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Svelte en

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

69 views115 pages

Svelte en

Uploaded by

Youssef El mansouri

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 115

SVELTE Docs - English

1
svelte

Table of contents
Overview 4
Getting started 5
Reactivity fundamentals 7
Ex 9
Component fundamentals 10
Basic markup 14
Control flow 19
Snippets 22
Styles and classes 27
Transitions and animations 31
Actions 39
Bindings 41
Special elements 47
Data fetching 51
Ex 53
State 54
Side effects 59
Ex 66
Stores 67
Context 73
Lifecycle hooks 76
Imperative component api 80
Ex 82
Debugging 83
Testing 85
Typescript 89
Custom elements 94
Reactivity indepth 98
Svelte 5 migration guide 99
Ex 100
State 101
Svelte 102
Svelte action 103
Svelte animate 104

2
SVELTE Docs - English

Svelte compiler 105

Svelte easing 106
Svelte events 107
Svelte legacy 108
Svelte motion 109
Svelte reactivity 110
Svelte server 111
Svelte store 112
Svelte transition 113
Ex 114

3
svelte

Overview
Short intro to what Svelte is and why it's the best ever
A few code examples to have a very rough understanding of how Svelte code looks like
Jump off points to tutorial, SvelteKit etc

Svelte is a web UI framework that uses a compiler to turn declarative component code like this...

<! file: App.svelte --->

function increment() {
count += 1;
}
</script>

<button onclick={increment}>
clicks: {count}
</button>

...into tightly optimized JavaScript that updates the document when state like count changes. Because the
compiler can 'see' where count is referenced, the generated code is highly efficient, and because we're hi‐
jacking syntax like $state(...) and = instead of using cumbersome APIs, you can write less code.

Besides being fun to work with, Svelte offers a lot of features built-in, such as animations and transitions.
Once you've written your first components you can reach for our batteries included metaframework
SvelteKit which provides you with an opinionated router, data loading and more.

If you're new to Svelte, visit the interactive tutorial before consulting this documentation. You can try Svelte
online using the REPL. Alternatively, if you'd like a more fully-featured environment, you can try Svelte on
StackBlitz.

Go to TOC

4
Getting started

Getting started
npm create svelte@latest , describe that it scaffolds SvelteKit project
npm create vite@latest , describe that it scaffolds Svelte SPA powered by Vite
mention svelte-add
Jump off points to tutorial, SvelteKit etc

Start a new project

We recommend using SvelteKit, the official application framework from the Svelte team:

npm create svelte@latest myapp

cd myapp
npm install
npm run dev

SvelteKit will handle calling the Svelte compiler to convert your .svelte files into .js files that create the
DOM and .css files that style it. It also provides all the other pieces you need to build a web application
such as a development server, routing, deployment, and SSR support. SvelteKit uses Vite to build your
code.

Don't worry if you don't know Svelte yet! You can ignore all the nice features SvelteKit brings on top for now
and dive into it later.

Alternatives to SvelteKit
If you don't want to use SvelteKit for some reason, you can also use Svelte with Vite (but without SvelteKit)
by running npm create vite@latest and selecting the svelte option. With this, npm run build will
generate HTML, JS and CSS files inside the dist directory thanks using vite-plugin-svelte. In most cases,
you will probably need to choose a routing library as well.

Alternatively, there are plugins for Rollup, Webpack and a few others to handle Svelte compilation — which
will output .js and .css that you can insert into your HTML — but setting up SSR with them requires
more manual work.

Editor tooling
The Svelte team maintains a VS Code extension and there are integrations with various other editors and
tools as well.

You can also check your code from the command line using svelte-check (using the Svelte or Vite CLI setup
will install this for you).

5
svelte

Getting help
Don't be shy about asking for help in the Discord chatroom! You can also find answers on Stack Overflow.

Go to TOC

6
Reactivity fundamentals

Reactivity fundamentals
Reactivity is at the heart of interactive UIs. When you click a button, you expect some kind of response. It's
your job as a developer to make this happen. It's Svelte's job to make your job as intuitive as possible, by
providing a good API to express reactive systems.

Runes
Svelte 5 uses runes, a powerful set of primitives for controlling reactivity inside your Svelte components and
inside .svelte.js and .svelte.ts modules.

Runes are function-like symbols that provide instructions to the Svelte compiler. You don't need to import
them from anywhere — when you use Svelte, they're part of the language.

The following sections introduce the most important runes for declare state, derived state and side effects
at a high level. For more details refer to the later sections on state and side effects.

$state
Reactive state is declared with the $state rune:

<button onclick={() => count++}>

clicks: {count}
</button>

You can also use $state in class fields (whether public or private):

// @errors: 7006 2554

class Todo {
done = $state(false);
text = $state();

constructor(text) {
this.text = text;
}
}

$derived
Derived state is declared with the $derived rune:

7
svelte

<button onclick={() => count++}>

{doubled}
</button>

<p>{count} doubled is {doubled}</p>

The expression inside $derived(...) should be free of side-effects. Svelte will disallow state changes
(e.g. count++ ) inside derived expressions.

As with $state , you can mark class fields as $derived .

$effect
To run side-effects when the component is mounted to the DOM, and when values change, we can use the
$effect rune (demo):

let canvas;

$effect(() => {
const context = canvas.getContext('2d');
context.clearRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);

// this will re-run whenever `color` or `size` change

context.fillStyle = color;
context.fillRect(0, 0, size, size);
});
</script>

<canvas bind:this={canvas} width="100" height="100" />

The function passed to $effect will run when the component mounts, and will re-run after any changes to
the values it reads that were declared with $state or $derived (including those passed in with $props ).
Re-runs are batched (i.e. changing color and size in the same moment won't cause two separate runs),
and happen after any DOM updates have been applied.

Go to TOC

8
Introduction

Introduction

Go to TOC

9
svelte

Component fundamentals
script (module) / template / style (rough overview)
$props / $state (in the context of components)

Components are the building blocks of Svelte applications. They are written into .svelte files, using a su‐
perset of HTML.

All three sections — script, styles and markup — are optional.

Public API of a component

Svelte uses the $props rune to declare properties or props, which means describing the public interface of
the component which becomes accessible to consumers of the component.

$props is one of several runes, which are special hints for Svelte's compiler to make things reactive.

// Values that are passed in as props

// are immediately available
console.log({ foo, bar, baz });
</script>

You can specify a fallback value for a prop. It will be used if the component's consumer doesn't specify the
prop on the component when instantiating the component, or if the passed value is undefined at some
point.

10
Component fundamentals

To get all properties, use rest syntax:

You can use reserved words as prop names.

If you're using TypeScript, you can declare the prop types:

let { required, optional, ...everythingElse }: Props = $props();

</script>

If you're using JavaScript, you can declare the prop types using JSDoc:

// or use @typedef if you want to document the properties:

/**
* @typedef {Object} MyProps
* @property {string} y Some documentation
*/

/** @type {MyProps} */

let { y } = $props();
</script>

If you export a const , class or function , it is readonly from outside the component.

export function greet(name) {

alert(`hello ${name}!`);
}
</script>

11
svelte

Readonly props can be accessed as properties on the element, tied to the component using bind:this
syntax.

Reactive variables
To change component state and trigger a re-render, just assign to a locally declared variable that was de‐
clared using the $state rune.

Update expressions ( count += 1 ) and property assignments ( obj.x = y ) have the same effect.

function handleClick() {
// calling this function will trigger an
// update if the markup references `count`
count = count + 1;
}
</script>

Svelte's <script> blocks are run only when the component is created, so assignments within a <script>
block are not automatically run again when a prop updates.

If you'd like to react to changes to a prop, use the $derived or $effect runes instead.

let double = $derived(count * 2);

$effect(() => {
if (count > 10) {
alert('Too high!');
}
});
</script>

For more information on reactivity, read the documentation around runes.

You can export bindings from this block, and they will become exports of the compiled module.

12
Component fundamentals

You cannot export default , since the default export is the component itself.

// the export keyword allows this function to imported with e.g.

// `import Example, { alertTotal } from './Example.svelte'`
export function alertTotal() {
alert(totalComponents);
}
</script>

For more information regarding styling, read the documentation around styles and classes.

Go to TOC

13
svelte

Basic markup
basically what we have in the Svelte docs today

Tags
A lowercase tag, like <div> , denotes a regular HTML element. A capitalised tag, such as <Widget> or
<Namespace.Widget> , indicates a component.

Attributes and props

By default, attributes work exactly like their HTML counterparts.

<div class="foo">
<button disabled>can't touch this</button>
</div>

As in HTML, values may be unquoted.

<input type=checkbox />

Attribute values can contain JavaScript expressions.

<a href="page/{p}">page {p}</a>

Or they can be JavaScript expressions.

Boolean attributes are included on the element if their value is truthy and excluded if it's falsy.

All other attributes are included unless their value is nullish ( null or undefined ).

<input required={false} placeholder="This input field is not required" />

<div title={null}>This div has no title attribute</div>

Quoting a singular expression does not affect how the value is parsed yet, but in Svelte 6 it will:

<button disabled="{number !== 42}">...</button>

When the attribute name and value match ( name={name} ), they can be replaced with {name} .

14
Basic markup

By convention, values passed to components are referred to as properties or props rather than attributes,
which are a feature of the DOM.

As with elements, name={name} can be replaced with the {name} shorthand.

<Widget foo={bar} answer={42} text="hello" />

Spread attributes allow many attributes or properties to be passed to an element or component at once.

An element or component can have multiple spread attributes, interspersed with regular ones.

<Widget {...things} />

The value attribute of an input element or its children option elements must not be set with
spread attributes when using bind:group or bind:checked . Svelte needs to be able to see the ele‐
ment's value directly in the markup in these cases so that it can link it to the bound variable.

Sometimes, the attribute order matters as Svelte sets attributes sequentially in JavaScript. For exam‐
ple, <input type="range" min="0" max="1" value={0.5} step="0.1"/> , Svelte will attempt to
set the value to 1 (rounding up from 0.5 as the step by default is 1), and then set the step to 0.1 .
To fix this, change it to <input type="range" min="0" max="1" step="0.1" value={0.5}/> .

Another example is <img src="..." loading="lazy" /> . Svelte will set the img src before mak‐
ing the img element loading="lazy" , which is probably too late. Change this to <img loading="la
zy" src="..."> to make the image lazily loaded.

Events
Listening to DOM events is possible by adding attributes to the element that start with on . For example, to
listen to the click event, add the onclick attribute to a button:

<button onclick={() => console.log('clicked')}>click me</button>

Event attributes are case sensitive. onclick listens to the click event, onClick listens to the Click
event, which is different. This ensures you can listen to custom events that have uppercase characters in
them.

