FD)?
 Let R be a relation schema having n attributes A1, A2, A3,…, An.
Student
RollNo Name SPI BL
101 Raju 8 0
102 Mitesh 7 1
103 Jay 7 0

 Let attributes X and Y are two subsets of attributes of relation R.

 If the values of the X component of a tuple uniquely (or functionally) determine the values of
the Y component, then there is a functional dependency from X to Y.
 This is denoted by X → Y (i.e RollNo → Name, SPI, BL).
 It is referred as: Y is functionally dependent on the X or X functionally determines Y.
Diagrammatic representation of Functional Dependency (FD)
X→Y {X1, X2} → Y X → {Y1, Y2}

X Y X1 X2 Y X Y1 Y2

 Example
 Consider the relation Account(account_no, balance, branch).
 account_no can determine balance and branch.
 So, there is a functional dependency from account_no to balance and branch.
 This can be denoted by account_no → {balance, branch}.

account_no balance branch

Types of Functional Dependency (FD)
 Full Functional Dependency
 In a relation, the attribute B is fully functional dependent on A if B is functionally dependent on A, but not on
any proper subset of A.
 Eg. {Roll_No, Semester, Department_Name} → SPI
 We need all three {Roll_No, Semester, Department_Name} to find SPI.
 Partial Functional Dependency
 In a relation, the attribute B is partial functional dependent on A if B is functionally dependent on A as well
as on any proper subset of A.
 If there is some attribute that can be removed from A and the still dependency holds then it is partial
functional dependancy.
 Eg. {Enrollment_No, Department_Name} → SPI
 Enrollment_No is sufficient to find SPI, Department_Name is not required to find SPI.
Types of Functional Dependency (FD)
 Transitive Functional Dependency
 In a relation, if attribute(s) A → B and B → C, then A → C (means C is transitively depends on A via B).
Sub_Fac
Subject Faculty Age
DS Shah 35
DBMS Patel 32
DF Shah 35

 Eg. Subject → Faculty & Faculty → Age then Subject → Age

 Therefore as per the rule of transitive dependency: Subject → Age should hold, that makes sense because if
we know the subject name we can know the faculty’s age.

 –
Types of Functional Dependency (FD)
 Trivial Functional Dependency
 X → Y is trivial FD if Y is a subset of X
 Eg. {Roll_No, Department_Name, Semester} → Roll_No
 Nontrivial Functional Dependency
 X → Y is nontrivial FD if Y is not a subset of X
 Eg. {Roll_No, Department_Name, Semester} → Student_Name

 –
Armstrong's axioms OR Inference rules
 Armstrong's axioms are a set of rules used to infer (derive) all the functional dependencies on a
relational database.
Reflexivity Augmentation Self-determination
 If B is a subset of A  If A → B  If A → A
 then A → B  then AC → BC

Transitivity Pseudo Transitivity Decomposition

 If A → B and B → C  If A → B and BD → C  If A → BC
 then A → B and A →
 then A → C  then AD → C C

Union Composition
 If A → B and A → C  If A → B and C → D
 then A → BC  then AC → BD

 –
What is closure of a set of FDs?
 Given a set F set of functional dependencies, there are certain other functional dependencies
that are logically implied by F.
 E.g.: F = {A → B and B → C}, then we can infer that A → C (by transitivity rule)
 The set of functional dependencies (FDs) that is logically implied by F is called the closure of
F.
 It is denoted by F+.

 –
Closure of a set of FDs [Example]
 Suppose we are given a relation schema R(A,B,C,G,H,I) and the set of functional dependencies
are:
 F = (A → B, A → C, CG → H, CG → I, B → H)
▪ The functional dependency A → H is logical implied.

We have
A→B
Transitivity rule A→H
B→H

 –
Closure of a set of FDs [Example]
 Suppose we are given a relation schema R(A,B,C,G,H,I) and the set of functional dependencies
are:
 F = (A → B, A → C, CG → H, CG → I, B → H)
▪ The functional dependency CG → HI is logical implied.

We have
CG → H
Union rule CG → HI
CG → I

 –
Closure of a set of FDs [Example]
 Suppose we are given a relation schema R(A,B,C,G,H,I) and the set of functional dependencies
are:
 F = (A → B, A → C, CG → H, CG → I, B → H)
▪ The functional dependency AG → I is logical implied.

We have
A→C Pseudo-
AG → I
CG → I transitivity rule

 –
Closure of a set of FDs [Example]
 Suppose we are given a relation schema R(A,B,C,G,H,I) and the set of functional dependencies
are:
 F = (A → B, A → C, CG → H, CG → I, B → H)
▪ The functional dependency AG → I is logical implied.

