Classification of Reservoir Fluids

Black Oil Volatile Oil

Pressure path Critical

1 point
in reservoir

Pressure path
in reservoir
Critical
point
Dewpoint line Volatile oil
2

Five Basic
Pressure, psia

Pressure
Black Oil % Liquid

% Liquid

Reservoir
Fluids
33

Separator Separator

Temperature, °F Temperature

Pressure path
in reservoir Pressure path Pressure path
1 in reservoir in reservoir
Retrograde gas 1 1
2
Pressure
Pressure

Wet gas

Pressure
Critical Dry gas
point
% Liquid
Critical % Liquid
% Liquid
point
3 2 2

Separator Separator
Separator

Temperature Temperature Temperature

Retrograde Gas Wet Gas Dry Gas

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 223
Pressure-Temperature Diagrams

 Used to visualize the fluids production path from

the reservoir to the surface

 Used to classify reservoir fluids

 Used to develop different strategies to produce
oil/gas from reservoir

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 224
Phase Diagrams

Single Gas
Initial Phase
Reservoir Region
Single Liquid State
Phase Critical
Cricondenbar Point
Region
Pressure, psia

Two-Phase
Region
Cricondentherm

% Liquid

Separator

Temperature, °F

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 225
Black Oil

Pressure path
in reservoir
Critical
Point Dewpoint line
Pressure, psia

Black Oil

% Liquid

Separator

Temperature, °F

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 226
Volatile-Oil

Pressure path 1 Critical

in reservoir point

2
Volatile oil

% Liquid
Pressure

Separator

Temperature, °F

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 227
Retrograde Gas
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
Retrograde gas
2
Pressure

Critical point

% Liquid

Separator

Temperature

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 228
Wet Gas
Pressure path
in reservoir
1

Wet gas
Pressure

Critical % Liquid
point
2

Separator

Temperature

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 229
Dry Gas
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
Pressure

Dry gas

% Liquid
2

Separator

Temperature

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 230
Field Identification

Black Volatile Retrograde Wet Dry

Oil Oil Gas Gas Gas
Initial Producing
1750 to
Gas/Liquid <1750 > 3200 > 15,000* 100,000*
3200
Ratio, scf/STB
Initial Stock-
Tank Liquid < 45 > 40 > 40 Up to 70 No Liquid
Gravity, API
Color of Stock- Lightly Water
Dark Colored No Liquid
Tank Liquid Colored White

*For Engineering Purposes

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 231
Primary Production Trends

Black Volatile Retrograde Wet Dry

Oil Oil Gas Gas Gas
GOR

GOR

GOR

GOR

GOR
No
liquid

Time Time Time Time Time

 API

 API

 API

 API

 API
No
liquid

Time Time Time Time Time

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 232
Exercise 1

 Based on the phase diagrams of volatile oil and

retrograde gas, describe some characteristic
properties of these two reservoir fluids;

 Name some applications of phase diagrams in

selecting surface facilities.

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 233
Properties of Natural Gas

 Equation-of-State (EOS)
 Apparent Molecular Weight of Gas Mixture
 Density of Gas Mixture
 Gas Specific Gravity
 Z-factor (Gas Compressibility or Gas Deviation Factor)
 Isothermal Compressibility
 Gas Formation Volume Factor
 Gas Viscosity

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 234
Gas Equation of State (EOS)

Equation of State: pV  nZRT

Quantity Description Unit/Value
p Pressure psia
V Volume ft3
n Mole Number lb-mol

Z Gas Deviation Factor dimensionless

T Temperature Rankine
Universal Gas 10.73
R
constant psia.ft3/lb-mole. R

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 235
Molecular Weight of a Gas Mixture

Normally, petroleum gas is a mixture of various light

hydrocarbon (C1-C4). For example:
Critical Critical
Molecular Weight
Component Mole Percent Pressure Temperature
(lb/lb-mol)
(psia) (oR)
C1 0.85 16.043 666.4 343.00
C2 0.04 30.070 706.5 549.59
C3 0.06 44.097 616.0 665.73
iC4 0.03 58.123 527.9 734.13
nC4 0.02 58.123 550.6 765.29

Mg  ?