15
svelte

Because events are just attributes, the same rules as for attributes apply:

you can use the shorthand form: <button {onclick}>click me</button>

you can spread them: <button {...thisSpreadContainsEventAttributes}>click me</button>
component events are just (callback) properties and don't need a separate concept

Timing-wise, event attributes always fire after events from bindings (e.g. oninput always fires after an up‐
date to bind:value ). Under the hood, some event handlers are attached directly with addEventListen‐
er , while others are delegated.

Event delegation
To reduce memory footprint and increase performance, Svelte uses a technique called event delegation.
This means that for certain events — see the list below — a single event listener at the application root
takes responsibility for running any handlers on the event's path.

There are a few gotchas to be aware of:

when you manually dispatch an event with a delegated listener, make sure to set the { bubbles: true
} option or it won't reach the application root
when using addEventListener directly, avoid calling stopPropagation or the event won't reach the
application root and handlers won't be invoked. Similarly, handlers added manually inside the application
root will run before handlers added declaratively deeper in the DOM (with e.g. onclick={...} ), in both
capturing and bubbling phases. For these reasons it's better to use the on function imported from
svelte/events rather than addEventListener , as it will ensure that order is preserved and stop‐
Propagation is handled correctly.

The following event handlers are delegated:

beforeinput
click
change
dblclick
contextmenu
focusin
focusout
input
keydown
keyup
mousedown
mousemove
mouseout
mouseover
mouseup
pointerdown

16
Basic markup

pointermove
pointerout
pointerover
pointerup
touchend
touchmove
touchstart

Text expressions
A JavaScript expression can be included as text by surrounding it with curly braces.

{expression}

Curly braces can be included in a Svelte template by using their HTML entity strings: { , { ,
or { for { and } , } , or } for } .

If you're using a regular expression ( RegExp ) literal notation, you'll need to wrap it in parentheses.

<h1>Hello {name}!</h1>
<p>{a} + {b} = {a + b}.</p>

<div>{(/^[A-Za-z ]+$/).test(value) ? x : y}</div>

The expression will be stringified and escaped to prevent code injections. If you want to render HTML, use
the {@html} tag instead.

{@html potentiallyUnsafeHtmlString}

Make sure that you either escape the passed string or only populate it with values that are under your
control in order to prevent XSS attacks

Comments
You can use HTML comments inside components.

<h1>Hello world</h1>

Comments beginning with svelte-ignore disable warnings for the next block of markup. Usually, these
are accessibility warnings; make sure that you're disabling them for a good reason.

You can add a special comment starting with @component that will show up when hovering over the com‐
ponent name in other files.

17
svelte

<script>
let { name } = $props();
</script>

<main>
<h1>
Hello, {name}
</h1>
</main>

Go to TOC

18
Control flow

Control flow
if
each
await (or move that into some kind of data loading section?)
NOT: key (move into transition section, because that's the common use case)

Svelte augments HTML with control flow blocks to be able to express conditionally rendered content or lists.

The syntax between these blocks is the same:

{# denotes the start of a block

{: denotes a different branch part of the block. Depending on the block, there can be multiple of these
{/ denotes the end of a block

{#if ...}
<! copy: false --->
{#if expression}...{/if}

<! copy: false --->

{#if expression}...{:else if expression}...{/if}

<! copy: false --->

{#if expression}...{:else}...{/if}

Content that is conditionally rendered can be wrapped in an if block.

{#if answer === 42}

<p>what was the question?</p>
{/if}

Additional conditions can be added with {:else if expression} , optionally ending in an {:else} clause.

{#if porridge.temperature > 100}

<p>too hot!</p>
{:else if 80 > porridge.temperature}
<p>too cold!</p>
{:else}
<p>just right!</p>
{/if}

(Blocks don't have to wrap elements, they can also wrap text within elements!)

{#each ...}
<! copy: false --->
{#each expression as name}...{/each}

19
svelte

<! copy: false --->

{#each expression as name, index}...{/each}

<! copy: false --->

{#each expression as name (key)}...{/each}

<! copy: false --->

{#each expression as name, index (key)}...{/each}

<! copy: false --->

{#each expression as name}...{:else}...{/each}

Iterating over lists of values can be done with an each block.

<h1>Shopping list</h1>
<ul>
{#each items as item}
<li>{item.name} x {item.qty}</li>
{/each}
</ul>

You can use each blocks to iterate over any array or array-like value — that is, any object with a length
property.

An each block can also specify an index, equivalent to the second argument in an array.map(...)
callback:

{#each items as item, i}

<li>{i + 1}: {item.name} x {item.qty}</li>
{/each}

If a key expression is provided — which must uniquely identify each list item — Svelte will use it to diff the
list when data changes, rather than adding or removing items at the end. The key can be any object, but
strings and numbers are recommended since they allow identity to persist when the objects themselves
change.

{#each items as item (item.id)}

<li>{item.name} x {item.qty}</li>
{/each}

{#each items as item, i (item.id)}
<li>{i + 1}: {item.name} x {item.qty}</li>
{/each}

You can freely use destructuring and rest patterns in each blocks.

{#each items as { id, name, qty }, i (id)}

<li>{i + 1}: {name} x {qty}</li>
{/each}

{#each objects as { id, ...rest }}

<li><span>{id}</span><MyComponent {...rest} /></li>
{/each}

20
Control flow

{#each items as [id, ...rest]}

<li><span>{id}</span><MyComponent values={rest} /></li>
{/each}

An each block can also have an {:else} clause, which is rendered if the list is empty.

{#each todos as todo}

<p>{todo.text}</p>
{:else}
<p>No tasks today!</p>
{/each}

It is possible to iterate over iterables like Map or Set . Iterables need to be finite and static (they shouldn't
change while being iterated over). Under the hood, they are transformed to an array using Array.from be‐
fore being passed off to rendering. If you're writing performance-sensitive code, try to avoid iterables and
use regular arrays as they are more performant.

Other block types

Svelte also provides #snippet , #key and #await blocks. You can find out more about them in their re‐
spective sections.

Go to TOC

21
svelte

Snippets
Better title needed?

#snippet
@render
how they can be used to reuse markup
how they can be used to pass UI content to components

Snippets, and render tags, are a way to create reusable chunks of markup inside your components. Instead
of writing duplicative code like this...

{#each images as image}

{#if image.href}
<a href={image.href}>
<figure>
<img src={image.src} alt={image.caption} width={image.width}
height={image.height} />
<figcaption>{image.caption}</figcaption>
</figure>
</a>
{:else}
<figure>
<img src={image.src} alt={image.caption} width={image.width} height=
{image.height} />
<figcaption>{image.caption}</figcaption>
</figure>
{/if}
{/each}

...you can write this:

{#snippet figure(image)}
<figure>
<img
src={image.src}
alt={image.caption}
width={image.width}
height={image.height}
/>
<figcaption>{image.caption}</figcaption>
</figure>
{/snippet}

{#each images as image}

{#if image.href}
<a href={image.href}>
{@render figure(image)}
</a>
{:else}
{@render figure(image)}
{/if}
{/each}

22
Snippets

Like function declarations, snippets can have an arbitrary number of parameters, which can have default
values, and you can destructure each parameter. You cannot use rest parameters however.

Snippet scope
Snippets can be declared anywhere inside your component. They can reference values declared outside
themselves, for example in the <script> tag or in {#each ...} blocks (demo)...

{#snippet hello(name)}
<p>hello {name}! {message}!</p>
{/snippet}

{@render hello('alice')}
{@render hello('bob')}

...and they are 'visible' to everything in the same lexical scope (i.e. siblings, and children of those siblings):

<div>
{#snippet x()}
{#snippet y()}...{/snippet}

{@render y()}
{/snippet}

{@render y()}
</div>

{@render x()}

Snippets can reference themselves and each other (demo):

{#snippet blastoff()}
🚀
<span> </span>
{/snippet}

{#snippet countdown(n)}
{#if n > 0}
<span>{n}...</span>
{@render countdown(n - 1)}
{:else}
{@render blastoff()}
{/if}
{/snippet}

{@render countdown(10)}

23
svelte

Passing snippets to components

Within the template, snippets are values just like any other. As such, they can be passed to components as
props (demo):

const fruits = [
{ name: 'apples', qty: 5, price: 2 },
{ name: 'bananas', qty: 10, price: 1 },
{ name: 'cherries', qty: 20, price: 0.5 }
];
</script>

{#snippet header()}
<th>fruit</th>
<th>qty</th>
<th>price</th>
<th>total</th>
{/snippet}

{#snippet row(d)}
<td>{d.name}</td>
<td>{d.qty}</td>
<td>{d.price}</td>
<td>{d.qty * d.price}</td>
{/snippet}

<Table data={fruits} {header} {row} />

Think about it like passing content instead of data to a component. The concept is similar to slots in web
components.

As an authoring convenience, snippets declared directly inside a component implicitly become props on the
component (demo):

<Table data={fruits}>
{#snippet header()}
<th>fruit</th>
<th>qty</th>
<th>price</th>
<th>total</th>
{/snippet}

{#snippet row(d)}
<td>{d.name}</td>
<td>{d.qty}</td>
<td>{d.price}</td>
<td>{d.qty * d.price}</td>
{/snippet}
</Table>

Any content inside the component tags that is not a snippet declaration implicitly becomes part of the
children snippet (demo):

24
Snippets

<! file: App.svelte --->

<Button>click me<Button>

<! file: Button.svelte --->

<button>{@render children()}</button>

Note that you cannot have a prop called children if you also have content inside the component —
for this reason, you should avoid having props with that name

You can declare snippet props as being optional. You can either use optional chaining to not render anything
if the snippet isn't set...

{@render children?.()}

...or use an #if block to render fallback content:

{#if children}
{@render children()}
{:else}
fallback content
{/if}

Typing snippets
Snippets implement the Snippet interface imported from 'svelte' :

interface Props {
data: any[];
children: Snippet;
row: Snippet<[any]>;
}

let { data, children, row }: Props = $props();

</script>

25
svelte

With this change, red squigglies will appear if you try and use the component without providing a data
prop and a row snippet. Notice that the type argument provided to Snippet is a tuple, since snippets can
have multiple parameters.

We can tighten things up further by declaring a generic, so that data and row refer to the same type:

<script lang="ts" generics="T">

import type { Snippet } from 'svelte';

let {
data,
children,
row
}: {
data: T[];
children: Snippet;
row: Snippet<[T]>;
} = $props();
</script>

Snippets and slots

In Svelte 4, content can be passed to components using slots. Snippets are more powerful and flexible, and
as such slots are deprecated in Svelte 5.