We have
A→C Augmentation rule AG → CG

AG → CG
Transitivity rule AG → I
CG → I

 –
Closure of a set of FDs [Example]
 Suppose we are given a relation schema R(A,B,C,G,H,I) and the set of functional dependencies
are:
 F = (A → B, A → C, CG → H, CG → I, B → H)
▪ Find out the closure of F.

Several members of F+ are

F+ = (A → H, CG → HI, AG → I)

 –
Closure of a set of FDs [Example]
 Compute the closure of the following set F of functional dependencies FDs for relational
schema R = (A,B,C,D,E,F):
 F = (A → B, A → C, CD → E, CD → F, B → E)
▪ Find out the closure of F.

A→B&A→C Union Rule A → BC

CD → E & CD → F Union Rule CD → EF
A→B&B→E Transitivity Rule A→E
A → C & CD → E Pseudo-transitivity Rule AD → E
A → C & CD → F Pseudo-transitivity Rule AD → F

F+ = (A → BC, CD → EF, A → E, AD → E, AD → F)

 – 17
Closure of a set of FDs [Example]
 Compute the closure of the following set F of functional dependencies FDs for relational
schema R = (A,B,C,D,E):
 F = (AB → C, D → AC, D → E )
▪ Find out the closure of F.

D → AC Decomposition Rule D→A&D→C

D → AC & D → E Union Rule D → ACE

F+ = (D → A, D → C, D → ACE)

 – 18
What is a closure of attribute sets?
 Given a set of attributes α, the closure of α under F is the set of attributes that are functionally
determined by α under F.
 It is denoted by α+.

 – 20
What is a closure of attribute sets?
 Given a set of attributes α, the closure of α under F is the set of attributes that are functionally
determined by α under F.
 It is denoted by α+.

Algorithm
 Algorithm to compute α+, the closure of α under F
 Steps
1. result = α
2. while (changes to result) do
 for each β → γ in F do
▪ begin
• if β ⊆ result then result = result U γ
• else result = result
▪ end

 – 21
Closure of attribute sets [Example]
 Consider the relation schema R = (A, B, C, G, H, I).
 For this relation, a set of functional dependencies F can be given as
F = {A → B, A → C, CG → H, CG → I, B → H}
 Find out the closure of (AG)+.  Step 1.
Algorithm result = α => result = AG
 Algorithm to compute α+, the closure of α under F A→B A ⊆ AG result = ABG
 Steps
A→C A ⊆ ABG result = ABCG
1. result = α
2. while (changes to result) do CG → H CG ⊆ ABCG result = ABCGH
 for each β → γ in F do CG → I CG ⊆ ABCGH result = ABCGHI
▪ begin B→H B ⊆ ABCGHI result = ABCGHI
• if β ⊆ result then result = result U γ
• else result = result
▪ end AG+ = ABCGHI

 – 22
Closure of attribute sets [Exercise]
 Given functional dependencies (FDs) for relational schema R = (A,B,C,D,E):
 F = {A → BC, CD → E, B → D, E → A}
 Find Closure for A
 Find Closure for CD
 Find Closure for B
 Find Closure for BC
 Find Closure for E

Answer

A+ = ABCDE
CD+ = ABCDE
B+ = BD
BC+ = ABCDE
E+ = ABCDE
 – 23
What is extraneous attributes?
 Let us consider a relation R with schema R = (A, B, C) and set of functional dependencies FDs
F = { AB → C, A → C }.
 In AB → C, B is extraneous attribute. The reason is, there is another FD A → C, which means
when A alone can determine C, the use of B is unnecessary (extra).
 An attribute of a functional dependency is said to be extraneous if we can remove it without
changing the closure of the set of functional dependencies.

 – 25
What is canonical cover?
 A canonical cover of F is a minimal set of functional dependencies equivalent to F, having no
redundant dependencies or redundant parts of dependencies.
 It is denoted by Fc
 A canonical cover for F is a set of dependencies Fc such that
 F logically implies all dependencies in Fc and
 Fc logically implies all dependencies in F and
 No functional dependency in Fc contains an extraneous attribute and
 Each left side of functional dependency in Fc is unique.

