An Assignment

On
Function, Domain, Range, Graphs of standard function,
Leibnitz’s Theorem, Integration methods, Definite &
Indefinite Integral.
Course Title: Mathematics
Course No: MATH-1157

Submitted To:
Dr. Md. Haider Ali Biswas
Professor
Mathematics Discipline
Khulna University, Khulna.
Submitted By:
Hasanat Abdullah Tonu
Student ID: 210613
1st Year 1st Term
Fisheries & Marine
` Resource Technology
Discipline
Khulna University, Khulna

Date of Submission:29-05-2022
Function:
In mathematics, an expression, rule, or law that defines a relationship between
one variable (the independent variable) and another variable (the dependent
variable).
A function can then be defined as a set of ordered pairs: Example: {(2,4),
(3,5), (7,3)} is a function that says. "2 is related to 4", "3 is related to 5" and "7
is related 3". Also, notice that: the domain is {2,3,7} (the input values)
Domain & Range:The domain of a function is the set of values that we are
allowed to plug into our function. This set is the x values in a function such as
f(x). The range of a function is the set of values that the function assumes.
Example:
1.ln( x  3)
or x  3  0
or x>-3
 D y (  3, )
Range:
y ln( x  3)
or e y e ln( x 3)
or e y  x  3
 x e y  3
 Ry  R
2. f ( x)  3 x  5
Solution:
f ( x)  3 x  5
3 x  5 0
or 3 x  5
5
x 
3
5 
 Dy   ,  
 3 
Range: y  3 x  5
5 5
x , y  3.  5 0
3 3
x 0, y  5
x 1, y  8
x  2, y  11
x , y 
 Ry  0,  

Graphs of standard Function:

The graph of a function f is the set of all points in the plane of the form (x, f(x)).
We could also define the graph of to be the graph of the equation y = f(x). So,
the graph of a function if a special case of the graph of an equation.
Different types of graphs depend on the type of function that is graphed. The
eight most commonly used graphs are linear, power, quadratic, polynomial,
rational, exponential, logarithmic, and sinusoidal. The graph of a function is
often a useful way of visualizing the relationship of the function models, and
manipulating a mathematical expression for a function can throw light on the
function's properties. Functions presented as expressions can model many
important phenomena..Some graphs of standard function are given below:

Limits:
The limit of a function at a point a in its domain (if it exists) is the value that the
function approaches as its argument approaches. a. a. The concept of a limit is
the fundamental concept of calculus and analysis. In Mathematics, a limit is
defined as a value that a function approaches the output for the given input
values. Limits are important in calculus and mathematical analysis and used to
define integrals, derivatives, and continuity.
Continuity:
For a function to be continuous at a point, it must be defined at that point, its
limit must exist at the point, and the value of the function at that point must
equal the value of the limit at that point.

Example :
 3
3+2x when - 2  x  0

 3
Q. 1. f ( x) 3  2 x when 0  x 
 2
 3
 3  2 x when x  2

3
find continuity when x 0,
2
solution :
when x 0
L.H.L= lim f ( x) R.H.L= lim f ( x)
x 0 x 0

= lim(3  2 x) = lim(3  2 x)
x 0 x 0

=3+0 =3  0
=3 =3
f (0) 3  2 0 0  L.H.L=R.H.L ,so when x 0 the function is continuous.
3
when x=
2
L.H.L= lim f ( x) R.H.L= lim f ( x)
3 3
x x
2 2

3
=3  2  = lim(  3  2 x)
2 x
3
2

3
=3 =  3  2
2
= 6
3
 L.H.L R.H.L ,so when x= the function is not continuous.
2
   x 2 when x 0

5x-4 when 0<x 1
2. f ( x)   2
 4x  3 x when 1<x<2
3x+4 when x  2

find continiuty in x 0,1, 2
Solution : when x=0
L.H.L= lim f ( x) R.H.L= lim f ( x)
x 0 x 0
2
= lim(  x ) = lim(5 x  4)
x 0 x 0

=0 =5 0  4
= 4
L.H.L  R.H.L so the function is not continuous
when x=1
L.H.L= lim f ( x ) R.H.L= lim f ( x)
x 1 x 1