Go to TOC

26
Styles & Classes

Styles & Classes

style scoping
:global
style:
class:
--css props

Styling is a fundamental part of UI components. Svelte helps you style your components with ease, provid‐
ing useful features out of the box.

Scoped by default
By default CSS inside a <style> block will be scoped to that component.

This works by adding a class to affected elements, which is based on a hash of the component styles (e.g.
svelte-123xyz ).

:global(...)
To apply styles to a single selector globally, use the :global(...) modifier:

div :global(strong) {
/* applies to all <strong> elements, in any component,
that are inside <div> elements belonging
to this component */
color: goldenrod;
}

p:global(.big.red) {
/* applies to all <p> elements belonging to this component
with `class="big red"`, even if it is applied
programmatically (for example by a library) */
}
</style>

If you want to make @keyframes that are accessible globally, you need to prepend your keyframe names
with -global- .

27
svelte

The -global- part will be removed when compiled, and the keyframe will then be referenced using just
my-animation-name elsewhere in your code.

:global
To apply styles to a group of selectors globally, create a :global {...} block:

/* applies to every <p> in your application */

p { ... }
}

.a :global {
/* applies to every `.b .c .d` element, in any component,
that is inside an `.a` element in this component */
.b .c .d {...}
}
</style>

The second example above could also be written as an equivalent .a :global .b .c .d selector,
where everything after the :global is unscoped, though the nested form is preferred.

Nested style tags

There should only be 1 top-level <style> tag per component.

However, it is possible to have a <style> tag nested inside other elements or logic blocks.

In that case, the <style> tag will be inserted as-is into the DOM; no scoping or processing will be done on
the <style> tag.

<div>
<style>
/* this style tag will be inserted as-is */
div {
/* this will apply to all `<div>` elements in the DOM */
color: red;
}
</style>
</div>

28
Styles & Classes

class:name
<! copy: false --->
class:name={value}

<! copy: false --->

class:name

A class: directive provides a shorter way of toggling a class on an element.

style:property
<! copy: false --->
style:property={value}

<! copy: false --->

style:property="value"

<! copy: false --->

style:property

The style: directive provides a shorthand for setting multiple styles on an element.

<div style:color>...</div>

When style: directives are combined with style attributes, the directives will take precedence:

<div style="color: blue;" style:color="red">This will be red</div>

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svelte

--style-props
<! copy: false --->
--style-props="anycssvalue"

You can also pass styles as props to components for the purposes of theming, using CSS custom properties.

Svelte's implementation is essentially syntactic sugar for adding a wrapper element. This example:

<Slider bind:value min={0} --rail-color="black" --track-color="rgb(0, 0, 255)" />

Desugars to this:

<div style="display: contents; --rail-color: black; --track-color: rgb(0, 0,

255)">
<Slider bind:value min={0} max={100} />
</div>

For SVG namespace, the example above desugars into using <g> instead:

<g style="--rail-color: black; --track-color: rgb(0, 0, 255)">

Since this is an extra <div> (or <g> ), beware that your CSS structure might accidentally target this.
Be mindful of this added wrapper element when using this feature.

Svelte's CSS Variables support allows for easily themeable components:

So you can set a high-level theme color:

/* global.css */
html {
--theme-color: black;
}

Or override it at the consumer level:

<Slider --rail-color="goldenrod" />

Go to TOC

30
Transitions & Animations

Transitions & Animations

how to use (template syntax)
when to use
global vs local
easing & motion
mention imports
key block

Svelte provides different techniques and syntax for incorporating motion into your Svelte projects.

transition:fn
<! copy: false --->
transition:fn

<! copy: false --->

transition:fn={params}

<! copy: false --->

transition:fn|global

<! copy: false --->

transition:fn|global={params}

<! copy: false --->

transition:fn|local

<! copy: false --->

transition:fn|local={params}

/// copy: false

// @noErrors
transition = (node: HTMLElement, params: any, options: { direction: 'in' | 'out' |
'both' }) => {
delay?: number,
duration?: number,
easing?: (t: number) => number,
css?: (t: number, u: number) => string,
tick?: (t: number, u: number) => void
}

A transition is triggered by an element entering or leaving the DOM as a result of a state change.

When a block is transitioning out, all elements inside the block, including those that do not have their own
transitions, are kept in the DOM until every transition in the block has been completed.

The transition: directive indicates a bidirectional transition, which means it can be smoothly reversed
while the transition is in progress.

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svelte

{#if visible}
<div transition:fade>fades in and out</div>
{/if}

Transitions are local by default. Local transitions only play when the block they belong to is created or de‐
stroyed, not when parent blocks are created or destroyed.

{#if x}
{#if y}
<p transition:fade>fades in and out only when y changes</p>

<p transition:fade|global>fades in and out when x or y change</p>

{/if}
{/if}

By default intro transitions will not play on first render. You can modify this behaviour by setting intr
o: true when you create a component and marking the transition as global .

Transition parameters
Transitions can have parameters.

(The double {{curlies}} aren't a special syntax; this is an object literal inside an expression tag.)

{#if visible}
<div transition:fade={{ duration: 2000 }}>fades in and out over two
seconds</div>
{/if}

Custom transition functions

Transitions can use custom functions. If the returned object has a css function, Svelte will create a CSS
animation that plays on the element.

The t argument passed to css is a value between 0 and 1 after the easing function has been applied.
In transitions run from 0 to 1 , out transitions run from 1 to 0 — in other words, 1 is the element's nat‐
ural state, as though no transition had been applied. The u argument is equal to 1 - t .

The function is called repeatedly before the transition begins, with different t and u arguments.

/** @type {boolean} */

export let visible;

/**
* @param {HTMLElement} node
* @param {{ delay?: number, duration?: number, easing?: (t: number) => number
}} params
*/

32
Transitions & Animations

function whoosh(node, params) {

const existingTransform = getComputedStyle(node).transform.replace('none',
'');

return {
delay: params.delay || 0,
duration: params.duration || 400,
easing: params.easing || elasticOut,
css: (t, u) => `transform: ${existingTransform} scale(${t})`
};
}
</script>

{#if visible}
<div in:whoosh>whooshes in</div>
{/if}

A custom transition function can also return a tick function, which is called during the transition with the
same t and u arguments.

If it's possible to use css instead of tick , do so — CSS animations can run off the main thread,
preventing jank on slower devices.

<! file: App.svelte --->

/**
* @param {HTMLElement} node
* @param {{ speed?: number }} params
*/
function typewriter(node, { speed = 1 }) {
const valid = node.childNodes.length === 1 && node.childNodes[0].nodeType
=== Node.TEXT_NODE;

if (!valid) {
throw new Error(`This transition only works on elements with a single
text node child`);
}

const text = node.textContent;

const duration = text.length / (speed * 0.01);

return {
duration,
tick: (t) => {
const i = ~~(text.length * t);
node.textContent = text.slice(0, i);
}
};
}
</script>

{#if visible}
<p in:typewriter={{ speed: 1 }}>The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy
dog</p>
{/if}

33
svelte

If a transition returns a function instead of a transition object, the function will be called in the next micro‐
task. This allows multiple transitions to coordinate, making crossfade effects possible.

Transition functions also receive a third argument, options , which contains information about the
transition.

Available values in the options object are:

direction - one of in , out , or both depending on the type of transition

Transition events
An element with transitions will dispatch the following events in addition to any standard DOM events:

introstart
introend
outrostart
outroend

{#if visible}
<p
transition:fly={{ y: 200, duration: 2000 }}
on:introstart={() => (status = 'intro started')}
on:outrostart={() => (status = 'outro started')}
on:introend={() => (status = 'intro ended')}
on:outroend={() => (status = 'outro ended')}
>
Flies in and out
</p>
{/if}

in:fn/out:fn
<! copy: false --->
in:fn

<! copy: false --->

in:fn={params}

<! copy: false --->

in:fn|global

<! copy: false --->

in:fn|global={params}

<! copy: false --->

in:fn|local

<! copy: false --->

in:fn|local={params}

<! copy: false --->

out:fn

34
Transitions & Animations

<! copy: false --->

out:fn={params}

<! copy: false --->

out:fn|global

<! copy: false --->

out:fn|global={params}

<! copy: false --->

out:fn|local

<! copy: false --->

out:fn|local={params}

Similar to transition: , but only applies to elements entering ( in: ) or leaving ( out: ) the DOM.

Unlike with transition: , transitions applied with in: and out: are not bidirectional — an in transition
will continue to 'play' alongside the out transition, rather than reversing, if the block is outroed while the
transition is in progress. If an out transition is aborted, transitions will restart from scratch.

{#if visible}
<div in:fly out:fade>flies in, fades out</div>
{/if}

animate:fn
<! copy: false --->
animate:name

<! copy: false --->

animate:name={params}

/// copy: false

// @noErrors
animation = (node: HTMLElement, { from: DOMRect, to: DOMRect } , params: any) => {
delay?: number,
duration?: number,
easing?: (t: number) => number,
css?: (t: number, u: number) => string,
tick?: (t: number, u: number) => void
}

/// copy: false

// @noErrors
DOMRect {
bottom: number,
height: number,
l eft: number,

right: number,
t op: number,

width: number,
x: number,
y: number
}

35
svelte

An animation is triggered when the contents of a keyed each block are re-ordered. Animations do not run
when an element is added or removed, only when the index of an existing data item within the each block
changes. Animate directives must be on an element that is an immediate child of a keyed each block.

Animations can be used with Svelte's built-in animation functions or custom animation functions.

{#each list as item, index (item)}
<li animate:flip>{item}</li>
{/each}

Animation Parameters
As with actions and transitions, animations can have parameters.

(The double {{curlies}} aren't a special syntax; this is an object literal inside an expression tag.)

{#each list as item, index (item)}

<li animate:flip={{ delay: 500 }}>{item}</li>
{/each}

Custom animation functions

Animations can use custom functions that provide the node , an animation object and any parameters
as arguments. The animation parameter is an object containing from and to properties each containing
a DOMRect describing the geometry of the element in its start and end positions. The from property is
the DOMRect of the element in its starting position, and the to property is the DOMRect of the element in
its final position after the list has been reordered and the DOM updated.

If the returned object has a css method, Svelte will create a CSS animation that plays on the element.

The t argument passed to css is a value that goes from 0 and 1 after the easing function has been
applied. The u argument is equal to 1 - t .

The function is called repeatedly before the animation begins, with different t and u arguments.