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 236
Density of Gas Mixture

Gas density is calculated from the definition of density and

the EOS

mg nM g p pM g
g  = = (lb/ft ) 3

Vg nZRT ZRT

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 237
Gas Specific Gravity

The specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the gas density

to that of the air at surface condition

 g  Mg Mg
g    = =
  air  sc M air 28.97

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 238
Gas Deviation Factor (Z-factor)

Z-factor accounts for the difference in behavior of natural

gases compared to ideal gases.

Z-factor can be expressed as Z=Z(ppr,Tpr) where

p T ppr: pseudo-reduced pressure

p pr  ; Tpr  Tpr: pseudo-reduced temperature
p pc Tpc
ppc: pseudo-critical pressure
Tpc: pseudo-critical temperature

p pc   yi pci ; Tpc   yiTci pci: Critical pressure of the ith component

i i
Tci: Critical temperature of the ith component

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 239
Standing-Katz Chart

Step 1: Calculate pseudo-critical pressure and

temperature

p pc   yi pci ; Tpc   yiTci

i i

Step 2: Calculate pseudo-reduced pressure and

temperature:

p T
p pr  ; Tpr 
p pc Tpc
Step 3: Use Standings-Katz chart to determine Z

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 240
Dranchuk & Abou-Kassem Correlation

R2
F (  r )  R1  r   R 3  r2  R 4  r5  R 5  r2 (1  A11  r2 ) exp(  A11  r2 )  1  0
r
 r  0.27 p pr / ( Z T pr )
R1  A1  A2 / T pr  A3 / T pr3  A4 / T pr4  A5 / T pr5
R 2  0.27 p pr / T pr
R 3  A6  A7 / T pr  A8 / T pr2
R 4  A9 ( A7 / T pr  A8 / T pr2 )
R 5  A10 / T pr3

A1  0 . 3265 ; A2   1 . 0700 ; A3   0 . 5339

A4  0 . 01569 ; A5   0 . 05165 ; A6  0 . 5475
A7   0 . 7361 ; A8  0 . 1844 ; A9  0 . 1056
A10  0 . 6134 ; A11  0 . 7210
12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 241
Exercise 2
Estimate Z-factor of the gas mixture at 3,000 psi and 180oF using
Dranchuk & Abou-Kassem method with the following data

Critical Critical Pressure,

Component Mole Fraction Molecular Weight
Temperature,°R psi

CO2 0.02 44.01 547.91 1071

N2 0.01 28.01 227.49 493.1

C1 0.85 16.04 343.33 666.4

C2 0.04 30.1 549.92 706.5

C3 0.03 44.1 666.06 616.4

i - C4 0.03 58.1 734.46 527.9

n - C4 0.02 58.1 765.62 550.6

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 242
 Wichert-Aziz Correction Method

Corrected pseudo-critical temperature:

T pc  T pc   , o R

Corrected pseudo-critical pressure:

p pcT pc
p pc  , p sia
T p c  y H 2 S (1  y H 2 S ) 

Pseudo-critical temperature adjustment factor

  120  y H 2S  yC O2 
0 .9

 y H 2S  yCO2 
1 .6
  
 1 5 y H 2 S 0 .5  y H 2 S 4 .0 ,

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 243
Exercise 3
Given the following real gas composition,

Component Mole fraction

C1 0.76
C2 0.07
CO2 0.1
H2S 0.07

Determine the density of the gas mixture at 1,000 psia and

110 F using Witchert-Aziz correction method.

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 244
Sutton Correction Method
Step1: Calculate the parameters J and K:
2
1  Tc   2  
0 .5
 Tc 
J    yi       yi    , o R /p sia
3 i p
 c  i  3  i p
 c i 

T ci
K   yi , o R /p sia
i p ci

Step 2: Calculate the adjustment parameters:

2
2   Tc  
0 .5
1   Tc  
FJ   y    y  
3   pc  C 3   pc  
7  C 7

 J  0 .6 0 8 1 F J  1 .1 3 2 5 F J2  1 4 .0 0 4 F J y C 7
 6 4 .4 3 4 F J y C2 7 
 Tc 
K    0 .3 1 2 9 y C 7   4 .8 1 5 6 y C2 7   2 7 .3 7 5 1 y C3 7  
 p 
 c  C7
12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 245
Sutton Correction Method (cont.)