F = {A → B, A → C}
Decomposition Rule Union Rule
Fc = {A → BC}

 – 26
Algorithm to find canonical cover
 Repeat
 Use the union rule to replace any dependencies in F α1 → β1 and α1 → β2 with α1 → β1β2
 Find a functional dependency α → β with an extraneous attribute either in α or in β
/* Note: test for extraneous attributes done using Fc, not F */
▪ If an extraneous attribute is found, delete it from α → β
 until F does not change
/* Note: Union rule may become applicable after some extraneous attributes have been deleted,
so it has to be re-applied */

 – 27
Canonical cover [Example]
 Consider the relation schema R = (A, B, C) with FDs
F = {A → BC, B → C, A → B, AB → C}
 Find canonical cover.
 Combine A → BC and A → B into A → BC (Union Rule)
 Set is {A → BC, B → C, AB → C}
 A is extraneous in AB → C
 Check if the result of deleting A from AB → C is implied by the other dependencies
▪ Yes: in fact, B → C is already present
 Set is {A → BC, B → C}
 C is extraneous in A → BC
 Check if A → C is logically implied by A → B and the other dependencies
▪ Yes: using transitivity on A → B and B → C.
 The canonical cover is: A → B, B → C

 – 28
Canonical cover [Example]
 Consider the relation schema R = (A, B, C, D, E, F) with FDs
F = {A → BC, CD → E, B → D, E → A}
 Find canonical cover.

 The left side of each FD in F is unique.

 Also none of the attributes in the left side or right side of any of the FDs is extraneous.
 Therefore the canonical cover Fc is equal to F.
 Fc = {A → BC, CD → E, B → D, E → A}

 – 29
What is decomposition?
 Decomposition is the process of breaking down given relation into two or more relations.
 Relation R is replaced by two or more relations in such a way that:
 Each new relation contains a subset of the attributes of R
 Together, they all include all tuples and attributes of R
 Types of decomposition
 Lossy decomposition
 Lossless decomposition (non-loss decomposition)

 – 31
Lossy decomposition
 The decomposition of relation R into R1 and R2 is Customer
lossy when the join of R1 and R2 does not yield Ano Balance Bname
the same relation as in R. A01 5000 Rajkot
 This is also referred as lossy-join decomposition. A02 5000 Surat

 The disadvantage of such kind of decomposition Table-1 Table-2

is that some information is lost during retrieval of Ano Balance Balance Bname
original relation. A01 5000 Not Same 5000 Rajkot
 From practical point of view, decomposition A02 5000 5000 Surat
should not be lossy decomposition.
Customer
Ano Balance Bname
A01 5000 Rajkot
A01 5000 Surat
A02 5000 Rajkot
A02 5000 Surat
 – 32
Lossless decomposition
 The decomposition of relation R into R1 and R2 is Customer
lossless when the join of R1 and R2 produces the Ano Balance Bname
same relation as in R. A01 5000 Rajkot
 This is also referred as a non-additive (non-loss) A02 5000 Surat
decomposition. Table-1 Table-2
 All decompositions must be lossless. Ano Balance Ano Bname
A01 5000 Same A01 Rajkot
A02 5000 A02 Surat

Customer
Ano Balance Bname
A01 5000 Rajkot
A02 5000 Surat

 – 33
What is an anomaly in database design?
 Anomalies are problems that can occur in poorly planned, un-normalized database where all
the data are stored in one table.
 There are three types of anomalies that can arise in the database because of redundancy are
 Insert anomaly
 Delete anomaly
 Update / Modification anomaly

 – 35
Insert anomaly
 Consider a relation Emp_Dept(EID, Ename, City, DID, Dname, Manager) EID as a primary key
Emp_Dept
EID Ename City DID Dname Manager
An insert anomaly occurs when certain attributes
1 Raj Rajkot 1 CE Shah
cannot be inserted into the database without the
2 Meet Surat 1 CE Shah presence of another attribute.
NULL NULL NULL 2 IT NULL
Want to insert new department detail (IT)
 Suppose a new department (IT) has been started by the organization but initially there is no
employee appointed for that department.
 We want to insert that department detail in Emp_Dept table.
 But the tuple for this department cannot be inserted into this table as the EID will have NULL
value, which is not allowed because EID is primary key.
 This kind of problem in the relation where some tuple cannot be inserted is known as insert
anomaly.
 – 36
Delete anomaly
 Consider a relation Emp_Dept(EID, Ename, City, DID, Dname, Manager) EID as a primary key
Emp_Dept
EID Ename City DID Dname Manager A delete anomaly exists when certain attributes are
1 Raj Rajkot 1 CE Shah lost because of the deletion of another attribute.
2 Meet Surat 1 CE Shah
Want to delete (Jay)
3 Jay Baroda 2 IT Dave employee's detail

 Now consider there is only one employee in some department (IT) and that employee leaves
the organization.
 So we need to delete tuple of that employee (Jay).
 But in addition to that information about the department also deleted.
 This kind of problem in the relation where deletion of some tuples can lead to loss of some
other data not intended to be removed is known as delete anomaly.