/**
* @param {HTMLElement} node
* @param {{ from: DOMRect; to: DOMRect }} states
* @param {any} params
*/
function whizz(node, { from, to }, params) {
const dx = from.left - to.left;
const dy = from.top - to.top;

const d = Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy);

return {
delay: 0,
duration: Math.sqrt(d) * 120,

36
Transitions & Animations

easing: cubicOut,
css: (t, u) => `transform: translate(${u * dx}px, ${u * dy}px)
rotate(${t * 360}deg);`
};
}
</script>

{#each list as item, index (item)}

<div animate:whizz>{item}</div>
{/each}

A custom animation function can also return a tick function, which is called during the animation with the
same t and u arguments.

If it's possible to use css instead of tick , do so — CSS animations can run off the main thread,
preventing jank on slower devices.

const d = Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy);

return {
delay: 0,
duration: Math.sqrt(d) * 120,
easing: cubicOut,
tick: (t, u) => Object.assign(node.style, { color: t > 0.5 ? 'Pink' :
'Blue' })
};
}
</script>

{#each list as item, index (item)}

<div animate:whizz>{item}</div>
{/each}

{#key ...}
<! copy: false --->
{#key expression}...{/key}

Key blocks destroy and recreate their contents when the value of an expression changes.

This is useful if you want an element to play its transition whenever a value changes.

37
svelte

{#key value}
<div transition:fade>{value}</div>
{/key}

When used around components, this will cause them to be reinstantiated and reinitialised.

{#key value}
<Component />
{/key}

Go to TOC

38
Actions

Actions
template syntax
how to write
typings
adjust so that $effect is used instead of update/destroy?

<! copy: false --->

use:action

<! copy: false --->

use:action={parameters}

/// copy: false

// @noErrors
action = (node: HTMLElement, parameters: any) => {
update?: (parameters: any) => void,
destroy?: () => void
}

Actions are functions that are called when an element is created. They can return an object with a destroy
method that is called after the element is unmounted:

<! file: App.svelte --->

return {
destroy() {
// the node has been removed from the DOM
}
};
}
</script>

<div use:foo />

An action can have a parameter. If the returned value has an update method, it will be called immediately
after Svelte has applied updates to the markup whenever that parameter changes.

Don't worry that we're redeclaring the foo function for every component instance — Svelte will hoist
any functions that don't depend on local state out of the component definition.

<! file: App.svelte --->

39
svelte

/** @type {import('svelte/action').Action<HTMLElement, string>} */

function foo(node, bar) {
// the node has been mounted in the DOM

return {
update(bar) {
// the value of `bar` has changed
},

destroy() {
// the node has been removed from the DOM
}
};
}
</script>

<div use:foo={bar} />

Attributes
Sometimes actions emit custom events and apply custom attributes to the element they are applied to. To
support this, actions typed with Action or ActionReturn type can have a last parameter, Attributes :

<! file: App.svelte --->

//...LOGIC
node.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent('emit', { detail: 'hello' }));

return {
destroy() {
// the node has been removed from the DOM
}
};
}
</script>

<div use:foo={{ prop: 'someValue' }} onemit={handleEmit} />

Go to TOC

40
Bindings

Bindings
how for dom elements
list of all bindings
how for components

Most of the time a clear separation between data flowing down and events going up is worthwhile and re‐
sults in more robust apps. But in some cases - especially when interacting with form elements - it's more
ergonomic to declare a two way binding. Svelte provides many element bindings out of the box, and also al‐
lows component bindings.

bind:property for elements

<! copy: false --->
bind:property={variable}

Data ordinarily flows down, from parent to child. The bind: directive allows data to flow the other way,
from child to parent. Most bindings are specific to particular elements.

The simplest bindings reflect the value of a property, such as input.value .

<input bind:value={name} />

<input type="checkbox" bind:checked={yes} />

If the name matches the value, you can use a shorthand.

<input bind:value />

Numeric input values are coerced; even though input.value is a string as far as the DOM is concerned,
Svelte will treat it as a number. If the input is empty or invalid (in the case of type="number" ), the value is
undefined .

<input type="number" bind:value={num} />

On <input> elements with type="file" , you can use bind:files to get the FileList of selected files.
It is readonly.

<label for="avatar">Upload a picture:</label>

41
svelte

If you're using bind: directives together with on: directives, the order that they're defined in affects the
value of the bound variable when the event handler is called.

<input
on:input={() => console.log('Old value:', value)}
bind:value
on:input={() => console.log('New value:', value)}
/>

Here we were binding to the value of a text input, which uses the input event. Bindings on other elements
may use different events such as change .

Binding <select> value

A <select> value binding corresponds to the value property on the selected <option> , which can be
any value (not just strings, as is normally the case in the DOM).

A <select multiple> element behaves similarly to a checkbox group. The bound variable is an array with
an entry corresponding to the value property of each selected <option> .

<select multiple bind:value={fillings}>

<option value="Rice">Rice</option>
<option value="Beans">Beans</option>
<option value="Cheese">Cheese</option>
<option value="Guac (extra)">Guac (extra)</option>
</select>

When the value of an <option> matches its text content, the attribute can be omitted.

<select multiple bind:value={fillings}>

<option>Rice</option>
<option>Beans</option>
<option>Cheese</option>
<option>Guac (extra)</option>
</select>

Elements with the contenteditable attribute support the following bindings:

innerHTML
innerText
textContent

There are slight differences between each of these, read more about them here.

42
Bindings

<div contenteditable="true" bind:innerHTML={html} />

<details> elements support binding to the open property.

<details bind:open={isOpen}>
<summary>Details</summary>
<p>Something small enough to escape casual notice.</p>
</details>

Media element bindings

Media elements ( <audio> and <video> ) have their own set of bindings — seven readonly ones...

duration (readonly) — the total duration of the video, in seconds

buffered (readonly) — an array of {start, end} objects
played (readonly) — ditto
seekable (readonly) — ditto
seeking (readonly) — boolean
ended (readonly) — boolean
readyState (readonly) — number between (and including) 0 and 4

...and five two-way bindings:

currentTime — the current playback time in the video, in seconds

playbackRate — how fast or slow to play the video, where 1 is 'normal'
paused — this one should be self-explanatory
volume — a value between 0 and 1
muted — a boolean value indicating whether the player is muted

Videos additionally have readonly videoWidth and videoHeight bindings.

Image element bindings

Image elements ( <img> ) have two readonly bindings:

43
svelte

naturalWidth (readonly) — the original width of the image, available after the image has loaded
naturalHeight (readonly) — the original height of the image, available after the image has loaded

Block-level element bindings

Block-level elements have 4 read-only bindings, measured using a technique similar to this one:

clientWidth
clientHeight
offsetWidth
offsetHeight

<div bind:offsetWidth={width} bind:offsetHeight={height}>

bind:group
<! copy: false --->
bind:group={variable}

Inputs that work together can use bind:group .

/** @type {Array<string>} */

let fillings = [];
</script>

bind:group only works if the inputs are in the same Svelte component.

44
Bindings

bind:this
<! copy: false --->
bind:this={dom_node}

To get a reference to a DOM node, use bind:this .

/** @type {HTMLCanvasElement} */

let canvasElement;

onMount(() => {
const ctx = canvasElement.getContext('2d');
drawStuff(ctx);
});
</script>

<canvas bind:this={canvasElement} />

Components also support bind:this , allowing you to interact with component instances programmatically.

<! App.svelte --->

<button onclick={() => cart.empty()}> Empty shopping cart </button>

<! ShoppingCart.svelte --->

Note that we can't do {cart.empty} since cart is undefined when the button is first rendered
and throws an error.

bind:property for components

bind:property={variable}

You can bind to component props using the same syntax as for elements.

<Keypad bind:value={pin} />

While Svelte props are reactive without binding, that reactivity only flows downward into the component by
default. Using bind:property allows changes to the property from within the component to flow back up
out of the component.

45
svelte

To mark a property as bindable, use the $bindable rune:

Declaring a property as bindable means it can be used using bind: , not that it must be used using bind: .

Bindable properties can have a fallback value:

This fallback value only applies when the property is not bound. When the property is bound and a fallback
value is present, the parent is expected to provide a value other than undefined , else a runtime error is
thrown. This prevents hard-to-reason-about situations where it's unclear which value should apply.

Go to TOC

46
Special elements

Special elements
basically what we have in the docs today

Some of Svelte's concepts need special elements. Those are prefixed with svelte: and listed here.

<svelte:self>
The <svelte:self> element allows a component to include itself, recursively.

It cannot appear at the top level of your markup; it must be inside an if or each block or passed to a com‐
ponent's slot to prevent an infinite loop.

{#if count > 0}

<p>counting down... {count}</p>
<svelte:self count={count - 1} />
{:else}
<p>lift-off!</p>
{/if}

<svelte:component>
<svelte:component this={expression} />

The <svelte:component> element renders a component dynamically, using the component constructor
specified as the this property. When the property changes, the component is destroyed and recreated.

If this is falsy, no component is rendered.

<svelte:component this={currentSelection.component} foo={bar} />

<svelte:element>
<svelte:element this={expression} />

The <svelte:element> element lets you render an element of a dynamically specified type. This is useful
for example when displaying rich text content from a CMS. Any properties and event listeners present will
be applied to the element.

The only supported binding is bind:this , since the element type-specific bindings that Svelte does at build
time (e.g. bind:value for input elements) do not work with a dynamic tag type.

If this has a nullish value, the element and its children will not be rendered.

47
svelte

If this is the name of a void element (e.g., br ) and <svelte:element> has child elements, a runtime
error will be thrown in development mode.

export let handler;

</script>

<svelte:element this={tag} on:click={handler}>Foo</svelte:element>

Svelte tries its best to infer the correct namespace from the element's surroundings, but it's not always pos‐
sible. You can make it explicit with an xmlns attribute:

<svelte:element this={tag} xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" />

<svelte:window>
<svelte:window on:event={handler} />

<svelte:window bind:prop={value} />

The <svelte:window> element allows you to add event listeners to the window object without worrying
about removing them when the component is destroyed, or checking for the existence of window when
server-side rendering.

Unlike <svelte:self> , this element may only appear at the top level of your component and must never
be inside a block or element.

<svelte:window on:keydown={handleKeydown} />

You can also bind to the following properties:

innerWidth
innerHeight
outerWidth
outerHeight
scrollX
scrollY
online — an alias for window.navigator.onLine
devicePixelRatio

All except scrollX and scrollY are readonly.

48
Special elements

<svelte:window bind:scrollY={y} />

Note that the page will not be scrolled to the initial value to avoid accessibility issues. Only subse‐
quent changes to the bound variable of scrollX and scrollY will cause scrolling. However, if the
scrolling behaviour is desired, call scrollTo() in onMount() .