= lim(5 x  4) = lim(4 x 2  3x )
x 1 x 1

=5 1  4 =4 12  3 1
=1 =1
f (1) 5.1  4 1 L.H.L=R.H.L so the function is continuous
when x=2
L.H.L= lim f ( x ) R.H.L= lim f ( x)
x 2 x 2
2
= lim(4 x  3 x) = lim(3x  4)
x 2 x 2
2
=4 2  3 2 =2 3
=10 =10
f (2) 3 2  4 10  L.H.L=R.H.L ,so the function is continuous.
 1 1

ex  e x
Q.3 f ( x )  1 1
find continuity when x=0

e x
e x

solution:
when x=0
L.H.L= lim f ( x )
x 0
1 1

e x
 e x
lim 1 1
x 0 
ex e x
1
1  

 e x

e x
  1  1
e x 
 
lim 1
x 0
1  

x 
ex 
e   1  1
e x 
 
2
ex  1
lim 2
x 0
e x 1
0 1

0 1
 1
R.H .L lim f ( x )
x 0
1 1

e x
 e x
lim 1 1
x 0 
ex e x
1
1   
 e x

e x 1 1 
 ex 
 
lim 1
x 0
1   
 e x

e x 1 1 
 ex 
 
2

1 e x
lim 2
x 0 
1 e x

2

1 e 0
lim 2
x 0 
1 e 0
1 0

1 0
1
 L.H .L  R.H .L so when x=0 the function is not continuous.
Leibnitz’s Theorem:
Basically, the Leibnitz theorem is used to generalise the product rule of
differentiation. It states that if there are two functions let them be a(x) and b(x)
and if they both are differentiable individually, then their product a(x). b(x) is
also n times differentiable.

Example :
Q. y sin( m sin  1 x) show that (1+x 2 )y n 2  (2n  1) xyn 1  ( m2  n2 ) yn 0
solution :
given that ,
y sin(m sin  1 x)
m
or , y1 cos(m sin  1 x).
1  x2
or , y12 (1  x 2 ) m 2 cos 2 ( m sin  1 x)
or , y12 (1  x 2 ) m 2  1  sin 2 (m sin  1 x) 
or , y12 (1  x 2 ) m 2  1  y 2 
or , (1  x 2 )2 y1 y2  2 xy12  m 2 .2 yy1
or , (1  x 2 ) y2  xy1  m 2 y
or , (1  x 2 ) y2  xy1  m 2 y 0
applying to leibnitz theorem,
 yn 2 (1  x 2 )  n c1 yn  2 1 ( 2 x)  n c2 yn 2 2 ( 2)    yn 1 x  n c1 yn 2  11  m 2 yn 0
or , (1  x 2 ) yn 2  2nxyn 1  (n 2  n) yn  xyn 1  xyn  m 2 yn 0
or , (1  x 2 ) yn 2  2nxyn 1  xyn 1  n 2 yn  m 2 yn 0
 (1  x 2 ) yn  2  xyn 1 (2n  1)  yn ( m 2  n 2 ) 0 (Showed).
Q.
1 
if x sin  ln( y )  then show (1-x 2 )yn 2  (2n  1) xyn 1  (m 2  n 2 ) yn
m 
Solution :
given that,
1 
x sin  ln( y ) 
m 
1
or , sin  1 x  ln( y )
m
1
or , m sin x ln( y )
1
or , e m sin x
e ln( y )
1
or , y=e m sin x ..............(i )
1 m
or , y1 =e m sin x .
1  x2
1
or , 1  x 2 y1 =me m sin x

or , 1  x 2 y1 =my
or,(1  x 2 )y 21 =m 2 y 2
or , 2 y1   1  x 2  y2  xy1  m 2 y.2 y1

or ,  1  x 2  y2  xy1  m 2 y
applying leibnitz theorem :
 1  x  y  c y ( 2 x)  c y ( 2)   y x  c y .1 m
2
n 2
n
1 n 2 1
n
2 n 2  2 n 1
n
1 n 1 1
2
yn
or ,  1  x  y  2 xy  n(n  1) y  xy  ny  m y 0
2
n2
n
n 1 n n 1 n
2
n

or ,  1  x  y  2 xy  n y  ny  xy  ny  m y 0
2
n2
n
n 1
2
n n n 1 n
2
n

or ,  1  x  y  xy (2n  1)  n y  m y 0
2
n2 n 1
2
n
2
n

or ,  1  x  y  xy (2n  1)  y (m  n ) 0
2
n2 n 1 n
2 2

  1  x  y  xy (2n  1)  y (m  n ) 0 (Showed)
2
n 2 n 1 n
2 2
Q.if y  tan  1 x show that, (1+x 2 )y n 1  2nxyn  n(n  1) yn 1 0
solution :
given that,
y=tan  1 x
1
or , y1 
1  x2
or , y1 (1  x 2 ) 1
apply to leibnitz theorem,
y1n (1  x 2 )  n c1 y n 1 1 ( 2 x)  n c2 y n 1 2 (2) 0
or ,(1  x 2 )y1n  2 xny n  (n2  n) y n  1 0
or ,(1  x 2 )y1n  2 xny n  n 2 yn  1  nyn  1 0
 (1  x 2 )y1n  2 xny n  n(n  1) yn 1 0 (Showed)
Differentiability:
A function is differentiable at a point when there's a defined derivative at that
point. This means that the slope of the tangent line of the points from the left is
approaching the same value as the slope of the tangent of the points from the
right.
Example 1:

 3
3+2x when - 2  x  0

 3
Q1. if f ( x) 3  2 x when 0  x 
 2
 3
  3  2 x when x  2

3
check the differentiability at the point of x 
2
solution :
f ( x  h)  f ( x ) 3
L.H lim x
h 0 h 2
 2h  ( 6) 3
lim  f(x)=  3  2.
h 0 h 2
 2h  6
lim = 6
h 0 h
 2 0  6 3 
=  f(x+h)=  3  2   h 
0 2 
=  =  2h
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
R.H lim
h 0 h
 6  2h  6
lim
h 0 h
lim  2 here,
h 0

3 
= 2  f(x+h)=  3  2   h 
2 
=  3  3  2h
=  6  2h
3
 L.H R.H the function is not differentiable at x=
2
Integration by substitution:

This method consist in expressing the integral

f ( x)dx, where x is the independent variable, say t is the independent variable ;

x and t being connected with some suitable relation x  (t ).
it leads to the result,
'
f ( x)dx f   (t ) . (t )dt
which is proved as follows-
let v f ( x)
dv
  f ( x)
dx
we have
dv dv dx dx
   f ( x)
dt dx dt dt
dx
 v f ( x) dt f   (t )  '(t )dt
dt
thus it can be shown that ,
dx
integral of function f(x) with respect to x is equal to the integral of f(x) with respect to dt.
dt

Example:

1.cos3 x sin x dx
we put cosx=t
dx
 -sinx 1
dt
dx 1
 
dt sin x
now,
3 dx
cos x sin x dt dt
 1 
 cos3 x sin x    dt
 sin x 
  t 3
 t4

4
1
 cos 4 x (ans)
4
 4
2.x 3 e x
let ,
4
ex t
dx 4
4e x x 3 1
dt
dx 1
  x4
dt 4e x 3
now,
dx
3 4

x ex
dt
dt
4  1 
 x 3 e x  4 dt
 4e x x 3 
1
  dt
4
1
 t
4
1 x4
 e (ans)
4

Integration by partial fraction:

Integration by partial fractions is a method used to decompose and then
integrate a rational fraction integrand that has complex terms in the
denominator. By using partial fraction, we calculate and decompose the
expression into simpler terms so that we can easily calculate or integrate the
expression thus obtained.
Examples:

( x  1)
1. dx
( x  2)( x  3)
solution :
( x  1)
( x  2)( x  3) dx
( x  1) ( 2  1) ( 3  1)
let ,  
( x  2)( x  3) ( x  2)( 2  3) ( 3  2)( x  3)
1 2
= 
( x  2) ( x  3)
Now,
 1 2 
 ( x  2)  ( x  3)  dx
dx dx
   2
x2 x 3
 ln x  2  2 ln x  3  c (ans)

Example :
dx
2. 2
x ( x  1)
solution :
dx
x 2 ( x  1)
1 A B D
let , 2   2 
x ( x  1) x x ( x  1)
 1  Ax( x  1)  B ( x  1)  Dx 2
Now, x=0; x=1
 B=  1  D 1  A=  1
Now,
1 1 1 
 x x 2 ( x  1)  dx
  

dx dx dx
    2  
x x ( x  1)
1
 ln x   ln( x  1)  c (ans)
x
Example :
(2 x  1)
3. dx
x( x  1)( x  2)
solution :
(2 x  1)
x( x  1)( x  2) dx
(2 x  1) (0  1) (2  1) (4  1)
let ,   
x ( x  1)( x  2) x (0  1)(0  2) 1( x  1)( x  2) 2(2  1)( x  2)
1 2 3
=  
2 x  ( x  1) 2( x  2)
Now,
1 2 3 
 2 x   ( x  1)  2( x  2)  dx
1 dx dx dx
    