 – 37
Update anomaly
 Consider a relation Emp_Dept(EID, Ename, City, Dname, Manager) EID as a primary key
Emp_Dept
EID Ename City Dname Manager An update anomaly exists when one or more
1 Raj Rajkot CE Sah records (instance) of duplicated data is updated,
2 Meet Surat C.E Shah but not all.
3 Jay Baroda Computer Shaah
Want to update manager
4 Hari Rajkot IT Dave of CE department

 Suppose the manager of a (CE) department has changed, this requires that the Manager in all
the tuples corresponding to that department must be changed to reflect the new status.
 If we fail to update all the tuples of given department, then two different records of employee
working in the same department might show different Manager lead to inconsistency in the
database.

 – 38
How to deal with insert, delete and update anomaly
Emp_Dept Emp Dept
EID Ename City DID Dname Manager EID Ename City DID DID Dname Manager
1 Raj Rajkot 1 CE Shah 1 Raj Rajkot 1 1 CE Shah
2 Meet Surat 1 C.E Shah 2 Meet Surat 1 2 IT Dave
3 Jay Baroda 2 IT Dave 3 Jay Baroda 2 3 EC NULL
NULL NULL NULL 3 EC NULL

Such type of anomalies in the database design can be solved by using normalization.

 – 39
What is normalization?
 Normalization is the process of removing redundant data from tables to improve data
integrity, scalability and storage efficiency.
 data integrity (completeness, accuracy and consistency of data)
 scalability (ability of a system to continue to function well in a growing amount of work)
 storage efficiency (ability to store and manage data that consumes the least amount of space)

 What we do in normalization?
 Normalization generally involves splitting an existing table into multiple (more than one) tables, which can
be re-joined or linked each time a query is issued (executed).

 – 41
How many normal forms are there?
 Normal forms:
 1NF (First normal form)
 2NF (Second normal form)
 3NF (Third normal form)
 BCNF (Boyce–Codd normal form)
 4NF (Forth normal form)
 5NF (Fifth normal form)

As we move from 1NF to 5NF number of tables and complexity increases but
redundancy decreases.

 – 42
1NF (First Normal Form)
1NF (First Normal Form)
 Conditions for 1NF

Each cells of a table should contain a single value.

 A relation R is in first normal form (1NF) if and only if it does not contain any composite
attribute or multi-valued attributes or their combinations.
OR
 A relation R is in first normal form (1NF) if and only if all underlying domains contain atomic
values only.

 – 44
1NF (First Normal Form) [Example - Composite attribute]
Customer
CID Name Address
C01 Raju Jamnagar Road, Rajkot • In customer relation address is composite attribute which
C02 Mitesh Nehru Road, Jamnagar is further divided into sub-attributes as “Road” and “City”.
C03 Jay C.G Road, Ahmedabad • So customer relation is not in 1NF.

 Problem: It is difficult to retrieve the list of customers living in ’Jamnagar’ city from customer
table.
 The reason is that address attribute is composite attribute which contains road name as well
as city name in single cell.
 It is possible that city name word is also there in road name.
 In our example, ’Jamnagar’ word occurs in both records, in first record it is a part of road name
and in second one it is the name of city.
 – 45
1NF (First Normal Form) [Example - Composite attribute]
Customer Customer
CID Name Address CID Name Road City
C01 Raju Jamnagar Road, Rajkot C01 Raju Jamnagar Road Rajkot
C02 Mitesh Nehru Road, Jamnagar C02 Mitesh Nehru Road Jamnagar
C03 Jay C.G Road, Ahmedabad C03 Jay C.G Road Ahmedabad

 Solution: Divide composite attributes into number of sub-attributes and insert value in proper
sub-attribute.

Exercise Convert below relation into 1NF (First Normal Form)

Person
PID Full_Name City
P01 Raju Maheshbhai Patel Rajkot

 – 46
1NF (First Normal Form) [Example - Multivalued attribute]
Student
Rno Name FailedinSubjects
101 Raju DS, DBMs • In student relation FailedinSubjects attribute is a multi-
102 Mitesh DBMS, DS valued attribute which can store more than one values.
103 Jay DS, DBMS, DE • So above relation is not in 1NF.
104 Jeet DBMS, DE, DS
105 Harsh DE, DBMS, DS
106 Neel DE, DBMS

 Problem: It is difficult to retrieve the list of students failed in ’DBMS’ as well as ’DS’ but not in
other subjects from student table.
 The reason is that FailedinSubjects attribute is multi-valued attribute so it contains more than
one value.