<svelte:document>
<svelte:document on:event={handler} />

<svelte:document bind:prop={value} />

Similarly to <svelte:window> , this element allows you to add listeners to events on document , such as
visibilitychange , which don't fire on window . It also lets you use actions on document .

As with <svelte:window> , this element may only appear the top level of your component and must never
be inside a block or element.

<svelte:document on:visibilitychange={handleVisibilityChange} use:someAction />

You can also bind to the following properties:

activeElement
fullscreenElement
pointerLockElement
visibilityState

All are readonly.

<svelte:body>
<svelte:body on:event={handler} />

Similarly to <svelte:window> , this element allows you to add listeners to events on document.body , such
as mouseenter and mouseleave , which don't fire on window . It also lets you use actions on the <body>
element.

As with <svelte:window> and <svelte:document> , this element may only appear the top level of your
component and must never be inside a block or element.

<svelte:body on:mouseenter={handleMouseenter} on:mouseleave={handleMouseleave}

use:someAction />

<svelte:head>
<svelte:head>...</svelte:head>

49
svelte

This element makes it possible to insert elements into document.head . During server-side rendering,
head content is exposed separately to the main html content.

As with <svelte:window> , <svelte:document> and <svelte:body> , this element may only appear at
the top level of your component and must never be inside a block or element.

<svelte:head>
<title>Hello world!</title>
<meta name="description" content="This is where the description goes for SEO"
/>
</svelte:head>

<svelte:options>
<svelte:options option={value} />

The <svelte:options> element provides a place to specify per-component compiler options, which are de‐
tailed in the compiler section. The possible options are:

immutable={true} — you never use mutable data, so the compiler can do simple referential equality
checks to determine if values have changed
immutable={false} — the default. Svelte will be more conservative about whether or not mutable ob‐
jects have changed
accessors={true} — adds getters and setters for the component's props
accessors={false} — the default
namespace="..." — the namespace where this component will be used, most commonly "svg"; use the
"foreign" namespace to opt out of case-insensitive attribute names and HTML-specific warnings
customElement="..." — the name to use when compiling this component as a custom element

<svelte:options customElement="my-custom-element" />

Go to TOC

50
Data fetching

Data fetching
Fetching data is a fundamental part of apps interacting with the outside world. Svelte is unopinionated with
how you fetch your data. The simplest way would be using the built-in fetch method:

While this works, it makes working with promises somewhat unergonomic. Svelte alleviates this problem
using the #await block.

{#await ...}
<! copy: false --->
{#await expression}...{:then name}...{:catch name}...{/await}

<! copy: false --->

{#await expression}...{:then name}...{/await}

<! copy: false --->

{#await expression then name}...{/await}

<! copy: false --->

{#await expression catch name}...{/await}

Await blocks allow you to branch on the three possible states of a Promise — pending, fulfilled or rejected.
In SSR mode, only the pending branch will be rendered on the server. If the provided expression is not a
Promise only the fulfilled branch will be rendered, including in SSR mode.

{#await promise}

<p>waiting for the promise to resolve...</p>
{:then value}

<p>The value is {value}</p>
{:catch error}

<p>Something went wrong: {error.message}</p>
{/await}

The catch block can be omitted if you don't need to render anything when the promise rejects (or no error
is possible).

{#await promise}

<p>waiting for the promise to resolve...</p>
{:then value}

<p>The value is {value}</p>
{/await}

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svelte

If you don't care about the pending state, you can also omit the initial block.

{#await promise then value}

<p>The value is {value}</p>
{/await}

Similarly, if you only want to show the error state, you can omit the then block.

{#await promise catch error}

<p>The error is {error}</p>
{/await}

SvelteKit loaders
Fetching inside your components is great for simple use cases, but it's prone to data loading waterfalls and
makes code harder to work with because of the promise handling. SvelteKit solves this problem by provid‐
ing a opinionated data loading story that is coupled to its router. Learn more about it in the docs.

Go to TOC

52
Template syntax

Template syntax

Go to TOC

53
svelte

State
$state (.frozen)
$derived (.by)
using classes
getters/setters (what to do to keep reactivity "alive")
universal reactivity

Svelte 5 uses runes, a powerful set of primitives for controlling reactivity inside your Svelte components and
inside .svelte.js and .svelte.ts modules.

Runes are function-like symbols that provide instructions to the Svelte compiler. You don't need to import
them from anywhere — when you use Svelte, they're part of the language. This page describes the runes
that are concerned with managing state in your application.

$state
The $state rune is the at the heart of the runes API. It is used to declare reactive state:

<button onclick={() => count++}>

clicks: {count}
</button>

Variables declared with $state are the variable itself, in other words there's no wrapper around the value
that it contains. This is possible thanks to the compiler-nature of Svelte. As such, updating state is done
through simple reassignment.

You can also use $state in class fields (whether public or private):

// @errors: 7006 2554

class Todo {
done = $state(false);
text = $state();

constructor(text) {
this.text = text;
}

reset() {
this.text = '';
this.done = false;
}
}

54
State

In this example, the compiler transforms done and text into get / set methods on the class pro‐
totype referencing private fields

Objects and arrays are made deeply reactive by wrapping them with Proxies . What that means is that in
the following example, we can mutate the entries object and the UI will still update - but only the list
item that is actually changed will rerender:

{#each entries as entry (entry.id)}

{entry.text}
{/each}

<button onclick={() => (entries[1].text = 'baz')}>change second entry

text</button>

Only POJOs (plain old JavaScript objects) are made deeply reactive. Reactivity will stop at class
boundaries and leave those alone

$state.frozen
State declared with $state.frozen cannot be mutated; it can only be reassigned. In other words, rather
than assigning to a property of an object, or using an array method like push , replace the object or array
altogether if you'd like to update it:

let person = $state.frozen({

name: 'Heraclitus',
age: 49
});

// this will have no effect (and will throw an error in dev)

person.age += 1;

// this will work, because we're creating a new person

person = {
name: 'Heraclitus',
age: 50
};

This can improve performance with large arrays and objects that you weren't planning to mutate anyway,
since it avoids the cost of making them reactive. Note that frozen state can contain reactive state (for ex‐
ample, a frozen array of reactive objects).

55
svelte

In development mode, the argument to $state.frozen will be shallowly frozen with Object.freeze() ,
to make it obvious if you accidentally mutate it.

Objects and arrays passed to $state.frozen will have a Symbol property added to them to signal
to Svelte that they are frozen. If you don't want this, pass in a clone of the object or array instead.
The argument cannot be an existing state proxy created with $state(...) .

$state.snapshot
To take a static snapshot of a deeply reactive $state proxy, use $state.snapshot :

function onclick() {
// Will log `{ count: ... }` rather than `Proxy { ... }`
console.log($state.snapshot(counter));
}
</script>

This is handy when you want to pass some state to an external library or API that doesn't expect a proxy,
such as structuredClone .

$state.is
Sometimes you might need to compare two values, one of which is a reactive $state(...) proxy but the
other is not. For this you can use $state.is(a, b) :

foo.bar = bar;

console.log(foo.bar === bar); // false — `foo.bar` is a reactive proxy

console.log($state.is(foo.bar, bar)); // true
</script>

This is handy when you might want to check if the object exists within a deeply reactive object/array.

Under the hood, $state.is uses Object.is for comparing the values.

Use this as an escape hatch - most of the time you don't need this. Svelte will warn you at dev time if
you happen to run into this problem

56
State

$derived
Derived state is declared with the $derived rune:

<button onclick={() => count++}>

{doubled}
</button>

<p>{count} doubled is {doubled}</p>

The expression inside $derived(...) should be free of side-effects. Svelte will disallow state changes
(e.g. count++ ) inside derived expressions.

As with $state , you can mark class fields as $derived .

$derived.by
Sometimes you need to create complex derivations that don't fit inside a short expression. In these cases,
you can use $derived.by which accepts a function as its argument.

<button onclick={() => numbers.push(numbers.length + 1)}>

{numbers.join(' + ')} = {total}
</button>

In essence, $derived(expression) is equivalent to $derived.by(() => expression) .

Universal reactivity
In the examples above, $state and $derived only appear at the top level of components. You can also
use them within functions or even outside Svelte components inside .svelte.js or .svelte.ts modules.

/// file: counter.svelte.ts

export function createCounter(initial: number) {
let count = $state(initial);
let double = $derived(count * 2);
return {
get count() {
return count;

57
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},
get double() {
return double;
},
increment: () => count++
};
}

<! file: App.svelte --->

const counter = createCounter();

</script>

<button onclick={counter.increment}>{counter.count} / {counter.double}</button>

There are a few things to note in the above example:

We're using getters to transport reactivity across the function boundary. This way we keep reactivity
"alive". If we were to return the value itself, it would be fixed to the value at that point in time. This is no
different to how regular JavaScript variables behave.
We're not destructuring the counter at the usage site. Because we're using getters, destructuring would
fix count and double to the value at that point in time. To keep the getters "alive", we're not using de‐
structuring. Again, this is how regular JavaScript works.

If you have shared state you want to manipulate from various places, you don't need to resort to getters.
Instead, you can take advantage of $state being deeply reactive and only update its properties, not the
value itself:

/// file: app-state.svelte.ts

export const appState = $state({
loggedIn: true
});

<! file: App.svelte --->

<button onclick={() => (appState.loggedIn = false)}>Log out</button>

Go to TOC

58
Side effects

Side effects
$effect (.pre)
when not to use it, better patterns for what to do instead

Side effects play a crucial role in applications. They are triggered by state changes and can then interact
with external systems, like logging something, setting up a server connection or synchronize with a third-
party library that has no knowledge of Svelte's reactivity model.

$effect fundamentals
To run side-effects when the component is mounted to the DOM, and when values change, we can use the
$effect rune (demo):

let canvas;

$effect(() => {
const context = canvas.getContext('2d');
context.clearRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);

// this will re-run whenever `color` or `size` change

context.fillStyle = color;
context.fillRect(0, 0, size, size);
});
</script>

<canvas bind:this={canvas} width="100" height="100" />

You can return a function from $effect , which will run immediately before the effect re-runs, and before it
is destroyed (demo).

$effect(() => {
// This will be recreated whenever `milliseconds` changes
const interval = setInterval(() => {
count += 1;
}, milliseconds);

return () => {
// if a callback is provided, it will run

59
svelte

// a) immediately before the effect re-runs

// b) when the component is destroyed
clearInterval(interval);
};
});
</script>

<h1>{count}</h1>

<button onclick={() => (milliseconds *= 2)}>slower</button>

<button onclick={() => (milliseconds /= 2)}>faster</button>

$effect dependencies
$effect automatically picks up any reactivy values ( $state , $derived , $props ) that are synchronous‐
ly read inside its function body and registers them as dependencies. When those dependencies change, the
$effect schedules a rerun.