2 x x 1 x 2
1 3
 ln x  3ln x  1  ln x  2  c (ans)
2 2

Example
x
4. dx
( x  2)( x  1) 2
solution :
x
( x  2)( x  1)2 dx
x A B D
let , 2
  
( x  2)( x  1) ( x  2) ( x  1) ( x  1)2
 x  A( x  1) 2  B ( x  1)( x  2)  D( x  2)
Now, x=1; x=2
1 2 2
 D=  A   B=
3 9 9
Now,
 2 2 1 
 9
9 3 
 x  2  ( x  1)  ( x  1) 2  dx
 
2 dx 2 dx 1 dx
     
9 x  2 9 x  1 3 ( x  1)2
2 2 1 1
 ln x  2  ln x  1  c (ans)
9 9 3 ( x  1)
Indefinite Integral:
An integral which is not having any upper and lower limit is known as an
indefinite integral.
Mathematically, if F(x) is any anti-derivative of f(x) then the most general
antiderivative of f(x) is called an indefinite integral and denoted,
∫f(x) dx = F(x) + C
Example 1:
Evaluate:

Example 2:
 ❑
x 1−sin x
Evaluate: e 1−cos x dx
❑
( )
1−sin x
=e
x
( 1−cos x)

x x
1−2 sin cos
=e
x

( 2
2sin 2
x
2
2
)
=e
x
{12 csc x2 −cot 2x }
2 2

x
So that f ( x )=cot 2 . We see that the integrant is of the forme x [ f ( x ) +f ' ( x ) ]

x x
Integratinge cot 2 by parts we obtain-
❑ ❑

 e cot 2x dx = e x cot x2 − −1
x
sec 2 xdx
❑ ❑ 2

 e x( cot x2 − 12 sec2 x2 ) dx = e x cot x2

❑

 e x( 12 csc2 2x −cot x2 ) dx = −e x cot x2

❑

Example 3
❑
dx
Evaluate: 5+ 4 cos x
❑

 5+ 4dxcos x = 2
22
tan −1 ( √ a−b
a+ b
x
tan )when a>b
2
❑ √ a −b
Here, a=5, b=4
2
I= 2
√5 −4 2
tan −1 (√ 5−4
5+ 4
x
tan )
2

2
= tan
3
−1
( 13 tan 2x )+c
Example 4
 1
log ( 1+ x )
Evaluate: 2
dx
0 1+ x

Let, x=tanθ dx=sec2 θdθ

Lower limit when x=0 thenθ=tan−1 0=0
−1 π
Upper limit when x=1 thenθ=tan 1= 4
π
4
log ( 1+ tanθ ) sec 2 θ
I = dθ
0 1+ tan 2 θ
π
4
log ( 1+ tanθ ) sec 2 θ
¿ dθ
0 sec 2 θ
π
4

¿  log ( 1+tanθ ) dθ
0

π
4

¿  log 1+ tan
0
[ ( π4 −θ )] dθ
π π
4
¿  log 1+
0

π
[
tan −tanθ
4
π
1+ tan tanθ
4
dθ
]
4
1−tanθ
¿  log 1+
0
[ 1+tanθ
dθ ]
π
4
2
¿  log
0
[ 1+tanθ
dθ ]
π
4

¿  [ log ( 2 )−log ( 1+tanθ ) ] dθ

0

π π
4 4

¿  log ( 2 ) dθ− log ( 1+ tanθ ) dθ _________ (2)

0 0

Adding equation 1 and 2, we get-

π π π
4 4 4

2 I = log ( 1+ tanθ ) dθ+ log ( 2 ) dθ− log ( 1+tanθ ) dθ

0 0 0
 π
4

¿  log ( 2 ) dθ
0

π
4
¿ log 2 [ 0 ] 0

log 2 π
¿
2 4 ( −0 )
π
¿ log 2
8

Definite Integrals
The application of the methods of integrating by substitution and of integrating
by parts for evaluating definite integrals shall be illustrated by means of
examples.
The validity of the procedure will be seen to be quite apparent. When the
variable x in a definite integral
b
 f ( x)dx
a

Is changed, we usually change the limits also; the new limits being the values of
the new variable which correspond to the values a and b of x
Example 1:
 /2 cos x
dx
Evaluate:  0 1  sin 2 x
We put
sin x = t
or, cos x dx = dt………..(1)

from (1) , we see that


x=0  t = 0 and x= 2  t=1 .
Thus 0 and 1 are the limits for the new variable t. we have
tan  1 1  tan  1 0


cos x 1 dt
 1  sin 2 xdx =
0
2
1  t =
0
2  tan  1 t 
1

0
 
1 1
= tan 1  tan 0 = 4 (Answer)