 – 47
1NF (First Normal Form) [Example - Multivalued attribute]
Student Student Result
Rno Name FailedinSubjects Rno Name RID Rno Subject
101 Raju DS, DBMs 101 Raju 1 101 DS
102 Mitesh DBMS, DS 102 Mitesh 2 101 DBMS
103 Jay DS, DBMS, DE 103 Jay 3 102 DBMS
104 Jeet DBMS, DE, DS 104 Jeet 4 102 DS
105 Harsh DE, DBMS, DS 105 Harsh 5 103 DS
106 Neel DE, DBMS 106 Neel … … …

 Solution: Split the table into two tables in such as way that
 the first table contains all attributes except multi-valued attribute with same primary key and
 second table contains multi-valued attribute and place a primary key in it.
 insert the primary key of first table in the second table as a foreign key.

 – 48
2NF (Second Normal Form)
2NF (Second Normal Form)
 Conditions for 2NF

It is in 1NF and each table should contain a single primary key.

 A relation R is in second normal form (2NF)

 if and only if it is in 1NF and
 every non-primary key attribute is fully dependent on the primary key
OR
 A relation R is in second normal form (2NF)
 if and only if it is in 1NF and
 no any non-primary key attribute is partially dependent on the primary key

 – 50
2NF (Second Normal Form) [Example]
Customer
FD2
CID ANO AccessDate Balance BranchName
C01 A01 01-01-2017 50000 Rajkot
CID ANO AccesssDate Balance BranchName
C02 A01 01-03-2017 50000 Rajkot
C01 A02 01-05-2017 25000 Surat
C03 A02 01-07-2017 25000 Surat
FD1

 FD1: {CID, ANO} → {AccesssDate, Balance, BranchName}

 FD2: ANO → {Balance, BranchName}
 Balance and BranchName are partial dependent on primary key (CID + ANO). So customer
relation is not in 2NF.

 – 51
2NF (Second Normal Form) [Example]
Customer
FD2
CID ANO AccessDate Balance BranchName
C01 A01 01-01-2017 50000 Rajkot
CID ANO AccesssDate Balance BranchName
C02 A01 01-03-2017 50000 Rajkot
C01 A02 01-05-2017 25000 Surat
C03 A02 01-07-2017 25000 Surat
FD1

 Problem: For example, in case of a joint account multiple (more than one) customers have
common (one) accounts.
 If an account ’A01’ is operated jointly by two customers says ’C01’ and ’C02’ then data values
for attributes Balance and BranchName will be duplicated in two different tuples of customers
’C01’ and ’C02’.

 – 52
2NF (Second Normal Form) [Example]
Customer Table-1 Table-2
CID ANO AccessDate Balance BranchName ANO Balance BranchName CID ANO AccessDate
C01 A01 01-01-2017 50000 Rajkot A01 50000 Rajkot C01 A01 01-01-2017
C02 A01 01-03-2017 50000 Rajkot A02 25000 Surat C02 A01 01-03-2017
C01 A02 01-05-2017 25000 Surat C01 A02 01-05-2017
C03 A02 01-07-2017 25000 Surat C03 A02 01-07-2017

 Solution: Decompose relation in such a way that resultant relations do not have any partial FD.
 Remove partial dependent attributes from the relation that violets 2NF.
 Place them in separate relation along with the prime attribute on which they are fully dependent.
 The primary key of new relation will be the attribute on which it is fully dependent.
 Keep other attributes same as in that table with the same primary key.

 – 53
3NF (Third Normal Form)
3NF (Third Normal Form)
 Conditions for 3NF

It is in 2NF and there is no transitive dependency.

(Transitive dependency???) A → B & B → C then A → C

 A relation R is in third normal form (3NF)

 if and only if it is in 2NF and
 every non-key attribute is non-transitively dependent on the primary key
OR
 A relation R is in third normal form (3NF)
 if and only if it is in 2NF and
 no any non-key attribute is transitively dependent on the primary key

 – 55
3NF (Third Normal Form) [Example]
Customer
FD2
ANO Balance BranchName BranchAddress
A01 50000 Rajkot Kalawad road
ANO Balance BranchName BranchAddress
A02 40000 Rajkot Kalawad Road
A03 35000 Surat C.G Road
A04 25000 Surat C.G Road
FD1

 FD1: ANO → {Balance, BranchName, BranchAddress}

 FD2: BranchName → BranchAddress
 So AccountNO → BranchAddress (Using Transitivity rule)
 BranchAddress is transitive depend on primary key (ANO). So customer relation is not in 3NF.