Values that are read asynchronously — after an await or inside a setTimeout , for example — will not be
tracked. Here, the canvas will be repainted when color changes, but not when size changes (demo):

// @filename: index.ts
declare let canvas: {
width: number;
height: number;
getContext(type: '2d', options?: CanvasRenderingContext2DSettings):
CanvasRenderingContext2D;
};
declare let color: string;
declare let size: number;

// cut---
$effect(() => {
const context = canvas.getContext('2d');
context.clearRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);

// this will re-run whenever `color` changes...

context.fillStyle = color;

setTimeout(() => {
// ...but not when `size` changes
context.fillRect(0, 0, size, size);
}, 0);
});

An effect only reruns when the object it reads changes, not when a property inside it changes. (If you want
to observe changes inside an object at dev time, you can use $inspect .)

// this will run once, because `state` is never reassigned (only mutated)
$effect(() => {
state;
});

60
Side effects

// this will run whenever `state.value` changes...

$effect(() => {
state.value;
});

// ...and so will this, because `derived` is a new object each time

$effect(() => {
derived;
});
</script>

<button onclick={() => (state.value += 1)}>

{state.value}
</button>

<p>{state.value} doubled is {derived.value}</p>

When not to use $effect

In general, $effect is best considered something of an escape hatch — useful for things like analytics and
direct DOM manipulation — rather than a tool you should use frequently. In particular, avoid using it to syn‐
chronise state. Instead of this...

// don't do this!
$effect(() => {
doubled = count * 2;
});
</script>

...do this:

For things that are more complicated than a simple expression like count * 2 , you can also use $de
rived.by .

You might be tempted to do something convoluted with effects to link one value to another. The following
example shows two inputs for "money spent" and "money left" that are connected to each other. If you up‐
date one, the other should update accordingly. Don't use effects for this (demo):

$effect(() => {

61
svelte

left = total - spent;

});

$effect(() => {
spent = total - left;
});
</script>

<label>
<input type="range" bind:value={spent} max={total} />
{spent}/{total} spent
</label>

<label>
<input type="range" bind:value={left} max={total} />
{left}/{total} left
</label>

Instead, use callbacks where possible (demo):

function updateSpent(e) {
spent = +e.target.value;
left = total - spent;
}

function updateLeft(e) {
left = +e.target.value;
spent = total - left;
}
</script>

<label>
<input type="range" value={spent} oninput={updateSpent} max={total} />
{spent}/{total} spent
</label>

<label>
<input type="range" value={left} oninput={updateLeft} max={total} />
{left}/{total} left
</label>

If you need to use bindings, for whatever reason (for example when you want some kind of "writable $de‐
rived "), consider using getters and setters to synchronise state (demo):

let left = {
get value() {
return total - spent;
},
set value(v) {
spent = total - v;
}

62
Side effects

};
</script>

<label>
<input type="range" bind:value={spent} max={total} />
{spent}/{total} spent
</label>

<label>
<input type="range" bind:value={left.value} max={total} />
{left.value}/{total} left
</label>

If you absolutely have to update $state within an effect and run into an infinite loop because you read and
write to the same $state , use untrack.

$effect.pre
In rare cases, you may need to run code before the DOM updates. For this we can use the $effect.pre
rune:

let div = $state();

let messages = $state([]);

// ...

$effect.pre(() => {
if (!div) return; // not yet mounted

// reference `messages` array length so that this code re-runs whenever it

changes
messages.length;

// autoscroll when new messages are added

if (div.offsetHeight + div.scrollTop > div.scrollHeight - 20) {
tick().then(() => {
div.scrollTo(0, div.scrollHeight);
});
}
});
</script>

<div bind:this={div}>
{#each messages as message}
<p>{message}</p>
{/each}
</div>

Apart from the timing, $effect.pre works exactly like $effect — refer to its documentation for more
info.

63
svelte

$effect.tracking
The $effect.tracking rune is an advanced feature that tells you whether or not the code is running in‐
side a tracking context, such as an effect or inside your template (demo):

$effect(() => {
console.log('in effect:', $effect.tracking()); // true
});
</script>

<p>in template: {$effect.tracking()}</p>

This allows you to (for example) add things like subscriptions without causing memory leaks, by putting
them in child effects. Here's a readable function that listens to changes from a callback function as long
as it's inside a tracking context:

import { tick } from 'svelte';

export default function readable<T>(

initial_value: T,
start: (callback: (update: (v: T) => T) => T) => () => void
) {
let value = $state(initial_value);

let subscribers = 0;
let stop: null | (() => void) = null;

return {
get value() {
// If in a tracking context ...
if ($effect.tracking()) {
$effect(() => {
// ...and there's no subscribers yet...
if (subscribers === 0) {
// ...invoke the function and listen to changes to update
state
stop = start((fn) => (value = fn(value)));
}

subscribers++;

// The return callback is called once a listener unlistens

return () => {
tick().then(() => {
subscribers--;
// If it was the last subscriber...
if (subscribers === 0) {
// ...stop listening to changes
stop?.();
stop = null;
}
});
};
});
}

64
Side effects

return value;
}
};
}

$effect.root
The $effect.root rune is an advanced feature that creates a non-tracked scope that doesn't auto-
cleanup. This is useful for nested effects that you want to manually control. This rune also allows for cre‐
ation of effects outside of the component initialisation phase.

const cleanup = $effect.root(() => {

$effect(() => {
console.log(count);
});

return () => {
console.log('effect root cleanup');
};
});
</script>

Go to TOC

65
svelte

Runes

Go to TOC

66
Stores

Stores
how to use
how to write
TODO should the details for the store methods belong to the reference section?

A store is an object that allows reactive access to a value via a simple store contract. The svelte/store
module contains minimal store implementations which fulfil this contract.

Any time you have a reference to a store, you can access its value inside a component by prefixing it with
the $ character. This causes Svelte to declare the prefixed variable, subscribe to the store at component
initialisation and unsubscribe when appropriate.

Assignments to $ -prefixed variables require that the variable be a writable store, and will result in a call to
the store's .set method.

Note that the store must be declared at the top level of the component — not inside an if block or a func‐
tion, for example.

Local variables (that do not represent store values) must not have a $ prefix.

const count = writable(0);

console.log($count); // logs 0

count.set(1);
console.log($count); // logs 1

$count = 2;
console.log($count); // logs 2
</script>

When to use stores

Prior to Svelte 5, stores were the go-to solution for creating cross-component reactive states or extracting
logic. With runes, these use cases have greatly diminished.

when extracting logic, it's better to take advantage of runes' universal reactivity: You can use runes out‐
side the top level of components and even place them into JavaScript or TypeScript files (using a
.svelte.js or .svelte.ts file ending)
when creating shared state, you can create a $state object containing the values you need and manip‐
ulating said state

Stores are still a good solution when you have complex asynchronous data streams or it's important to have
more manual control over updating values or listening to changes. If you're familiar with RxJs and want to
reuse that knowledge, the $ also comes in handy for you.

67
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svelte/store
The svelte/store module contains a minimal store implementation which fulfil the store contract. It pro‐
vides methods for creating stores that you can update from the outside, stores you can only update from
the inside, and for combining and deriving stores.

writable
Function that creates a store which has values that can be set from 'outside' components. It gets created as
an object with additional set and update methods.

set is a method that takes one argument which is the value to be set. The store value gets set to the val‐
ue of the argument if the store value is not already equal to it.

update is a method that takes one argument which is a callback. The callback takes the existing store val‐
ue as its argument and returns the new value to be set to the store.

/// file: store.js

import { writable } from 'svelte/store';

const count = writable(0);

count.subscribe((value) => {
console.log(value);
}); // logs '0'

count.set(1); // logs '1'

count.update((n) => n + 1); // logs '2'

If a function is passed as the second argument, it will be called when the number of subscribers goes from
zero to one (but not from one to two, etc). That function will be passed a set function which changes the
value of the store, and an update function which works like the update method on the store, taking a
callback to calculate the store's new value from its old value. It must return a stop function that is called
when the subscriber count goes from one to zero.

/// file: store.js

import { writable } from 'svelte/store';

const count = writable(0, () => {

console.log('got a subscriber');
return () => console.log('no more subscribers');
});

count.set(1); // does nothing

const unsubscribe = count.subscribe((value) => {

console.log(value);
}); // logs 'got a subscriber', then '1'

unsubscribe(); // logs 'no more subscribers'

68
Stores

Note that the value of a writable is lost when it is destroyed, for example when the page is refreshed.
However, you can write your own logic to sync the value to for example the localStorage .

readable
Creates a store whose value cannot be set from 'outside', the first argument is the store's initial value, and
the second argument to readable is the same as the second argument to writable .

import { readable } from 'svelte/store';

const time = readable(new Date(), (set) => {

set(new Date());

const interval = setInterval(() => {

set(new Date());
}, 1000);

return () => clearInterval(interval);

});

const ticktock = readable('tick', (set, update) => {

const interval = setInterval(() => {
update((sound) => (sound === 'tick' ? 'tock' : 'tick'));
}, 1000);

return () => clearInterval(interval);

});

derived
Derives a store from one or more other stores. The callback runs initially when the first subscriber sub‐
scribes and then whenever the store dependencies change.

In the simplest version, derived takes a single store, and the callback returns a derived value.

// @filename: ambient.d.ts
import { type Writable } from 'svelte/store';

declare global {
const a: Writable<number>;
}

export {};

// @filename: index.ts
// cut---
import { derived } from 'svelte/store';

const doubled = derived(a, ($a) => $a * 2);

The callback can set a value asynchronously by accepting a second argument, set , and an optional third
argument, update , calling either or both of them when appropriate.

69
svelte

In this case, you can also pass a third argument to derived — the initial value of the derived store before
set or update is first called. If no initial value is specified, the store's initial value will be undefined .

// @filename: ambient.d.ts
import { type Writable } from 'svelte/store';

declare global {
const a: Writable<number>;
}

export {};

// @filename: index.ts
// @errors: 18046 2769 7006
// cut---
import { derived } from 'svelte/store';

const delayed = derived(

a,
($a, set) => {
setTimeout(() => set($a), 1000);
},
2000
);

const delayedIncrement = derived(a, ($a, set, update) => {

set($a);
setTimeout(() => update((x) => x + 1), 1000);
// every time $a produces a value, this produces two
// values, $a immediately and then $a + 1 a second later
});

If you return a function from the callback, it will be called when a) the callback runs again, or b) the last
subscriber unsubscribes.

