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57 views2 pages

Tutorial-1

Uploaded by

Amandeep Dhillon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Analog Electronic Circuits : Problem Set 1

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Problem 1 Problem 3

I₁ I₂ R

vi C vi
V₁ V₂
(a) (b)

Figure 2: Circuit for problem 3.


Figure 1: Circuit for problem 1.
One would think that a diode is only useful when it is forward
Fig. 1 shows a nonlinear, three-terminal two-port network. It biased (when it behaves like a closed switch), or when operating
is characterized by in reverse-bias (where it behaves like an open switch). This prob-
lem illustrates a practical application of a diode when it is neither
I1 = αV1 , I2 = βV12 + γV2 (1)
forward or reverse biased. In integrated circuits, it is often desired
where α,β and γ are positive constants with appropriate dimen- to “low-pass filter” a small signal with a filter having a very small
sions. bandwidth. In both circuits above, vi is the “small” signal that
needs to be filtered with a very low bandwidth filter, say 100 Hz.
a. Draw the input and output characteristics of this device.
A straightforward way of doing this is to use an RC circuit
b. Determine the incremental y-parameters of this two port at an as shown in Fig. 2(a). Assuming the largest resistor that can be
operating point (V1 , V2 ). realized on an integrated circuit is 2 MΩ (constrained by how much
space you want to “waste” on the chip), determine the capacitance
C needed to achieve the bandwidth of 100 Hz. Assuming that the
Problem 2 density of capacitance per unit area is 10 fF/µm2 (1 femto = 10−15 ),
determine the area occupied by the capacitor.
In this problem, we delve deeper into the notion of “small signal”.
Consider now the circuit of Fig. 2(b), where the diodes are
Consider two nonlinear amplifiers, with input-output characteris-
2 characterized by an i-v relationship
tics given by Vout = Vin /VA and Vout = VA exp(Vin /VA ). An
 V 
incremental gain of 10 is desired of both amplifers. d
Id = Is e VT − 1 . (2)

a. Determine the operating points so that this gain may be


where Is = 0.5 × 10−13 A. Determine the value of capacitance
achieved.
needed to achieve a low-pass filter with bandwidth 100 Hz. How
b. We saw in class that the “small signal” approximation is valid much chip-area have the diodes saved?
only when the higher order terms in the Taylor series can be
safely neglected in relation to the linear term. Compare the
second order derivative of the two amplifers around the oper- Problem 4
ating point. What can you say about the relative magnitudes of
the incremental inputs for each of the amplifiers which qualify In Fig. 3, i is a small signal. Determine the quiescent voltage across
as small signals? the terminals marked vo. To do this, approximate the diode char-

1
R R R For the circuit shown above, determine the region of operation
+ of the transistor. Find Vx.
0.5mA i vo
2R 2R 2R R -
Problem 7
R = 8K

Figure 3: Circuit for problem 4. I I+i

acteristic by a piecewise linear one, by assuming that the voltage


R R
drop across a forward biased diode is 0.65 V. Vx Vx + v
Determine the incremental resistance of every diode in the cir-
cuit. Then, determine the small signal voltage across the terminals
marked vo. What is the incremental resistance seen by the small-
signal current source?

Figure 6: Circuit for problem 7.


Problem 5
In Fig. 6(a), determine the largest I that can be used while still
maintaining the transistor in saturation.
In part(b) of the figure, i is a small signal, abd I has been cho-
sen so that the transistor is in saturation. Determine the quiescent
6V + vᵢ voltage V x, and the incremental voltage v. How will you choose
10K
R to make v independent of i ?

Problem 8
Figure 4: Circuit for problem 5.

3V
For the circuit of Fig. 4, determine the incremental voltage
1.9V 1V
across the 10 K resistor. To find the operating point, assume that
the cut-in voltage of a forward-biased diode is 0.65 V. Assume that
vi is a small signal. Vx 1V Vx 1.9V Vx

Ix Ix Ix

Problem 6

500uA
Figure 7: Circuits for problem 8.

Vx
For each of the circuits shown above, plot Ix as Vx varies from
3V
0-3 V.

Figure 5: Circuit for problem 6.

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