Agricultural development

 Agriculture: is a primary industry concerned with obtaining raw materials from the ground for
immediate consumption or further processing
 Inputs
 Natural
 land
 soil
 climate
 water
 human / economic
 capital
 machines
 fertilizers labor
 knowledge
 land ownership
 traditions
 irrigation
 pesticides
 Processes
 Ploughing by Bullocks Rice
 Ploughing: turn up the earth of (an area of land) with a plough, especially before sowing.
 Soil Sowing by Labor
 Climate Irrigation by Traditional methods Maize
 Water Fertilizing by Natural Manure Vegetables
 Natural Manure Weeding by Labor
 Draft Power Threshing by Labors

Small scale subsistence farming

 It involves growing crops and raising livestock primarily for personal or family consumption
 It produces food and raw material for themselves and people who work for them.
 Any surplus for sale is a bonus.
 Most small scale farmers have difficulty in earning a living due to less income.
 They depend on nature.
Cash crop farming

 Is farming where the crop is grown for sale and to maximize profit
 Kharif crop: sown in summer (april – may) harvested in winters (oct – nov) (summer crop)
 Rahila sowed many many crops
 Rice sugarcane millet maize cotton
 Rabi crops: sown in winters (oct-now) and harvested in summers (april – may) (winter crop)
 When bob goes out playing
 Wheat barley groms oilseeds pulses
 Explain how to human factors can increase the production of wheat under the cash crop
farming system you should develop your answer? /4
  the use of machinery lie tractors can increase production by plughing at a much faster speed
and it can also multitask when combined with harvesting. Skilled labor can be hired which could
increase efficiency meaning increase which could also help in the decrease in scarcity of food

Wheat

 rabi crop
 temperature: 20 to 30 degree Celsius needs 120 days to grow with moist weather
 rainfall: moderate rainfall
 soil: moderately stiff loamy and clayey land must be well drained
 cultivation:
 barani farming is the farming which depends on rainfall for cultivation
 wheat doesn’t need a lot of water
 the land is irrigated twice
 one month after sowing and again one month before harvesting
 Describe the methods used to cultivate wheat on a small scale subsistence farming? /4
 Women fetch water from the wall for preparing meals and irrigation they also work on the fields
during harvesting time. During the harvest season if the crops are more in number then
unskilled labor is hired on low wages. Ploughing is done by a traditional wooden plough driven
by draught power provided by animals like cow. Deri seeds are also sown naturally by the family
member
 Seeds: high yielding varities, maxi pak and deri seeds

Rice

 kharif crop
 Temperature: 20 to 30 degree Celsius no cold season
 Rainfall: heavy rainfall of 1270mm but over 2000mm is ideal
 Requires plenty of rainfall during the 4-6 months growing period and sunny harvest time
 Soil: loamy or clayey. Impervious sub soil layer
 Cultivation: rice seeds are initially sown into beds or nurseries
 When the plants are about 23cm high they are transplanted into prepared fields.
 The fields have been flooded to a depth of 30.37cm.
 The water is then drained off for harvesting to begin.
 Threshing of rice can be done by people draught animal or by machine.
 After threshing rice is taken to rice mills for polishing and packing
 By product: rice husk may be used for making cardboard or mix with mud and water and used
to cover roots or houses.
 Variety of rice seeds:
 Irri pak (international rice research institute)
 High quality basmati rice

 Describe the process involved in growing of rice? /4

  Rice seeds are initially sown into beds. When they are 23cm they are transplanted into prepared
fields which have been flooded. The fields are kept full of water until rice are ripe. Then water is
drained and harvesting is done .
 Explain how the natural factors affect the production of rice? /4
 The soil should be loamy and clayey. A impervious sub soil is essential without them the
production will be lessened. Also the temperature can affect it an warm temperature is required
without it rice wont be properly produced.
 Define cultivation? /1
 Is the process of preparing land for agricultural purposes

Cotton

 Temperature: 25 to 35 degree Celsius

 Sensitive to frost
 Rainfall: 1000mm
 frequesnt shows with sunny period in between
 rain at picking spoils the bolls
 Soil: medium loam is best
 Cultivation: Cotton seeds are sown 30 to 45cm apart in april-may
 One month later the fields are irrigated
 Second irrigation takes place after a further 2 months.
 Cotton bolls ripen in dry months of oct and nov
 Plant reaches a height of 135 - 150
 After picking cotton bolls are loaded onto trucks to be transported to grinning
 mills seeds are separated from the lint
 By product: seeds (animal food, oil)
 Cotton seeds:
 old variety (pak upland, desi)
 hyv (high yielding variety) nayab 78, B557
 Explore the ideal natural growing conditions needed to produce cotton. You should develop
your answer? /4
 Temperatures should be ideal for growing cotton as cotton is cultivated in 25-35 and mild night
temperatures are better. Rainfall is also needed as it required 1000m to grow properly. Rainfall
should be frequent showers with sunny periods between
 Describe how environmental factors can affect cotton crop? /4
 The insufficient rain can also contribute in affecting the cotton crop and wen it is less it can be
very harmful and it can result in sutented growth thus irrigation could be a requirement. Also
the temperature can affect the crop. It damages the crop if the temperature is too high or too
low.