// @filename: ambient.d.ts
import { type Writable } from 'svelte/store';

declare global {
const frequency: Writable<number>;
}

export {};

// @filename: index.ts
// cut---
import { derived } from 'svelte/store';

const tick = derived(

frequency,
($frequency, set) => {
const interval = setInterval(() => {
set(Date.now());
}, 1000 / $frequency);

return () => {
clearInterval(interval);
};

70
Stores

},
2000
);

In both cases, an array of arguments can be passed as the first argument instead of a single store.

// @filename: ambient.d.ts
import { type Writable } from 'svelte/store';

declare global {
const a: Writable<number>;
const b: Writable<number>;
}

export {};

// @filename: index.ts

// cut---
import { derived } from 'svelte/store';

const summed = derived([a, b], ([$a, $b]) => $a + $b);

const delayed = derived([a, b], ([$a, $b], set) => {

setTimeout(() => set($a + $b), 1000);
});

readonly
This simple helper function makes a store readonly. You can still subscribe to the changes from the original
one using this new readable store.

import { readonly, writable } from 'svelte/store';

const writableStore = writable(1);

const readableStore = readonly(writableStore);

readableStore.subscribe(console.log);

writableStore.set(2); // console: 2
// @errors: 2339
readableStore.set(2); // ERROR

get
Generally, you should read the value of a store by subscribing to it and using the value as it changes over
time. Occasionally, you may need to retrieve the value of a store to which you're not subscribed. get al‐
lows you to do so.

This works by creating a subscription, reading the value, then unsubscribing. It's therefore not recom‐
mended in hot code paths.

71
svelte

// @filename: ambient.d.ts
import { type Writable } from 'svelte/store';

declare global {
const store: Writable<string>;
}

export {};

// @filename: index.ts
// cut---
import { get } from 'svelte/store';

const value = get(store);

Store contract
// @noErrors
store = { subscribe: (subscription: (value: any) => void) => (() => void), set?:
(value: any) => void }

You can create your own stores without relying on svelte/store , by implementing the store contract:

1. A store must contain a .subscribe method, which must accept as its argument a subscription function.
This subscription function must be immediately and synchronously called with the store's current value
upon calling .subscribe . All of a store's active subscription functions must later be synchronously
called whenever the store's value changes.
2. The .subscribe method must return an unsubscribe function. Calling an unsubscribe function must
stop its subscription, and its corresponding subscription function must not be called again by the store.
3. A store may optionally contain a .set method, which must accept as its argument a new value for the
store, and which synchronously calls all of the store's active subscription functions. Such a store is called
a writable store.

For interoperability with RxJS Observables, the .subscribe method is also allowed to return an object with
an .unsubscribe method, rather than return the unsubscription function directly. Note however that un‐
less .subscribe synchronously calls the subscription (which is not required by the Observable spec),
Svelte will see the value of the store as undefined until it does.

Go to TOC

72
Context

Context
get/set/hasContext
how to use, best practises (like encapsulating them)

Most state is component-level state that lives as long as its component lives. There's also section-wide or
app-wide state however, which also needs to be handled somehow.

The easiest way to do that is to create global state and just import that.

/// file: state.svelte.ts

export const myGlobalState = $state({

user: {
/* ... */
}
/* ... */
});

<! file: App.svelte --->

This has a few drawbacks though:

it only safely works when your global state is only used client-side - for example, when you're building a
single page application that does not render any of your components on the server. If your state ends up
being managed and updated on the server, it could end up being shared between sessions and/or users,
causing bugs
it may give the false impression that certain state is global when in reality it should only used in a certain
part of your app

To solve these drawbacks, Svelte provides a few context primitives which alleviate these problems.

Setting and getting context

To associate an arbitrary object with the current component, use setContext .

setContext('key', value);
</script>

The context is then available to children of the component (including slotted content) with getContext .

73
svelte

const value = getContext('key');

</script>

setContext and getContext solve the above problems:

the state is not global, it's scoped to the component. That way it's safe to render your components on
the server and not leak state
it's clear that the state is not global but rather scoped to a specific component tree and therefore can't
be used in other parts of your app

setContext / getContext must be called during component initialisation.

Context is not inherently reactive. If you need reactive values in context then you can pass a $state ob‐
ject into context, whos properties will be reactive.

<! file: Parent.svelte --->

let value = $state({ count: 0 });

setContext('counter', value);
</script>

<button onclick={() => value.count++}>increment</button>

<! file: Child.svelte --->

const value = setContext('counter');

</script>

<p>Count is {value.count}</p>

To check whether a given key has been set in the context of a parent component, use hasContext .

if (hasContext('key')) {
// do something
}
</script>

You can also retrieve the whole context map that belongs to the closest parent component using getAll‐
Contexts . This is useful, for example, if you programmatically create a component and want to pass the
existing context to it.

74
Context

const contexts = getAllContexts();

</script>

Encapsulating context interactions

The above methods are very unopionated about how to use them. When your app grows in scale, it's worth‐
while to encapsulate setting and getting the context into functions and properly type them.

// @errors: 2304
import { getContext, setContext } from 'svelte';

let userKey = Symbol('user');

export function setUserContext(user: User) {

setContext(userKey, user);
}

export function getUserContext(): User {

return getContext(userKey) as User;
}

Go to TOC

75
svelte

Lifecycle hooks
onMount/onDestroy
mention that $effect might be better for your use case
beforeUpdate/afterUpdate with deprecation notice?
or skip this entirely and only have it in the reference docs?

In Svelte 5, the component lifecycle consists of only two parts: Its creation and its destruction. Everything
in-between - when certain state is updated - is not related to the component as a whole, only the parts that
need to react to the state change are notified. This is because under the hood the smallest unit of change is
actually not a component, it's the (render) effects that the component sets up upon component initializa‐
tion. Consequently, there's no such thing as a "before update"/"after update" hook.

onMount
The onMount function schedules a callback to run as soon as the component has been mounted to the
DOM. It must be called during the component's initialisation (but doesn't need to live inside the component;
it can be called from an external module).

onMount does not run inside a component that is rendered on the server.

onMount(() => {
console.log('the component has mounted');
});
</script>

If a function is returned from onMount , it will be called when the component is unmounted.

onMount(() => {
const interval = setInterval(() => {
console.log('beep');
}, 1000);

return () => clearInterval(interval);

});
</script>

This behaviour will only work when the function passed to onMount synchronously returns a value. a
sync functions always return a Promise , and as such cannot synchronously return a function.

76
Lifecycle hooks

onDestroy

EXPORT_SNIPPET: svelte#onDestroy

Schedules a callback to run immediately before the component is unmounted.

Out of onMount , beforeUpdate , afterUpdate and onDestroy , this is the only one that runs inside a
server-side component.

onDestroy(() => {
console.log('the component is being destroyed');
});
</script>

tick
While there's no "after update" hook, you can use tick to ensure that the UI is updated before continuing.
tick returns a promise that resolves once any pending state changes have been applied, or in the next
microtask if there are none.

beforeUpdate(async () => {
console.log('the component is about to update');
await tick();
console.log('the component just updated');
});
</script>

Deprecated: beforeUpdate / afterUpdate

Svelte 4 contained hooks that ran before and after the component as a whole was updated. For backwards
compatibility, these hooks were shimmed in Svelte 5 but not available inside components that use runes.

beforeUpdate(() => {
console.log('the component is about to update');
});

afterUpdate(() => {
console.log('the component just updated');
});
</script>

77
svelte

Instead of beforeUpdate use $effect.pre and instead of afterUpdate use $effect instead - these
runes offer more granular control and only react to the changes you're actually interested in.

Chat window example

To implement a chat window that autoscrolls to the bottom when new messages appear (but only if you
were already scrolled to the bottom), we need to measure the DOM before we update it.

In Svelte 4, we do this with beforeUpdate , but this is a flawed approach — it fires before every update,
whether it's relevant or not. In the example below, we need to introduce checks like updatingMessages to
make sure we don't mess with the scroll position when someone toggles dark mode.

With runes, we can use $effect.pre , which behaves the same as $effect but runs before the DOM is
updated. As long as we explicitly reference messages inside the effect body, it will run whenever mes‐
sages changes, but not when theme changes.

beforeUpdate , and its equally troublesome counterpart afterUpdate , are therefore deprecated in Svelte
5.

Before
After

- let updatingMessages = false;

- let theme = 'dark';
- let messages = [];
+ let theme = $state('dark');
+ let messages = $state([]);

let viewport;

- beforeUpdate(() => {
+ $effect.pre(() => {
- if (!updatingMessages) return;
+ messages;
const autoscroll = viewport && viewport.offsetHeight + viewport.scrollTop
> viewport.scrollHeight - 50;

if (autoscroll) {
tick().then(() => {
viewport.scrollTo(0, viewport.scrollHeight);
});
}

- updatingMessages = false;
});

function handleKeydown(event) {
if (event.key === 'Enter') {
const text = event.target.value;
if (!text) return;

78
Lifecycle hooks

- updatingMessages = true;
messages = [...messages, text];
event.target.value = '';
}
}

function toggle() {
toggleValue = !toggleValue;
}
</script>

<div class:dark={theme === 'dark'}>

<div bind:this={viewport}>
{#each messages as message}
<p>{message}</p>
{/each}
</div>

- <input on:keydown={handleKeydown} />

+ <input onkeydown={handleKeydown} />

- <button on:click={toggle}>
+ <button onclick={toggle}>
Toggle dark mode
</button>
</div>

Go to TOC

79
svelte

Imperative component API

better title needed?

mount
unmount
render
hydrate
how they interact with each other

Every Svelte application starts by imperatively creating a root component. On the client this component is
mounted to a specific element. On the server, you want to get back a string of HTML instead which you can
render. The following functions help you achieve those tasks.

mount
Instantiates a component and mounts it to the given target:

// @errors: 2322
import { mount } from 'svelte';
import App from './App.svelte';

const app = mount(App, {

target: document.querySelector('#app'),
props: { some: 'property' }
});

You can mount multiple components per page, and you can also mount from within your application, for ex‐
ample when creating a tooltip component and attaching it to the hovered element.