Step 3: Adjust the parameters J and K

J  J J
K  K K

Step 4: Calculate the adjusted pseudo-critical terms

K 2
T pc 
J
T pc
p pc 
J

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 246
Correlations for Pseudo-Critical Properties
of Real Gas Mixture (Standing, 1977)

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 247
Correlations for Pseudo-Critical Properties
of Real Gas Mixture with Impurities

When the gas mixture contains impurities (e.g. H2S, CO2),

the following correlation can be used to estimate the
pseudo-critical quantities:

p pc  678  50   g  0.5  206.7 yN2  440 yCO2  606.7 yH 2 S

Tpc  326  315.7   g  0.5  240 yN2  83.3 yCO2  133.3 yH 2 S

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 248
Isothermal Compressiblity of Real Gas
Mixture
By definition, the compressibility of the gas is

1  dV  1 1  dz 
cg     or cg    
V  d p T p z  d p T

Isothermal pseudo-reduced compressibility:

1 1  dz 
c pr  c g p pc    
p pr z  d p p r  T pr

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 249
 Gas Isothermal Compressiblity Correlation
by Matter, Brar & Aziz (1975)
 dz 
 
1 0 .2 7  d  r  T pr
cg   2
p pr z T pr  r  dz 
1  
z  d  r T
pr

 dz 
      4 r 
    8 r 
   8 r 

4 2 2 4 2
  T 2T 5T 2T 1 A A exp A
 d  r Tpr
1 2 r 3 r 8 r

A2 A3 A5
T1  A1   3 ; T2  A4  A1 0.3150624 A5 -0.61232032
Tpr Tpr Tpr
A2 -1.04671 A6 -0.10488813
A5 A6 A7 0.27 p pr A3 -0.578327 A7 0.68157001
T3  ; T4  3 ; T5 
Tpr Tpr Tpr A4 0.5353077 A8 0.68446549

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 250
Gas Formation Volume Factor
Gas FVF represents changes in volume with respect to pressure and
temperature at two different conditions one of which is normally the
surface condition

V p ,T p sc z T
Bg  
V sc T sc p

In field units:
zT
B g  0 .0 2 8 2 7 (ft 3 /sc f)
p
zT
B g  0 .0 0 5 0 3 5 (b b l/scf)
p

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 251
Gas Viscosity
Viscosity of fluid represents how easy the fluid can flow in a
conduit.

Unit: cp (centipoise)
1 poise = 100 cp = 0.1 Pa.s

In general, gas viscosity changes with pressure, temperature

and the mixture composition.

 g  f ( p , T , yi )

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 252
Empirical Correlation for Gas Viscosity by
Carr, Kobayashi and Burrows (1954)
Step 1: Calculate pseudo-critical properties and the corrections to
these properties for the presence of nonhydrocarbon gases (CO2,
H2S, N2)

Step 2: Obtain the (corrected) viscosity of the gas mixture at one

atmosphere and the temperature of interest

1  1   N  CO   H S
uc 2 2 2

Step 3: Calculate the pseudo-reduced pressure and temperature,

and obtain the viscosity ratio (mg/m1)

Step 4: Calculate the gas viscosity from m1 and the viscosity ratio
(mg/m1)

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 253
Atmospheric Gas Viscosity Correlation

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 254
Gas Viscosity Ratio Correlation

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 255
Standing’s Correlation for Atmospheric Gas
Viscosity

 1  1 .7 0 9  1 0  5  2 .0 6 2  1 0  6  g  T  4 6 0  
uc

8 .1 1 8  1 0  3  6 .1 5  1 0  3  lo g   g 

  C O 2  y C O 2  9 .0 8  1 0  lo g   g   6 .2 4  1 0 
 3 3

  N 2  y N 2  8 .4 8  1 0  3  lo g (  g )  9 .5 9  1 0  3 
  H 2 S  y H 2 S  8 .4 9  1 0  3  lo g (  g )  3 .7 3  1 0  3 

