Wiktionary

Wiktionary (UK: /ˈwɪkʃǝnǝri/ , WIK-shǝ-nǝr-ee; US: /ˈwɪkʃǝnɛri/ ,

WIK-shǝ-nerr-ee; rhyming with "dictionary") is a multilingual, web-based
project to create a free content dictionary of terms (including words,
phrases, proverbs, linguistic reconstructions, etc.) in all natural languages
and in a number of artificial languages. These entries may contain
definitions, images for illustration, pronunciations, etymologies, inflections,
usage examples, quotations, related terms, and translations of terms into
other languages, among other features. It is collaboratively edited via a
wiki. Its name is a portmanteau of the words wiki and dictionary. It is
available in 195 languages and in Simple English. Like its sister project
Wikipedia, Wiktionary is run by the Wikimedia Foundation, and is written
collaboratively by volunteers, dubbed "Wiktionarians". Its wiki software,
MediaWiki, allows almost anyone with access to the website to create and
edit entries.

Wiktionary

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 Logo of English Wiktionary

Screenshot [show]

Type of site Online

dictionary

Available in Multilingual (171

active)[1]

Owner Wikimedia
Foundation

Created by Jimmy Wales

Wikimedia

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 community

URL wiktionary.org (h
ttps://wiktionary.
org)

Commercial No

Registration Optional

Launched December 12,

2002

Current status Active

Because Wiktionary is not limited by print space considerations, most of

Wiktionary's language editions provide definitions and translations of
terms from many languages, and some editions offer additional
information typically found in thesauri.

Wiktionary's data is frequently used in various natural language

processing tasks.

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 History and
development
Wiktionary was brought online on December 12, 2002,[2] following a
proposal by Daniel Alston and an idea by Larry Sanger, co-founder of
Wikipedia.[3] On March 28, 2004, the first non-English Wiktionaries were
initiated in French and Polish. Wiktionaries in numerous other languages
have since been started. Wiktionary was hosted on a temporary domain
name (wiktionary.wikipedia.org) until May 1, 2004, when it switched to the
current domain name.[a] As of July 2021, Wiktionary features over 30
million articles (and even more entries) across its editions.[4] The largest of
the language editions is the English Wiktionary, with over 7.5 million
entries, followed by the French Wiktionary with over 4.7 million and the
Malagasy Wiktionary with over 3.5 million entries. Forty-three Wiktionary
language editions contain over 100,000 entries each.[b]

The use of bots to generate large numbers

of articles is visible as "growth spurts" in
this graph of article counts at the largest
eight Wiktionary editions. (Data as of
December 2009)

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 Many of the definitions at the project's largest language editions were
created by bots that found creative ways to generate entries or (rarely)
automatically imported thousands of entries from previously published
dictionaries. Seven of the 18 bots registered at the English Wiktionary in
2007[c] created 163,000 of the entries there.[5]

Another of these bots, "ThirdPersBot", was responsible for the addition of

a number of third-person conjugations that would not have received their
own entries in standard dictionaries; for instance, it defined "smoulders"
as the "third-person singular simple present form of smoulder." Of the
1,269,938 definitions the English Wiktionary provides for 996,450 English
words, 478,068 are "form of" definitions of this kind.[6] This means that
even without such entries, its coverage of English is significantly larger
than that of major monolingual print dictionaries. Merriam-Webster's Third
New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged, for
instance, has 475,000 entries (with many additional embedded
headwords); the Oxford English Dictionary has 615,000 headwords, but
includes Middle English as well, for which the English Wiktionary has an
additional 34,234 gloss definitions. Detailed statistics exist to show how
many entries of various kinds exist.

The English Wiktionary does not rely on bots to the extent that some other
editions do. The French and Vietnamese Wiktionaries, for example,
imported large sections of the Free Vietnamese Dictionary Project (FVDP),
which provides free content bilingual dictionaries to and from Vietnamese.
[d]
These imported entries make up virtually all of the Vietnamese edition's
contents. Like the English edition, the French Wiktionary has imported
approximately 20,000 entries from the Unihan database of Chinese,
Japanese, Korean and Indian characters. The French Wiktionary grew
rapidly in 2006 thanks in a large part to bots copying many entries from
old, freely licensed dictionaries, such as the eighth edition of the
Dictionnaire de l'Académie française (1935, around 35,000 words), and
using bots to add words from other Wiktionary editions with French

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 translations. The Russian edition grew by nearly 80,000 entries as "LXbot"
added boilerplate entries (with headings, but without definitions) for words
in English and German.[7]

As of July 2021, the English Wiktionary has over 791,870 gloss definitions
and over 1,269,938 total definitions (including different forms) for English
entries alone, with a total of over 9,928,056 definitions across all
languages.[8]