 – 56
3NF (Third Normal Form) [Example]
Customer
FD2
ANO Balance BranchName BranchAddress
A01 50000 Rajkot Kalawad road
ANO Balance BranchName BranchAddress
A02 40000 Rajkot Kalawad Road
A03 35000 Surat C.G Road
A04 25000 Surat C.G Road
FD1

 Problem: In this relation, branch address will be stored repeatedly for each account of the
same branch which occupies more space.

 – 57
3NF (Third Normal Form) [Example]
Customer Table-1 Table-2
ANO Balance BranchName BranchAddress BranchName BranchAddress ANO Balance BranchName
A01 50000 Rajkot Kalawad road Rajkot Kalawad road A01 50000 Rajkot
A02 40000 Rajkot Kalawad Road Surat C.G Road A02 40000 Rajkot
A03 35000 Surat C.G Road A03 35000 Surat
A04 25000 Surat C.G Road A04 25000 Surat

 Solution: Decompose relation in such a way that resultant relations do not have any transitive
FD.
 Remove transitive dependent attributes from the relation that violets 3NF.
 Place them in a new relation along with the non-prime attributes due to which transitive dependency
occurred.
 The primary key of the new relation will be non-prime attributes due to which transitive dependency
occurred.
 Keep other attributes same as in the table with same primary key and add prime attributes of other relation
into it as a foreign key.
 – 58
BCNF (Boyce-Codd Normal Form)
BCNF (Boyce-Codd Normal Form)
 Conditions for BCNF Primary Key Determinant Dependent

BCNF is based on the concept of a determinant. AccountNO → {Balance, Branch}

It is in 3NF and every determinant should be primary key.

 A relation R is in Boyce-Codd normal form (BCNF)

 if and only if it is in 3NF and
 for every functional dependency X → Y, X should be the primary key of the table. OR
 A relation R is in Boyce-Codd normal form (BCNF)
 if and only if it is in 3NF and
 every prime key attribute is non-transitively dependent on the primary key OR
 A relation R is in Boyce-Codd normal form (BCNF)
 if and only if it is in 3NF and
 no any prime key attribute is transitively dependent on the primary key
 – 60
BCNF (Boyce-Codd Normal Form) [Example]
Student FD1
RNO Subject Faculty • FD1: RNO, Subject → Faculty
101 DS Patel RNO Subject Faculty • FD2: Faculty → Subject
102 DBMS Shah • So {RNO, Subject} → Subject (Transitivity rule)
103 DS Jadeja FD2
104 DBMS Dave
In FD2, determinant is Faculty which is not a primary key. So student table is not in
105 DBMS Shah BCNF.
102 DS Patel
101 DBMS Dave Problem: In this relation one student can learn more than one subject with different
faculty then records will be stored repeatedly for each student, language and faculty
105 DS Jadeja
combination which occupies more space.

• Here, one faculty teaches only one subject, but a subject may be taught
by more than one faculty.
• A student can learn a subject from only one faculty.
 – 61
BCNF (Boyce-Codd Normal Form) [Example]
Student Table-1 Table-2 • Solution: Decompose relation in
RNO Subject Faculty Faculty Subject RNO Faculty such a way that resultant relations
101 DS Patel Patel DS 101 Patel do not have any transitive FD.
102 DBMS Shah Shah DBMS 102 Shah • Remove transitive dependent prime
attribute from relation that violets
103 DS Jadeja Jadeja DS 103 Jadeja
BCNF.
104 DBMS Dave Dave DBMS 104 Dave • Place them in separate new relation
105 DBMS Shah 105 Shah along with the non-prime attribute due
to which transitive dependency
102 DS Patel 102 Patel
occurred.
101 DBMS Dave 101 Dave • The primary key of new relation will be
105 DS Jadeja 105 Jadeja this non-prime attribute due to which
transitive dependency occurred.
• Keep other attributes same as in that
table with same primary key and add a
prime attribute of other relation into it
as a foreign key.
 – 62
Multivalued dependency (MVD)
 For a dependency X → Y, if for a single value of X, multiple values of Y exists, then the table
may have multi-valued dependency.
Student
RNO Subject Faculty
101 DS Patel
101 DBMS Patel
101 DS Shah
101 DBMS Shah

 Multivalued dependency (MVD) is denoted by →→

 Multivalued dependency (MVD) is represented as X →→ Y

 – 63
4NF (Forth Normal Form)
4NF (Forth Normal Form)
 Conditions for 4NF
 A relation R is in fourth normal form (4NF)
 if and only if it is in BCNF and
 has no multivalued dependencies

Student Subject Faculty

RNO Subject Faculty RNO Subject RNO Faculty
101 DS Patel 101 DS 101 Patel
101 DBMS Patel 101 DBMS 101 Shah
101 DS Shah
101 DBMS Shah

 Above student table has multivalued dependency. So student table is not in 4NF.