1  1  CO   N   H S
uc 2 2 2

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 256
Dempsey’s Correlation for Gas Viscosity Ratio

a0 = −2.46211820
a1 = 2.970547414
a2 = −2.86264054 (10−1)
a3 = 8.05420522 (10−3)
  g  a4 = 2.80860949

ln Tpr    a0  a1 ppr  a2 ppr  a3 ppr 

2 3 a5 = −3.49803305
a6 = 3.60373020 (10−1)
  1  a7 = −1.044324 (10−2)
a8 = −7.93385648 (10−1)
a9 = 1.39643306
Tpr a4  a5 ppr  a6 p2pr  a7 p3pr   a10 = −1.49144925 (10−1)
a11 = 4.41015512 (10−3)
a12 = 8.39387178 (10−2)
Tpr2 a8  a9 ppr  a10 p2pr  a11 p3pr   a13 = −1.86408848 (10−1)
a14 = 2.03367881 (10−2)
a15 = −6.09579263 (10−4)
T a12  a13 ppr  a14 ppr  a15 ppr 

3
pr
2 3

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 257
Empirical Correlation for Gas Viscosity by
Lee, Gonzalez & Eakin (1966)
Lee et al. expressed gas viscosity as a function of temperature,
density and molecular weight of the gas mixture
 g  f (T,  g , M g )

   g Y 
 g  104 K exp  X   
  62.4  
 

986 Y  2.4  0.2 X

X  3.5   0.01M g
T

K
 9.4  0.02 M  T g
1.5

209  19M g  T

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 258
Exercise 4

A gas well is producing at a rate of 15,000 ft3/day from a gas

reservoir at an average pressure of 2,000 psia and a
temperature of 120°F. The specific gravity is 0.72.

Calculate the vicosity of the gas mixture using both graphical

method and empirical correlations.

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 259
Properties of Crude Oil

 Oil density and gravity

 Oil compressibility
 Oil bubble-point pressure
 Solution gas - oil ratio
 Oil formation volume factor
 Oil viscosity

These fluid properties are usually determined by laboratory

experiments. When such experiments are not available, empirical
correlations are used

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 260
Crude Oil Density

The crude oil density is defined as the mass of a unit volume

of the crude oil at a specified pressure and temperature.

mo
o  (lb/ft ) 3

Vo

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 261
Estimate of Oil Density at (p,T) –
General Formula

Above the bubble-point

o  ob exp co  p  pb   (lb/ft ) 3

Below the bubble-point

350.17 o  0.0764 g Rs
o  (lb/ft ) 3

5.615Bo

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 262
Estimate of Oil Density at (p,T) – For Ideal
Solutions with Composition Data
API Method (Daubert and Danner, 1997)
n

C  x MW i i
 p ,T   sc  sc  sc  i 1
C p ,T n
xi MWi

i 1 i , sc

𝜌,

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 263
Estimate of Oil Density at (p,T) – For Ideal
Solutions with Composition Data

API Method (Daubert and Danner, 1997)

C j  A  A T  A T
1
j
2
j j
pr 3
j j 2
pr   A T 4
j
pr 
j 3

Tj Tpc: Pseudo-critical temperature

Tprj 
Tpc j=‘sc’: Standard condition (p=14.7psia,T=520oR)
j=‘p,T’: (p,T) condition

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 264
Estimate of Oil Density at (p,T) – For Ideal
Solutions with Composition Data

Ai  B1,i  B2,i p  B3,i  p

j j
pr
j 2
pr   B4,i  p j 3
pr   B4,i  p j 4
pr 
ppc: Pseudo-critical pressure
pj
p j
pr
p pc j=‘sc’: Standard condition (p=14.7psia,T=520oR)
j=‘p,T’: (p,T) condition

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 265
Exercise 5

Estimate the oil density at 299 oF

and 191 psi for an oil sample
with the given composition data.

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 266
Crude Oil Gravity

The specific gravity of a crude oil is defined as the ratio of

the density of the oil to that of water at standard condition

 o 
 o    ;  wsc  62.4 lbm/ft 3  350.17 lbm/ bbl
  w  sc

oAPI is usually used to reprensent the gravity of the crude

oil as follow
The API gravity of crude oils usually
141.5 ranges from 47° API for the lighter
o
API  -131.5 crude oils to 10° API for the heavier
o crude oils.