Logos
Wiktionary has historically lacked a uniform logo across its numerous
language editions. Some editions use logos that depict a dictionary entry
about the term "Wiktionary", based on the previous English Wiktionary
logo, which was designed by Brooke Vibber, a MediaWiki developer.[9]
Because a purely textual logo must vary considerably from language to
language, a four-phase contest to adopt a uniform logo was held at the
Wikimedia Meta-Wiki from September to October 2006.[e] Some
communities adopted the winning entry by "Smurrayinchester", a 3×3 grid
of wooden tiles, each bearing a character from a different writing system.
However, the poll did not see as much participation from the Wiktionary
community as some community members had hoped, and a number of the
larger wikis ultimately kept their textual logos.[e]

In April 2009, the issue was resurrected with a new contest. This time, a
depiction by "AAEngelman" of an open hardbound dictionary won a head-
to-head vote against the 2006 logo, but the process to refine and adopt
the new logo then stalled.[10] In the following years, some wikis replaced
their textual logos with one of the two newer logos. In 2012, 55 wikis that

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 had been using the English Wiktionary logo received localized versions of
the 2006 design by "Smurrayinchester".[f] In July 2016, the English
Wiktionary adopted a variant of this logo.[11] As of 4 July 2016, 135 wikis,
representing 61% of Wiktionary's entries, use a logo based on the 2006
design by "Smurrayinchester", 33 wikis (36%) use a textual logo, and
three wikis (3%) use the 2009 design by "AAEngelman".[12]

Multi-lingual
As of January 2025, there are Wiktionary sites for 195 languages of which
171 are active and 24 are closed.[1] The active sites have 42,752,571
articles, and the closed sites have 339 articles.[13] There are 7,441,055
registered users of which 6,873 are recently active.[13]

The top ten Wiktionary language projects by mainspace article count:[13]

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 № Language Wiki Good Total Edits Admins

1 English en 8,291,399 9,922,322 83,495,242 75

2 French fr 6,506,388 7,224,341 36,834,930 33

3 Malagasy mg 4,978,227 5,045,957 34,114,967 2

4 Chinese zh 1,956,209 2,666,634 9,039,434 9

5 Greek el 1,544,134 1,601,748 7,000,685 10

6 Russian ru 1,385,562 2,914,251 13,590,031 15

7 German de 1,153,098 1,337,236 10,179,219 12

8 Kurdish ku 1,004,691 1,100,928 6,030,932 7

9 Swedish sv 969,303 1,009,010 4,090,622 13

10 Spanish es 935,172 992,297 5,682,512 8

For a complete list with totals see Wikimedia Statistics:[14]

Critical reception
Critical reception of Wiktionary has been mixed. In 2006, Jill Lepore wrote
in the article "Noah's Ark" for The New Yorker,[g]

There's no show of hands at Wiktionary. There's not

even an editorial staff. "Be your own
lexicographer!", might be Wiktionary's motto. Who
needs experts? Why pay good money for a

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 dictionary written by lexicographers when we
could cobble one together ourselves?

Wiktionary isn't so much republican or democratic

as Maoist. And it's only as good as the copyright-
expired books from which it pilfers.

Keir Graff's review for Booklist was less critical:

Is there a place for Wiktionary? Undoubtedly. The

industry and enthusiasm of its many creators are
proof that there's a market. And it's wonderful to
have another strong source to use when searching
the odd terms that pop up in today's fast-changing
world and the online environment. But as with so
many Web sources (including this column), it's best
used by sophisticated users in conjunction with
more reputable sources.

References in other publications are fleeting and part of larger discussions

of Wikipedia, not progressing beyond a definition, although David Brooks
in The Nashua Telegraph described it as "wild and woolly".[16] One of the
impediments to independent coverage of Wiktionary is the continuing
confusion that it is merely an extension of Wikipedia.[h]

The measure of correctness of the inflections for a subset of the Polish

words in the English Wiktionary showed that this grammatical data is very
stable (a study showed that only 131 out of 4,748 Polish words have had
their inflection data corrected).[17]

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 As of 2016, Wiktionary has seen growing use in academia.[18]

Wiktionary data in
natural language
processing
Wiktionary has semi-structured data.[19] Wiktionary lexicographic data can
be converted to machine-readable format in order to be used in natural
language processing tasks.[20][21][22]

Wiktionary's data mining is a complex task. There are the following

difficulties:[23]

(1) the constant and frequent

changes to data and schemata
(2) the heterogeneity in
Wiktionary language edition
schemata[i] and

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 (3) the human-centric nature
of a wiki.
There are several parsers for different Wiktionary language editions:[24]

DBpedia Wiktionary :[25] a

subproject of DBpedia, the
data are extracted from
English, French, German, and
Russian Wiktionaries; the data
includes language, parts of
speech, definitions, semantic
relations and translations. The
declarative description of the
page schema,[26] regular