 – 65
Functional dependency & Multivalued dependency
 A table can have both functional dependency as well as multi-valued dependency together.
 RNO → Address
 RNO →→ Subject
 RNO →→ Faculty

Student Subject Faculty Address

RNO Address Subject Faculty RNO Subject RNO Faculty RNO Address
101 C. G. Road, Rajkot DS Patel 101 DS 101 Patel 101 C. G. Road, Rajkot
101 C. G. Road, Rajkot DBMS Patel 101 DBMS 101 Shah
101 C. G. Road, Rajkot DS Shah
101 C. G. Road, Rajkot DBMS Shah

 – 66
5NF (Fifth Normal Form)
5NF (Fifth Normal Form)
 Conditions for 5NF
 A relation R is in fifth normal form (5NF)
 if and only if it is in 4NF and
 it cannot have a lossless decomposition in to any number of smaller tables (relations).
Student_Result
RID RNO Name Subject Result
1 101 Raj DBMS Pass Student_Result relation is further decomposed into sub-
2 101 Raj DS Pass
relations. So the above relation is not in 5NF.
3 101 Raj DF Pass
4 102 Meet DBMS Pass
5 102 Meet DS Fail
6 102 Meet DF Pass
7 103 Suresh DBMS Fail
8 103 Suresh DS Pass
 – 68
5NF (Fifth Normal Form)
 Conditions for 5NF
 A relation R is in fifth normal form (5NF)
 if and only if it is in 4NF and
 it cannot have a lossless decomposition in to any number of smaller tables (relations).
Student_Result Student Subject Result
RID RNO Name Subject Result RNO Name SID Name RID RNO SID Result
1 101 Raj DBMS Pass 101 Raj 1 DBMS 1 101 1 Pass
2 101 Raj DS Pass 102 Meet 2 DS 2 101 2 Pass
3 101 Raj DF Pass 103 Suresh 3 DF 3 101 3 Pass
4 102 Meet DBMS Pass 4 102 1 Pass
5 102 Meet DS Fail 5 102 2 Fail
6 102 Meet DF Pass 6 102 3 Pass
None of the above relations can be further
7 103 Suresh DBMS Fail decomposed into sub-relations. So the 7 103 1 Fail
8 103 Suresh DS Pass above database is in 5NF. 8 103 2 Pass
 – 69
How to find key?
 Conditions to find key
 The attribute is a part of key, if it does not occur on any side of FD
 The attribute is a part of key, if it occurs on the left-hand side of an FD, but never occurs on the right-hand
side
 The attribute is not a part of key, if it occurs on the right-hand side of an FD, but never occurs on the left-
hand side
 The attribute may be a part of key or not, if it occurs on the both side of an FD

 – 70
How to find key? [Example]
 Let a relation R with attributes ABCD with FDs C → A, B → C. Find keys for relation R.
 attribute not occur on any side of FDs (D) √
 attribute occurs on only left-hand side of an FDs (B) √
 attribute occurs on only right-hand side of an FDs (A) X
 attribute occurs on both the sides of an FDs (C) ?
 The core is BD.
 B determines C and C determines A, So using transitivity rule B determines A also.
 So BD is a key.

 – 71
How to find key? [Exercise]
 Let a relation R with attributes ABCD with FDs C → D, C → A and B → C. Find keys for relation
R.
 The core is B. B determines C which determines A and D, so B is a key. Therefore B is the key.

 Let a relation R with attributes ABCD with FDs B → C, D → A. Find keys for relation R.
 The core is BD. B determines C and D determines A, so BD is a key. Therefore BD is the key.

 Let a relation R with attributes ABCD with FDs A → B, BC → D and A → C. Find keys for relation
R.
 The core is A. A determines B and C which determine D, so A is a key. Therefore A is the key.

 – 72
Find (candidate) key & check for normal forms [Example]
 Suppose you are given a relation R with four attributes ABCD. For each of the following sets of
FDs, do the following: F = (B → C, D → A)
 Identify the candidate key(s) for R.
 Identify the best normal form that R satisfies (1NF, 2NF, 3NF or BCNF).

Candidate Key is BD

Relation R is in 1NF but not 2NF. In above FDs, there is a partial dependency
(As per FD B → C, C depends only on B but Key is BD so C is partial depends on key (BD))
(As per FD D → A, A depends only on D but Key is BD so A is partial depends on key (BD))

 – 73
Find (candidate) key & check for normal forms [Example]
 Suppose you are given a relation R with four attributes ABCD. For each of the following sets of
FDs, do the following: F = (C → D, C → A, B → C)
 Identify the candidate key(s) for R.
 Identify the best normal form that R satisfies (1NF, 2NF, 3NF or BCNF).