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 267
Gas Solubility Rs

Rs is defined as the number of standard cubic feet of gas

dissolved in one stock-tank barrel of crude oil at certain
pressure and temperature.

The solubility of a natural gas in a crude oil is a

strong function of the pressure, temperature, API gravity,
and gas gravity.

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 268
Gas Solubility Rs

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 269
Oil Formation Volume Factor Bo

Oil FVF Bo is defined as the ratio between reservoir volume

of oil and the volume of the same amount of oil at the
surface condition

Vo p ,T
Bo  , bbl/STB
Vosc

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 270
Oil Formation Volume Factor Bo

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 271
Correlations for Oil Systems

 Bubble point pressure

 Solution gas oil ratio

 Oil formation volume factor

 Oil Compressibility

 Oil viscosity

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 272
Bubble Point Pressure

1
 Rsb  C2
pb  
 C3 API  
 C1 g exp   
  T  460  

Parameter Description Unit

pb Bubble-point pressure psi
Rsb Solution GOR at pb scf/stb
g Gas specific gravity none
API Oil gravity oAPI

T Temperature of interest oF

C1, C2, C3 Empirical coefficients none

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 273
Exercise 6

Estimate bubble point pressure of an oil sample for the

following conditions:

- Initial solution gas oil ratio: 500 scf/stb

- Reservoir temperature: 220 oF

- Gas specific gravity: 0.8

- Oil gravity: 30 oAPI

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Solution Gas Oil Ratio Rs

 C3 API 
Rs  C1 g p exp  C2

 T  460 

Parameter Description Unit

Rs Solution gas-oil ratio at p and T scf/stb
g Gas specific gravity none
API Oil gravity oAPI

p Pressure of interest psi

T Temperature of interest oF

C1, C2, C3 Empirical coefficients none

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Empirical Constants for Pb and Rs

Parameter o ≤ 30 oAPI o > 30 oAPI

C1 0.0362 0.0178
C2 1.0937 1.1870
C3 25.7240 23.9310

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Oil FVT Bo – Saturated

  API    API 
Bo  1  A1 Rs  A2 T  60     A3 Rs T  60   
 
 g   g 

Parameter o ≤ 30 oAPI o > 30 oAPI

A1 4.677e-04 4.670e-04
A2 1.751e-05 1.100e-05
A3 -1.811e-08 1.377e-09

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Oil FVT Bo – Undersaturated

Bo  Bob exp  co  pb  p  

Parameter Description Unit

Bo Oil FVF bbl/stb
Bob Oil FVF at bubble point pressure pb bbl/stb
co Oil compressibility 1/psi
pb Bubble point pressure psi
p Pressure of interest psi

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 278
Oil Compressibility co

5 Rsb  17.2T  1180 g  12.61 API  1433

co 
105 p

Parameter Description Unit

co Oil compressibility 1/psi
Rsb Solution GOR at bubble point pressure pb scf/stb
T Temperature of interest oF

p Pressure of interest psi

g Gas specific gravity none
API Oil gravity oAPI

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 279
Oil Viscosity - Undersaturated

m
 p 
 o   ob  
 pb 
m  2.6 p1.187 exp  11.513  8.98  10 5 p 

Parameter Description Unit

o Oil viscosity above the bubbe point cp
mob Oil viscosity at the bubble point pressure cp
pb Bubble point pressure psi
pp Pressure of interest (above bubble point) psi

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 280
Oil Viscosity - Saturated

 o  A od B
A  10.715  Rs  100 
0.515

B  5.44  Rs  150 
0.338

Parameter Description Unit

o Oil viscosity cp
mod Dead oil viscosity cp
Rs Solution gas oil ratio scf/stb

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 281
Oil Viscosity

 od  10 x  1.0
x T 1.163
exp  6.9824  0.04658 API 

Parameter Description Unit

od Dead oil viscosity cp
API Oil gravity oAPI

T Temperature of interest oF

12/30/2024 Dr. Mai Cao Lân, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 282
Exercise 7

For the oil given in Exercise 6, estimate the values of (a) oil
compressibility co, (b) solution gas oil ratio Rs, (c) oil
formation volume factor Bo, and (d) oil viscosity o for the
range of pressure from 100 to 5000 psia. Plot the results as
functions of pressure

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