Example 2:
 x sin x
dx
Evaluate  1  cos
2
0 x

 x sin x
dx
Let, I=  1  cos
2
0 x

(  x) sin(  x)
0 1  cos2 (  x) dx
=
 (  x) sin x   sin x
dx  dx  I
=
2
0 1  cos x 0 1  cos 2 x


 sin x
dx
Let,
∴2I= 0 1  cos 2 x =
z = cos x
1   1 dz 1
 2
dz    2
   tan  1 z  dz
1 1 z 1 1 z 1   sin x
dx
  [tan  1 (  1)  tan  1 1]   dz sin xdx
 
 (  )
4 4

 .2.
4
2

2
(Answer)

Example 3:
sin 2 x 

 2
dx
Evaluate: sin x  cos x
0


sin 2 x
 2
dx
Let, I= 0sin x  cos x ……………(1)

 x)sin 2 (

2

cos 2 x
  2
dx 0 sin x  cos x dx
2
0 
sin(  x)  cos(  x)
2 2 …………(2)
 
sin 2 x 
cos 2 x
 2
dx  sin x  cos x dx
2

∴ 2I= sin
0 x  cos x +
0

sin 2 x  cos 2 x


 2
dx
=
0 sin x  cos x

1 2 1
  dx
2
dx 2 0 sin x 1  1 cos x

= sin x  cos x
0
= 2 2

1 2
dx 

2

0  1 2  1 
log tan(
x  2
 )
sin( x  )  cos ec ( x  ) dx 
= 4 = 2 0 4 = 2 2 8 0

 3     
tan tan(  ) 
1  8  1  2 8
1  3    log    log  
log tan( )  log tan( ) 2 tan  2 tan 
2  8 8  =  8 =  8 

     
cot  cos 2  1  cos 
1  8 1  8 1  4
 log    log    log  
2 tan  2 sin 2  2 1  cos 
=  8 =  8 =  4

1 2 1 1
log( ) log( 2  1)
= 2 2  1 = 2

∴ I= 2 log( 2  1) (Answer)
Example 4:


Evaluate:  log(1  cos x)dx

0

 
2 x
Let, I=  log(1  cos x)dx
0 =
 log(2 cos
0 2
)dx

  x
 log 2 dx  2  log cos dx
= 0 0 2

  x x dx
log 2  x  0  2  log cos dx u , du
= 0 2 Put, 2 2
  
 log 2  42 log cos udu  log 2  4( log 2)
= 0 = 2

=  log 2  2 log 2   log 2

1
 log
= 2 (Answer)

Example 5:
 1 dx
Evaluate:
 log( x  x ) 1  x
0 2

 1 dx
We have, I=
 log( x  x ) 1  x
0 2

Put x tan  , dx sec  d

2


 tan  ,  
Upper limit 2 ; Lower limit 0 tan  ,  0


1 d
∴I=
 log(tan   tan  ) 1  tan
0
2
2


tan 2  1
=
 log
0
2
tan 
d


1
=
 log sin  cos  d
0
2

 
  log sin  d 
2
 log cos  d
2
= 0 0

 
log 2  log 2
=2 2

=  log 2 (Answer)

Exam Questions:
dx
Question1.  √( x−a)(b−x ) ,b¿a
Let x =a cos2θ + b cos2θ
or, x-a= a cos2θ +
dx =[a.2.sin θ cos θ + b.2.c b cos2θ –a
=(b-a) cos2θ
And b-x=(b-a)sin2θos θ (-sin θ)]
=(a-b) sin θ dθ
dx
Now,  ( x−a)(b−x )
√
( a−b ) sin2 θ d θ

√ ( B−a ) cos θ . sinθ
−2dθ
=-2θ+c
X =a cos2θ + b cos2θ
=a(1-cos2θ) +b cos2θ
x−a x−a
Cos2θ = b−x Or, cosθ=
√ b−x
π -1 x−a
θ=
2
–sin
b−x √
1
log(1  x )
 1 x 2
dx
0

Question2.
1
log(1  x)
 1 x 2
dx
0

Let,I=
Now,put x= tanθ

Or,dx=sec2θdθ
When x=0, then tanθ=0
Or θ=0
And, x=1 the
π
and tanθ=1∨, θ= 4
π /4
log (1+tanθ)
Now,I=  Sec2θdθ
0 1+ tan2 θ
 π /4
log (1+tanθ)
Or,  Sec2θdθ
0 Sec 2 θ
π /4

I=  log (1+tanθ )dθ

0
π
Ans: 4 log 2