Introduction To Research
Introduction To Research
Research?
A careful investigation for new facts in any
branch of knowledge
Redman and Mory: Research is a
systematic effort to gain new knowledge
What is research?
Re Search Process
Step by step
again find Phases
Research
Is a process in looking at solution of a given
problem which can be used as basis for :
Improve methods
For publication/patent
Therefore,
RESEARCH concerns
with WHAT (facts and
conclusions) and HOW
(scientific; critical
components).
Research is a iterative
process that eventually
seeks to explain or solve
an identified problem.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
• Directed towards the solution of problems.
• The ultimate goal is to discover cause-and-effect relationship
between social problems
• Emphasis the development of generalizations, principles or theories
• Based upon observable experience or empirical evidence
• Demands accurate observations and description.
• Involves gathering new data from primary sources or using existence
data for new purpose.
• Requires expertise.
• Characterized by patient and unhurried activity.
• Carefully recorded and reported.
• Interdisciplinary in nature
• Sometimes requires courage.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
Systematic- All steps must be inter related- one to another
Logical- Agreeing with the principles of logic
Empirical-Conclusions should be based on
evidences/observations
Objectivity- It must answer the research questions
Replicable- reproducible
Transmittable
Quality control- Accurate measurements
Research
I will find
informal what you
need
Types of Research
1. According to Purpose
Fundamental/Pure/Basic
- Lab research
Applied
- evaluation
- action
- social impact
Basic
– starting point for the search of
new knowledge.
-provides a foundation for knowledge
and foundations that are generalizable
to many policy areas, problems or area
of study
-Source of the tools – methods,
theories, ideas
• research is driven by a scientist's curiosity or
interest in a scientific question. The main
motivation is to expand man's knowledge, not
to create or invent something. There is no
obvious commercial value to the discoveries
that result from basic research.
For example, basic science investigations probe for answers to questions
such as:
How did the universe begin?
What are protons, neutrons, and electrons composed of?
How do slime molds reproduce?
What is the specific genetic code of the fruit fly?
Applied Research
• refers to scientific study and research that
seeks to solve practical problems. Applied
research is used to find solutions to everyday
problems, cure illness, and develop innovative
technologies, rather than to acquire
knowledge for knowledge's sake.
• For example, applied researchers may investigate ways to:
Improve agricultural crop production
• Treat or cure a specific disease
• Improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, or modes of
transportation
– application of the methods, ideas,
theories from basic research
-Want to apply and tailored knowledge to
address a specific practical issue;
- towards development of more efficient
• Experimental – group samples and make one group listen to music and
then compare the bp levels
• Survey – ask people how they feel ? How often they listen? And then
compare
According to Methods
Historical – The purpose is to collect,
verify, synthesize evidence to establish
facts that defend or refute your
hypothesis. It uses primary sources,
secondary sources, and lots of
qualitative data sources such as logs,
diaries, official records, reports, etc. The
limitation is that the sources must be
both authentic and
Historical Research
Application
• Historical research can show patterns that
occurred in the past and over time which can
help us to see where we came from and what
• Historical kinds of solutions we have used in the past.
• Understanding this can add perspective on how
research is we examine current events and educational
practices.
research
The steps involved in the conduct of historical
involving analysis research
of events that Here are the five steps:
1.Identification of the research topic and
occurred in the formulation of the research problem or
question.
remote or recent 2. Data collection or literature review
3. Evaluation of materials
past 4. Data synthesis
5. Report preparation or preparation of the
narrative exposition
Descriptive
Research
• refers to research that provides an accurate
portrayal of characteristics of a particular
individual, situation, or group. Descriptive
research, also known as statistical research.
• These studies are a means of discovering new
meaning, describing what exists, determining the
frequency with which something occurs, and
categorizing information.
Descriptive – It attempts to
describe and explain conditions of the
present by using many subjects and
questionnaires to fully describe a
phenomenon. Survey research design
/survey methodology is one of the most
popular for thesis/dissertation
• In short descriptive research deals with
everything that can be counted and studied,
which has an impact of the lives of the people
it deals with.
For example:
• finding the most frequent disease that affects
the children of a town. The reader of the
research will know what to do to prevent that
disease thus, more people will live a healthy
life.
Case and Field Research Design
• Also called ethnographic research, it uses
direct observation to give a complete
snapshot of a case that is being studied. It is
useful when not much is known about a
phenomenon. Uses few subjects.
Developmental or Time Series
Research Design
• Data are collected at certain
points in time going forward.
There is an emphasis on time
patterns and longitudinal growth
or change.
Quasi Experimental
Research Design
explore
describe
explain
General Approaches
to Research
1. Qualitative
2. Quantitative
3. Mixed Method
General Approaches to Research
In social sciences and later in other disciplines, the following two research methods can
be applied, depending on the properties of the subject matter and on the objective of
the research
Qualitative Quantitative
understanding of human involves analysis of
behavior and the reasons that
govern such behavior, numerical data and
involves analysis of data using their relationship
words (e.g., from interviews),
pictures (e.g., video), or
objects (e.g., an artifact)
Inductive -
Qualitative research is research dealing with
phenomena that are difficult or impossible to
quantify mathematically, such as beliefs, meanings,
attributes, and symbols
7. Inform 2. Actual
others perspective
Acknowledge
Social Self
Theory
6. Interpret 3. Design
Data study
5. Analyze 4. Collect
Data Data
Steps in Qualitative
Research
2. Quantitative
- deductive – from theory to fact
- establish cause-effect relationship
- relate occurrence of a variable with other
variables
- Establish generalizations for prediction and
control
Quantitative Research
• refers to the systematic empirical
investigation of any phenomena via
statistical, mathematical or
computational techniques. The objective
of quantitative research is to develop
and employ mathematical
models, theories and/or hypotheses
pertaining to phenomena
1. Select
Topic
7. Inform 2. Focus
others Question
Acknowledge
Social Self
Theory
6. Interpret 3. Design
Data study
5. Analyze 4. Collect
Data Data
Steps in Qualitative
Research
General Approaches
to Research
Mixed Method Approach
Qualitative + Quantitative
Types of Research in Public Administration
Social sciences – anthropology (the study
of humankind, in particular.
the comparative study of human
societies and cultures and their
development), psychology (study of the
mind and behavior), Ex.
The 7 habit of emotionally Intelligent
People?
Situational theory of Leadership?
political science, and sociology, involving
the study of people, their belief, behavior,
interaction, institutional, etc.
Types of Research in Public Administration
political science, and sociology, involving
the study of people, their belief, behavior,
interaction, institutional, etc.
Needs assessment
Process evaluations
Outcome evaluations
Workshop # 1: Brainstorming
& Mind-mapping
identify issues/concerns/problems in
their community and identify
appropriate type of research that can be
used to answer or solve the problem
Difference Between Issues and Problems
issue, you generally can readily come up with the solution. A
problem, on the other hand, is not something that you can solve
without forethought, and even a certain amount of guesswork.
An issue is smaller, not life altering, and it doesn’t present such a degree of
difficulty that you have to seek out the counsel of others in order to figure
out the impact of the issue. A problem is larger in scale, often large enough
to alter your life either temporarily or permanently. A problem can easily
require the advice and guidance of those around you, in order to solve it.
3. W. Lawrence Newman
Social Research Methods 6th Ed
University of Wisconsin at Whitewater 2006
4. UP IMRI Manila
Lecture on Doing Research
PUNP, 2011