LAB REPORT 2

on

Microprocessor-based System Design

Course Code: CSE 706
Submission Date: 25 May, 2024

Submitted By
Durjoy Chandra Paul
Reg No: 2019331514
Session: 2019-20

Submitted To

Gourab Roy
Adjunct Lecturer
Department of CSE
Sylhet Engineering College

Peripheral & Interfacing Lab

Microprocessor-based System Design

Abstract
This report examines how a microprocessor-based system is built, explaining what the
microprocessor and other important parts do. It covers the entire design process, including
how to choose the chips and devices that connect to the microprocessor. This report
provides a step-by-step guide for designing such a system, with clear explanations and
references to other sources for further reading.

Introduction
The exponential growth of technology in recent decades can be directly attributed to the
relentless advancement of microprocessor-based systems. These systems are the

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fundamental building blocks of modern electronics, powering everything from simple
household appliances to complex industrial robots and high-performance supercomputers.
The central processing unit (CPU), or microprocessor, acts as the brain of these systems.
This highly integrated circuit executes instructions, performs calculations, and manages the
flow of data. However, the microprocessor doesn't operate in isolation. It collaborates with
a team of crucial components to achieve its full potential. These components include:

● Memory Units: These act as the system's short-term and long-term storage
facilities, holding data and programs essential for operation.
● Input/Output (I/O) Ports: These ports act as gateways, allowing the system to
interact with external devices like keyboards, sensors, and displays.
● Bus System: This internal network acts as a data highway, enabling communication
and data transfer between the microprocessor and other components.
● Interfacing Chips: These specialized chips act as translators, facilitating
communication between the microprocessor and various peripherals with diverse
protocols.

Understanding the intricate interplay between these components is paramount for

designing efficient and reliable microprocessor-based systems. The design process itself is
a methodical journey, starting with defining the system's specific requirements.

This lab report delves into the fascinating world of microprocessor-based systems,
providing a comprehensive understanding of their architecture. It meticulously details the
roles of each individual component and sheds light on the intricate design process. By
exploring the fundamental principles and methodologies involved in creating these
systems, this report serves as a valuable resource for students, engineers, and anyone with
a passion for understanding the inner workings of the technology that shapes our world.

Objective

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This lab report sets out to give you a deep dive into the design and architecture of systems
built around microprocessors. These systems are everywhere in modern electronics, from
everyday gadgets to powerful industrial machines. Here's what this report will cover:

1. Breaking Down the Parts: We'll explore what each key component in a
microprocessor system does and how they work together. This includes the
microprocessor itself, memory, input/output ports, the data highway (bus), the
clock, power supply, and special chips for talking to other devices.
2. Building from Scratch: We'll map out a step-by-step process for designing your
own microprocessor system. This includes figuring out what the system needs to do,
choosing the right microprocessor, designing how memory will be used, picking the
right helper chips, creating blueprints (schematics), laying out the circuit board,
building a prototype, and finally testing everything thoroughly.
3. Choosing Wisely: We'll provide tips on how to pick the best components for your
project, considering how well they work together, what features they offer, their
speed, how much power they use, and of course, the cost. This will help you create a
system that performs well and meets the specific needs of your project.
4. Real-World Examples: We'll explore how microprocessor-based systems are used
in all sorts of fields, from computers and communication networks to cars, medical
equipment, and even factory robots.
5. Building a Foundation: This report aims to be a springboard for anyone new to
microprocessor system design, including students, engineers, and professionals. By
the end, you'll have the knowledge and skills to tackle even more complex projects.

Overall, this report goes beyond just teaching you about these systems - it empowers you
to design, build, and use them in your own work, whether for school, research, or your
career. With this comprehensive guide, you'll be well on your way to creating custom
microprocessor-based systems to solve your specific problems.

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Architecture of a Microprocessor-Based System

Let's delve into the essential parts that make a microprocessor-based system:

1. The Maestro: The Microprocessor (CPU)

Imagine the conductor of an orchestra. The microprocessor, often called the CPU (Central
Processing Unit), plays a similar role. It's the brain of the system, fetching instructions from
memory, performing calculations, and managing data flow.expand_more This highly
integrated circuit is like a tiny conductor's stand, issuing commands and overseeing the
entire operation.

2. The Memory Banks: Memory Units

A system needs a place to store information, and that's where memory units come
in.expand_more These act as the short-term and long-term storage facilities. They hold
data (like numbers and text) and programs (instructions for the microprocessor) that are

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essential for the system to function.expand_more There are different types of memory,
each with its strengths, like RAM for temporary storage and ROM for permanent
instructions.

3. The Information Highway: The Bus System

Think of a multi-lane highway. The bus system functions similarly, providing a pathway for
data transfer within the system.expand_more It allows the microprocessor to communicate
with other components like memory and peripherals.expand_more Different data buses
exist, each with a specific width (number of lanes) determining how much information can
be transferred at once.

4. Input/Output (I/O) Ports: The Gateways to the World

These ports act as the system's connection points to the outside world.expand_more They
allow users to interact with the system through devices like keyboards, mice, displays, and

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sensors.expand_more I/O ports essentially translate signals from external devices into a
language the microprocessor can understand and vice versa.

5. The Translators: Interfacing Chips

Imagine a conference with participants speaking different languages. Interfacing chips play
a similar role. They act as translators, facilitating communication between the
microprocessor and various peripherals that might use different protocols (languages) to
communicate. These chips ensure everyone speaks the same language and data flows
smoothly.