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 expressions[27] and finite state
transducer[28] are used in
order to extract information.
JWKTL (Java Wiktionary
Library) :[29] provides access
to English Wiktionary and
German Wiktionary dumps via
a Java Wiktionary API.[30] The
data includes language, parts
of speech, definitions,
quotations, semantic relations,
etymologies and translations.
JWKTL is distributed under the

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 Apache License.
wikokit :[31] the parser of
English Wiktionary and
Russian Wiktionary.[32] The
parsed data includes language,
parts of speech, definitions,
quotations,[33][j] semantic
relations[34] and translations.
This is a multi-licensed open-
source software.
Etymological entries have
been parsed in the

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 Etymological WordNet project.
[35]

Examples of natural language processing tasks which have been solved

with the help of Wiktionary data include:

Rule-based machine
translation between Dutch
language and Afrikaans; data
of English Wiktionary, Dutch
Wiktionary and Wikipedia were
used with the Apertium
machine translation platform.
[36]

Construction of machine-
readable dictionary by the

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 parser NULEX, which
integrates open linguistic
resources: English Wiktionary,
WordNet, and VerbNet.[37] The
parser NULEX scrapes English
Wiktionary for tense
information (verbs), plural form
and parts of speech (nouns).
Speech recognition and
synthesis, where Wiktionary
was used to automatically
create pronunciation
dictionaries.[38] Word-

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 pronunciation pairs were
retrieved from 6 Wiktionary
language editions (Czech,
English, French, Spanish,
Polish, and German).
Pronunciations are in terms of
the International Phonetic
Alphabet.[k] The ASR system
based on English Wiktionary
has the highest word error rate,
where each third phoneme has
to be changed.[40]
Ontology engineering[41] and

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 semantic network
constructing.[42]
Ontology matching.[43]
Text simplification. Medero &
Ostendorf[44] assessed
vocabulary difficulty (reading
level detection) with the help
of Wiktionary data. Properties
of words extracted from
Wiktionary entries (definition
length and POS, sense, and
translation counts) were

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 investigated. Medero &
Ostendorf expected that
(1) very common words
will be more likely to have
multiple parts of speech,
(2) common words will be
more likely to have
multiple senses,
(3) common words will be
more likely to have been
translated into multiple
languages. These features

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 extracted from Wiktionary
entries were useful in
distinguishing word types
that appear in Simple
English Wikipedia articles
from words that only
appear in the Standard
English comparable
articles.
Part-of-speech tagging. Li et
al. (2012)[45] built multilingual
POS-taggers for eight
resource-poor languages on

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 the basis of English Wiktionary
and hidden Markov models.[l]
Sentiment analysis.[46]
"Wikidata:Lexicographical data" was started in 2018 to provide structured
data support to Wiktionaries. It stores word data of all languages in a
machine readable data model, under a dedicated "Lexeme" namespace in
Wikidata. As of October 2021, the project has amassed over 600,000
lexeme entries of various languages.[47]

See also

Lingua Libre

Notes

a. Wiktionary's current URL is

www.wiktionary.org (http
s://www.wiktionary.org/)

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 s://www.wiktionary.org/)
b. Wiktionary total article
counts are here. Detailed
statistics by word type are
available here [1] (https://e
n.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktio
nary:Statistics#Detail) .
c. The user list (https://en.wik
tionary.org/w/index.php?titl
e=Special%3AListUsers&u
sername=&group=bot&limi
t=60) at the English
Wiktionary identifies
accounts that have been
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 accounts that have been
given "bot status".
d. Hồ Ngọc Đức, Free
Vietnamese Dictionary
Project (http://www.informa
tik.uni-leipzig.de/~duc/Dic
t/) . Details at the
Vietnamese Wiktionary.
e. "Wiktionary/logo", Meta-
Wiki, Wikimedia
Foundation.
f. [Translators-l] 56
Wiktionaries got a localised

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 logo
g. The full article is not
available on-line.[15]
h. In this citation, the author
refers to Wiktionary as part
of the Wikipedia site:
Adapted from an article by
Naomi DeTullio (2006).
"Wikis for Librarians" (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2
0070605203652/http://w
ww.netls.org/NewContent/
NewsAndPictures/NEWSLE

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 TTERS/NEWS2006/142fin
al.pdf) (PDF). NETLS
News #142. Northeast
Texas Library System.
p. 15. Archived from the
original (http://www.netls.o
rg/NewContent/NewsAndP
ictures/NEWSLETTERS/NE
WS2006/142final.pdf)
(PDF newsletter) on June
5, 2007. Retrieved April 21,
2007.
i. E.g. compare the entry

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 structure and formatting
rules in English Wiktionary
and Russian Wiktionary.
j. Quotations are extracted
only from Russian
Wiktionary.[33]
k. If there are several IPA
notations on a Wiktionary
page – either for different
languages or for
pronunciation variants,
then the first pronunciation
was extracted.[39]