Sugarcane

 Temperature: 25 to 35 degree Celsius. Intolerant to frost

  Rainfall: up to 1520mm
 Soil: loamy and clay soil with silt are the best
 Application of minor and fertilizers containing nitrogen fosferious and potatas.
 Cultivation: 30cm tall are planted in April – May 30cm apart.
 If the land is well irrigated the plant grows 2m or more The crop can be rattooned (leave certain
pod) or harvested for 2 to 3 years After harvesting it seads up new shoots called ratoons.
 By products: bagasse (used in chipboard paper and animals feed) and molasses (used in
chemical industry in the manufacturing of citric acid yeast and rubber)
 Describe the process from the time the sugarcane is harvested? /4
 They first run it with chalk to remove the dirt and smell. Then it is washed, goes through rollers
then juice is extracted. Then crystallized to produce sugar.

Other crops

Maize

 Temperature: 35 degree Celsius

 Rainfall: 50- 500mm
 Uses: corn oil is extracted camflour custard powder, poultry fodder for livestock food grain
 Soil: porous soil
 Area: mardan charsadth mashera

Millet

 Temperature: 30 35 degree Celsius

 Rainfall: doesn’t require much rain. Drought resistant
 Uses: jowar and bajra 2 varieties grown as fodder for livestock food crop
 Soil: sandy soil
 Area: tharparker kohat and attock

Pulses

 Rich in protiens popular in lower diet

 Fixes nitrogen in the soil thereby helping in fertilize the soil
 Famrers pay little attention to them as they give low cash return
 Examples are moong , mash grams and masoor.

Oilseeds

 Extracted from seeds like sunflower seeds soyabean rape seeds mustard sarse rai seame castor
seeds
 However production of oil seeds is not sufficient to cater the local requirement
 Only 30% of the demand is met through local production but 70% is being imported

Tobacco

 More than 60% of pakistans tobacco is grown in kpk sawat mardan charsada manshera district.
  It is also grown in Punjab main tobacco growing districts are sahi wai ranjanpur tobatek Singh
Faisalabad and jhang

Types of subsistence livestock farming

Nomadic:

 They move from place to place along with their animals in search of food and water
 They rear sheep goat and camel
 Sheep and goat provide them with milk and meat and camel is used to load their belonging.
 When they find a grazing ground of water they settle there for weeks to allow the animals to get
fodder and water

Transhumance:

 Animals are kept in pastries high in the mountains in summers and brought down to lower
pastures in winters
 Pastoral farming = livestock
 Arable farming = crop
 Animals: goat sheep cattle yak dzo (cross between cattle and yak)
 Output: meat diary products and wool
 Subsistence farming: animals are reared by the people who consume them
 Areas: villages of Punjab and Sindh

Commercial farming:

 1 small scale private owners:

 Bulk of the livestock products are supplied by them
 They don’t use scientific methods
 Urban supplies of milk still comes from buffalo herds in the cities.
 Such farms often lack appropriate drainage water and supply of hygienic facilities
 Fodder is brought from the nearest crop growing area
 By product: cow dung which is used as fuel of fertilizer
 2 large scale by government military owners:
 Australian desingned dairy farms for Islamabad Karachi and government dairy farms for quetta.
 Scientific methods such as cross breeding to increase fertility rate
 Better nutritional diets are in use many which is by government
 Early weaning deits are introduced for cow and buffalo calves to save milk for human
consumption
Main livestock resources

Cattle

 Most common animal

 Assisted by camle and mules to plough and transport loads and to help work
 They also supply meat and milk
 They are well distributed except rugged mountains of balochistan and thar desert areas
 Cattle breed:
 Bhangnari: draught power and found in plains of Punjab and Sindh
 Dhani: used for draught power and found in northern mountains
 Red sindhi: used for milk found in lower sindh
 Sahiwal: used for milk and found in Punjab.
 Thari: used for draught and milk and found in tharparkar

Buffalos

 Are the main sources of milk and meat

 They aren’t important as work animal
 They produce about 70% milk supply
 When they get old and stop producing milk they are slaughtered for meat
 They like to remain in water most of the time

Sheep and goat

 Kept for meat and wool

 Mutton is preferred to beef and is in great demand in urban areas
 Sheep and goats are sure footed meaning don’t lose their balance and can survive in a variety of
natural topographical and climatic environment
 Don’t need large grazing fields and can nibble on thin grass

Poultry

 Domesticated birds used for egg and

 Demand increased
 People prefer white meat chicken
 Poultry farms built for this purpose

Importance of livestock farming

 Used as draught power in the traditional field

 Supply of nutritional food for the people like milk eggs ghee butter
 Raw material for domestic industry of processed milk
 Processed meat and milk products
 Can also give wool
Problems of livestock farming

 Few veterinary hospitals and vaccination facilities

 Grazing unirrigated fields cause soil erosion by wind when they dry out
 Unhygienic conditions in animal farms leading to unhealthy animals
 Primitive breeding methods resulting on low quality animals
 Refers to traditional, unscientific practices of animal breeding that rely on uncontrolled mating,
resulting in low-quality animals with poor productivity and inconsistent traits.
 Lack of grazing grounds for cattle and sheep resulting in overgrazing
 Inadequate facilities for storage of meat
 High prices of animals feed. Difficult to keep in cities near their market

Development strategy for livestock in pakistan

 Selective breeding and cross breeding for better quality animals

 Programmes to fatten cows for milk and meat
 Control of diseases and better animal farms
 Improvement in livestock research farms
 Improvement in vaccination facilities
 Cultivation of fodder crops to turn agricultural land into grazing fields