6. The Powerhouse: Power Supply

Just like any device, a microprocessor-based system needs a steady flow of power to
function.exclamation The power supply unit provides the necessary voltage and current to
keep all the components running smoothly.

7. The Timekeeper: The Clock Generator

Every system needs a sense of timing. The clock generator provides a constant stream of
pulses that synchronize the operations of all components.expand_more It ensures
everything happens in the right order, similar to how a conductor keeps the orchestra in
perfect rhythm.

By understanding these key components and how they interact, you can gain a deeper
appreciation for the intricate world of microprocessor-based systems that power our
modern world.

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Design Process
1. Define System Requirements

● 1.1 Functional Requirements: This stage clearly defines the tasks the system must
perform. A detailed document outlining the specific functionalities expected from
the system should be created. This includes identifying:
○ Processing tasks (calculations, data manipulation)
○ Control tasks (actuator control, sensor monitoring)
○ User interaction methods (keypad inputs, display outputs)
● 1.2 Performance Requirements: Performance criteria such as speed, power
consumption, and reliability are established. Metrics for these criteria should be
documented, including:
○ Processing speed (instructions per second)
○ Data throughput (bytes per second)
○ Power consumption (watts)
○ Mean time between failures (MTBF)
● 1.3 Interfacing Needs: The types of peripherals the system needs to interact with
and the communication protocols used are identified. This should be documented
in a table outlining:
○ Peripheral type (sensor, display, communication module)
○ Required data rates
○ Communication protocol (SPI, I2C, etc.)

2. Select Microprocessor

Based on the defined system requirements, a microprocessor that meets the processing
power, speed, and compatibility needs is chosen. A selection document should be created
outlining the chosen microprocessor and the rationale behind the selection. This document
should consider factors like:

● Microprocessor Architecture: (e.g., Harvard vs. von Neumann)

● Clock Speed: (e.g., MHz, GHz)

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 ● Number of Cores: (single-core, multi-core)
● Instruction Set Compatibility: Compatibility with required development tools and
peripherals
● Power Consumption: (important for battery-powered applications)
● Availability of Development Tools: Ease of development and debugging

3. Design Memory Layout

The memory map is planned, allocating address space for ROM, RAM, and I/O devices. A
memory map document should be created specifying:

● Total Memory Size: Required for program code, data storage, and peripheral
interaction
● RAM Allocation: Size and location of RAM for program variables and temporary
data
● ROM Allocation: Size and location of ROM for storing permanent program code
● I/O Memory Allocation: Address space reserved for communication with
peripherals

4. Choose Interfacing Chips

Appropriate interfacing chips are selected based on the types of peripherals and
communication protocols identified in step 1.3. A selection document outlining the chosen
interfacing chips and their functionalities should be created. This document should
consider:

● Peripheral Compatibility: Ensuring the interfacing chip can communicate with the
chosen peripherals
● Data Rates and Resolution: Matching the interfacing chip's capabilities to the
peripheral's requirements
● Communication Protocol Support: Verifying the interfacing chip supports the
required protocol (SPI, I2C, etc.)

5. Develop Schematic

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A detailed schematic diagram is created that shows all connections between the
microprocessor, memory, interfacing chips, and peripherals. This serves as the blueprint
for the system and should be documented electronically using industry-standard Computer
Aided Design (CAD) tools. The schematic should ensure:

● Correct Component Connections: All components are wired together according to

their datasheets
● Signal Integrity: Signal paths are designed to minimize noise and interference

6. Design PCB Layout

The printed circuit board (PCB) layout is designed, ensuring proper placement and routing
of components. The PCB layout document should be created electronically using CAD tools
and consider:

● Component Placement: Minimizing signal paths and interference between

components
● Power and Ground Planes: Designing proper power and ground planes for stable
operation
● Heat Dissipation: Ensuring proper heat dissipation for components that generate
heat (e.g., voltage regulators)

7. Prototype and Test

A prototype of the system is built and rigorously tested to ensure it meets all specifications
and performs reliably under various conditions. A detailed test plan document should be
created outlining the testing procedures. This includes:

● Functional Testing: Verifying the system performs all required tasks as outlined in
step 1.1
● Performance Testing: Measuring system performance metrics defined in step 1.2
(speed, power consumption)
● Stress Testing: Testing system behavior under extreme conditions (high
temperature, voltage variations)

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Selection of Interfacing Chips and Peripherals
Selecting the right interfacing chips is critical for a smooth-running system. Here's the
shortlist:

● Compatibility: Ensure all components speak the same language (protocols, voltage
levels, timing).
● Functionality: Pick the right tool for the job (ADC for analog signals, UART for serial
communication).
● Speed: Match data throughput and latency needs of peripherals with interfacing
chip capabilities.
● Power Consumption: Opt for low-power options, especially for battery-powered
systems.
● Cost: Balance functionality and performance with budget constraints.

By following these tips, you'll create a well-orchestrated system that functions efficiently
and stays within budget.

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Conclusion

This report delves into the world of microprocessor-based systems, the brains behind
countless modern devices. We explored the core components - the microprocessor itself,
memory units, communication ports, and more. We then charted the design process, from
defining the system's purpose to building and testing a prototype. Choosing the right
components is vital, considering factors like compatibility, speed, and power consumption.
Finally, we highlighted the diverse applications of these systems, showcasing their impact
across various fields.

This report serves as a springboard for anyone interested in microprocessor system design.
By understanding the core principles and methodologies, you'll be equipped to tackle your
own projects and contribute to the ever-evolving landscape of technology.

References:
1. ResearchGate
2. geeksforgeeks
3. eeeguid.com

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