Candidate Key is B

Relation R is in 2NF but not 3NF. In above FDs, there is a transitive dependency
(As per FDs B → C & C → D then B → D so D is transitive depends on key (B))
(As per FDs B → C & C → A then B → A so A is transitive depends on key (B))

 74
Find (candidate) key & check for normal forms [Example]
 Suppose you are given a relation R with four attributes ABCD. For each of the following sets of
FDs, do the following: F = (A → B, BC → D, A → C)
 Identify the candidate key(s) for R.
 Identify the best normal form that R satisfies (1NF, 2NF, 3NF or BCNF).

Candidate Key is A

Relation R is in 2NF but not 3NF. In above FDs, there is a transitive dependency
(As per FDs A → B & A → C then A → BC using union rule) and
(As per FDs A → BC & BC → D then A → D so D is transitive depends on key (A))

 – 75
Find (candidate) key & check for normal forms [Example]
 Suppose you are given a relation R with four attributes ABCD. For each of the following sets of
FDs, do the following: F = (ABC → D, D → A)
 Identify the candidate key(s) for R.
 Identify the best normal form that R satisfies (1NF, 2NF, 3NF or BCNF).

Candidate Key are ABC & BCD

Relation R is in 3NF but not BCNF.

In the above FDs, both FDs have prime attribute (D and A) in dependent (right) side.

 – 76
How to normalize database?
 A software contract and consultancy firm maintains details of all the various projects in which
its employees are currently involved. These details comprise: Employee Number, Employee
Name, Date of Birth, Department Code, Department Name, Project Code, Project Description,
Project Supervisor.
 Assume the following:
 Each employee number is unique.
 Each department has a single department code.
 Each project has a single code and supervisor.
 Each employee may work on one or more projects.
 Employee names need not necessarily be unique.
 Project Code, Project Description and Project Supervisor are repeating fields.
 Normalize this data to Third Normal Form.

 – 77
How to normalize database?
 A software contract and consultancy firm maintains details of all the various projects in which
its employees are currently involved. These details comprise: Employee Number, Employee
Name, Date of Birth, Department Code, Department Name, Project Code, Project Description,
Project Supervisor.
UNF
Employee Employee Date of Department Department Project Project Project
Number Name Birth Code Name Code Description Supervisor
1 Raj 1-1-85 1 CE 1 IOT Patel
2 Meet 4-4-86 2 EC 2 PHP Shah
3 Suresh 2-2-85 1 CE 1 IOT Patel
1 Raj 1-1-85 1 CE 2 PHP Shah

 – 78
How to normalize database?
UNF
Employee Employee Date of Department Department Project Project Project
Number Name Birth Code Name Code Description Supervisor
1 Raj 1-1-85 1 CE 1 IOT Patel
2 Meet 4-4-86 2 EC 2 PHP Shah
3 Suresh 2-2-85 1 CE 1 IOT Patel
1 Raj 1-1-85 1 CE 2 PHP Shah

1NF
Employee Employee Date of Department Department Employee Project Project Project
Number Name Birth Code Name Number Code Description Supervisor
1 Raj 1-1-85 1 CE 1 1 IOT Patel
2 Meet 4-4-86 2 EC 2 2 PHP Shah
3 Suresh 2-2-85 1 CE 3 1 IOT Patel
1 2 PHP Shah

 – 79
How to normalize database?

1NF
Employee Employee Date of Department Department Employee Project Project Project
Number Name Birth Code Name Number Code Description Supervisor
1 Raj 1-1-85 1 CE 1 1 IOT Patel
2 Meet 4-4-86 2 EC 2 2 PHP Shah
3 Suresh 2-2-85 1 CE 3 1 IOT Patel
1 2 PHP Shah
2NF
Employee Employee Date of Department Department Project Project Project Employee Project
Number Name Birth Code Name Code Description Supervisor Number Code
1 Raj 1-1-85 1 CE 1 IOT Patel 1 1
2 Meet 4-4-86 2 EC 2 PHP Shah 2 2
3 Suresh 2-2-85 1 CE 3 1
1 2

 – 80
How to normalize database?

3NF

Employee Employee Date of Department Department Department

Number Name Birth Code Code Name
1 Raj 1-1-85 1 1 CE
2 Meet 4-4-86 2 2 EC
3 Suresh 2-2-85 1

Project Project Project Employee Project

Code Description Supervisor Number Code
1 IOT Patel 1 1
2 PHP Shah 2 2
3 1
1 2

 – 81