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 l. The source code and the
results of POS-tagging are
available at
https://code.google.com/p/
wikily-supervised-pos-
tagger

References

Citations

1. Wikimedia's MediaWiki
API:Sitematrix. Retrieved
January 2025 from

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 January 2025 from
Data:Wikipedia
statistics/meta.tab
2. "Wikipedia mailing list
archive discussion
announcing the opening of
the Wiktionary project" (htt
ps://lists.wikimedia.org/pip
ermail/wikipedia-l/2002-D
ecember/008311.html) .
December 12, 2002.
Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20140620100
425/http://lists.wikimedia.o

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 rg/pipermail/wikipedia-l/20
02-December/008311.htm
l) from the original on June
20, 2014. Retrieved May 3,
2011.
3. Wikipedia mailing list
archive discussion from
Larry Sanger giving the
idea on Wiktionary (https://l
ists.wikimedia.org/pipermai
l/wikipedia-l/2001-April/00
0076.html) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2

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 0140620072635/http://lis
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076.html) June 20, 2014,
at the Wayback Machine –
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wiktionary.org/) .
www.wiktionary.org.
Archived (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20080913141
733/http://www.wiktionary.
org/) from the original on
September 13, 2008.

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 September 13, 2008.
Retrieved October 28,
2021.
5. TheDaveBot (http://tools.wi
kimedia.de/~interiot/cgi-bi
n/count_edits?user=TheDa
veBot&dbname=enwiktiona
ry_p) Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/200710
11064312/http://tools.wiki
media.de/~interiot/cgi-bin/
count_edits?user=TheDave
Bot&dbname=enwiktionary
_p) October 11, 2007, at

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 _p) October 11, 2007, at
the Wayback Machine,
TheCheatBot (http://tools.
wikimedia.de/~interiot/cgi-
bin/count_edits?user=The
CheatBot&dbname=enwikti
onary_p) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2
0071011064411/http://tool
s.wikimedia.de/~interiot/cgi
-bin/count_edits?user=The
CheatBot&dbname=enwikti
onary_p) October 11,
2007, at the Wayback

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 2007, at the Wayback
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p://tools.wikimedia.de/~inte
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er=Websterbot&dbname=e
nwiktionary_p) Archived (h
ttps://web.archive.org/web/
20071011064313/http://to
ols.wikimedia.de/~interiot/c
gi-bin/count_edits?user=W
ebsterbot&dbname=enwikti
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Machine, PastBot (http://to

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 ols.wikimedia.de/~interiot/c
gi-bin/count_edits?user=Pa
stBot&dbname=enwiktiona
ry_p) Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/200710
11064300/http://tools.wiki
media.de/~interiot/cgi-bin/
count_edits?user=PastBo
t&dbname=enwiktionary_p)
October 11, 2007, at the
Wayback Machine,
NanshuBot (http://tools.wik
imedia.de/~interiot/cgi-bin/
count_edits?user=NanshuB

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 count_edits?user=NanshuB
ot&dbname=enwiktionary_
p) Archived (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/200710110
64233/http://tools.wikimed
ia.de/~interiot/cgi-bin/coun
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bname=enwiktionary_p)
October 11, 2007, at the
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6. Detailed statistics (https://e
n.wiktionary.org/w/index.ph
p?title=Wiktionary:Statistic
s/generated&oldid=63135

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 s/generated&oldid=63135
332) Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/202107
23054334/https://en.wikti
onary.org/w/index.php?title
=Wiktionary:Statistics/gene
rated&oldid=63135332)
July 23, 2021, at the
Wayback Machine as of
July 21, 2021
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e.org/web/200805240153
03/http://tools.wikimedia.d
e/~interiot/cgi-bin/count_e

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 e/~interiot/cgi-bin/count_e
dits?user=LXbot&dbname
=ruwiktionary_p) .
Archived from the original (
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nteriot/cgi-bin/count_edits?
user=LXbot&dbname=ruwi
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s://en.wiktionary.org/w/ind
ex.php?title=Wiktionary:Sta
tistics&oldid=66261764) .
March 29, 2022. Archived

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tistics&oldid=66261764)
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External links

Official website (https://wiktion

ary.org/)
Wikipedia:List of Wiktionaries
List of all Wiktionary editions

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 Wiktionary (https://f-droid.org/
packages/org.wiktionary/)
Android package at the F-
Droid repository
Wiktionary's multilingual
statistics (https://en.wiktionary.
org/wiki/Wiktionary:Multilingua
l_statistics)
Wikimedia's page on
Wiktionary (including list of all
existing Wiktionaries)
Pages about Wiktionary in

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary 8/1/25, 22 23
Page 72 of 73
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 Meta.

Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Wiktionary&oldid=1261131266"

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