Note that unlike calling new App(...) in Svelte 4, things like effects (including onMount callbacks, and
action functions) will not run during mount . If you need to force pending effects to run (in the context of a
test, for example) you can do so with flushSync() .

unmount
Unmounts a component created with mount or hydrate :

// @errors: 1109
import { mount, unmount } from 'svelte';
import App from './App.svelte';

const app = mount(App, {...});

// later
unmount(app);

80
Imperative component API

render
Only available on the server and when compiling with the server option. Takes a component and returns
an object with body and head properties on it, which you can use to populate the HTML when server-ren‐
dering your app:

// @errors: 2724 2305 2307

import { render } from 'svelte/server';
import App from './App.svelte';

const result = render(App, {

props: { some: 'property' }
});
result.body; // HTML for somewhere in this <body> tag
result.head; // HTML for somewhere in this <head> tag

hydrate
Like mount , but will reuse up any HTML rendered by Svelte's SSR output (from the render function) in‐
side the target and make it interactive:

// @errors: 2322
import { hydrate } from 'svelte';
import App from './App.svelte';

const app = hydrate(App, {

target: document.querySelector('#app'),
props: { some: 'property' }
});

As with mount , effects will not run during hydrate — use flushSync() immediately afterwards if you
need them to.

Go to TOC

81
svelte

Runtime

Go to TOC

82
Debugging

Debugging
@debug
$inspect

Svelte provides two built-in ways to debug your application.

$inspect
The $inspect rune is roughly equivalent to console.log , with the exception that it will re-run whenever
its argument changes. $inspect tracks reactive state deeply, meaning that updating something inside an
object or array using fine-grained reactivity will cause it to re-fire. (Demo:)

$inspect(count, message); // will console.log when `count` or `message` change

</script>

<button onclick={() => count++}>Increment</button>

$inspect returns a property with , which you can invoke with a callback, which will then be invoked in‐
stead of console.log . The first argument to the callback is either "init" or "update" , all following ar‐
guments are the values passed to $inspect . Demo:

$inspect(count).with((type, count) => {

if (type === 'update') {
debugger; // or `console.trace`, or whatever you want
}
});
</script>

<button onclick={() => count++}>Increment</button>

A convenient way to find the origin of some change is to pass console.trace to with :

// @errors: 2304
$inspect(stuff).with(console.trace);

$inspect only works during development. In a production build it becomes a noop.

83
svelte

@debug
<! copy: false --->
{@debug}

<! copy: false --->

{@debug var1, var2, ..., varN}

The {@debug ...} tag offers an alternative to console.log(...) . It logs the values of specific variables
whenever they change, and pauses code execution if you have devtools open.

{@debug user}

<h1>Hello {user.firstname}!</h1>

{@debug ...} accepts a comma-separated list of variable names (not arbitrary expressions).

{@debug user}
{@debug user1, user2, user3}

{@debug user.firstname}
{@debug myArray[0]}
{@debug !isReady}
{@debug typeof user === 'object'}

The {@debug} tag without any arguments will insert a debugger statement that gets triggered when any
state changes, as opposed to the specified variables.

Go to TOC

84
Testing

Testing
Testing helps you write and maintain your code and guard against regressions. Testing frameworks help you
with that, allowing you to describe assertions or expectations about how your code should behave. Svelte is
unopinionated about which testing framework you use — you can write unit tests, integration tests, and
end-to-end tests using solutions like Vitest, Jasmine, Cypress and Playwright.

Unit and integration testing using Vitest

Unit tests allow you to test small isolated parts of your code. Integration tests allow you to test parts of
your application to see if they work together. If you're using Vite (including via SvelteKit), we recommend
using Vitest.

To get started, install Vitest:

npm install -D vitest

Then adjust your vite.config.js :

/// file: vite.config.js

- import { defineConfig } from 'vite';
+ import { defineConfig } from 'vitest/config';

export default defineConfig({ /* ... */ })

You can now write unit tests for code inside your .js/.ts files:

/// file: multiplier.svelte.test.js

import { flushSync } from 'svelte';
import { expect, test } from 'vitest';
import { multiplier } from './multiplier.js';

test('Multiplier', () => {
let double = multiplier(0, 2);

expect(double.value).toEqual(0);

double.set(5);

expect(double.value).toEqual(10);
});

Using runes inside your test files

It is possible to use runes inside your test files. First ensure your bundler knows to route the file through
the Svelte compiler before running the test by adding .svelte to the filename (e.g multipli‐
er.svelte.test.js ). After that, you can use runes inside your tests.

85
svelte

/// file: multiplier.svelte.test.js

import { flushSync } from 'svelte';
import { expect, test } from 'vitest';
import { multiplier } from './multiplier.svelte.js';

test('Multiplier', () => {
let count = $state(0);
let double = multiplier(() => count, 2);

expect(double.value).toEqual(0);

count = 5;

expect(double.value).toEqual(10);
});

If the code being tested uses effects, you need to wrap the test inside $effect.root :

/// file: logger.svelte.test.js

import { flushSync } from 'svelte';
import { expect, test } from 'vitest';
import { logger } from './logger.svelte.js';

test('Effect', () => {
const cleanup = $effect.root(() => {
let count = $state(0);

// logger uses an $effect to log updates of its input

let log = logger(() => count);

// effects normally run after a microtask,

// use flushSync to execute all pending effects synchronously
flushSync();
expect(log.value).toEqual([0]);

count = 1;
flushSync();

expect(log.value).toEqual([0, 1]);
});

cleanup();
});

Component testing
It is possible to test your components in isolation using Vitest.

Before writing component tests, think about whether you actually need to test the component, or if
it's more about the logic inside the component. If so, consider extracting out that logic to test it in iso‐
lation, without the overhead of a component

To get started, install jsdom (a library that shims DOM APIs):

npm install -D jsdom

86
Testing

Then adjust your vite.config.js :

/// file: vite.config.js

import { defineConfig } from 'vitest/config';

export default defineConfig({

plugins: [
/* ... */
],
test: {
// If you are testing components client-side, you need to setup a DOM
environment.
// If not all your files should have this environment, you can use a
// `// @vitest-environment jsdom` comment at the top of the test files
instead.
environment: 'jsdom'
},
// Tell Vitest to use the `browser` entry points in `package.json` files, even
though it's running in Node
resolve: process.env.VITEST
? {
conditions: ['browser']
}
: undefined
});

After that, you can create a test file in which you import the component to test, interact with it program‐
matically and write expectations about the results:

/// file: component.test.js

import { flushSync, mount, unmount } from 'svelte';
import { expect, test } from 'vitest';
import Component from './Component.svelte';

test('Component', () => {
// Instantiate the component using Svelte's `mount` API
const component = mount(Component, {
target: document.body, // `document` exists because of jsdom
props: { initial: 0 }
});

expect(document.body.innerHTML).toBe('<button>0</button>');

// Click the button, then flush the changes so you can synchronously write
expectations
document.body.querySelector('button').click();
flushSync();

expect(document.body.innerHTML).toBe('<button>1</button>');

// Remove the component from the DOM

unmount(component);
});

While the process is very straightforward, it is also low level and somewhat brittle, as the precise structure
of your component may change frequently. Tools like @testing-library/svelte can help streamline your tests.
The above test could be rewritten like this:

87
svelte

/// file: component.test.js

import { render, screen } from '@testing-library/svelte';
import userEvent from '@testing-library/user-event';
import { expect, test } from 'vitest';
import Component from './Component.svelte';

test('Component', async () => {

const user = userEvent.setup();
render(Component);

const button = screen.getByRole('button');

expect(button).toHaveTextContent(0);

await user.click(button);
expect(button).toHaveTextContent(1);
});

When writing component tests that involve two-way bindings, context or snippet props, it's best to create a
wrapper component for your specific test and interact with that. @testing-library/svelte contains some
examples.

E2E tests using Playwright

E2E (short for 'end to end') tests allow you to test your full application through the eyes of the user. This
section uses Playwright as an example, but you can also use other solutions like Cypress or NightwatchJS.

To get start with Playwright, either let you guide by their VS Code extension, or install it from the command
line using npm init playwright . It is also part of the setup CLI when you run npm create svelte .

After you've done that, you should have a tests folder and a Playwright config. You may need to adjust
that config to tell Playwright what to do before running the tests - mainly starting your application at a cer‐
tain port:

/// file: playwright.config.js

const config = {
webServer: {
command: 'npm run build && npm run preview',
port: 4173
},
testDir: 'tests',
testMatch: /(.+\.)?(test|spec)\.[jt]s/
};

export default config;

You can now start writing tests. These are totally unaware of Svelte as a framework, so you mainly interact
with the DOM and write assertions.

/// file: tests/hello-world.spec.js

import { expect, test } from '@playwright/test';

test('home page has expected h1', async ({ page }) => {

await page.goto('/');
await expect(page.locator('h1')).toBeVisible();
});

88
TypeScript

TypeScript
basically what we have today
built-in support, but only for type-only features
generics
using Component and the other helper types
using svelte-check

You can use TypeScript within Svelte components. IDE extensions like the Svelte VS Code extension will
help you catch errors right in your editor, and svelte-check does the same on the command line, which
you can integrate into your CI.

function greet(name: string) {

alert(`Hello, ${name}!`);
}
</script>

<button onclick={(e: Event) => greet(e.target.innerText)}>

{name as string}
</button>

Doing so allows you to use TypeScript's type-only features. That is, all features that just disappear when
transpiling to JavaScript, such as type annotations or interface declarations. Features that require the
TypeScript compiler to output actual code are not supported. This includes:

using enums
using private , protected or public modifiers in constructor functions together with initializers
using features that are not yet part of the ECMAScript standard (i.e. not level 4 in the TC39 process) and
therefore not implemented yet within Acorn, the parser we use for parsing JavaScript

If you want to use one of these features, you need to setup up a script preprocessor.

Preprocessor setup
To use non-type-only TypeScript features within Svelte components, you need to add a preprocessor that
will turn TypeScript into JavaScript.

89
svelte

Using SvelteKit or Vite

The easiest way to get started is scaffolding a new SvelteKit project by typing npm create svelte@lat‐
est , following the prompts and choosing the TypeScript option.

/// file: svelte.config.js

// @noErrors
import { vitePreprocess } from '@sveltejs/kit/vite';

const config = {
preprocess: vitePreprocess()
};

export default config;

If you don't need or want all the features SvelteKit has to offer, you can scaffold a Svelte-flavoured Vite
project instead by typing npm create vite@latest and selecting the svelte-ts option.

/// file: svelte.config.js

import { vitePreprocess } from '@sveltejs/vite-plugin-svelte';

const config = {
preprocess: vitePreprocess()
};

export default config;

In both cases, a svelte.config.js with vitePreprocess will be added. Vite/SvelteKit will read from this
config file.

Other build tools

If you're using tools like Rollup or Webpack instead, install their respective Svelte plugins. For Rollup that's
rollup-plugin-svelte and for Webpack that's svelte-loader. For both, you need to install typescript and
svelte-preprocess and add the preprocessor to the plugin config (see the respective READMEs for more
info). If you're starting a new project, you can also use the rollup or webpack template to scaffold the setup
from a script.

If you're starting a new project, we recommend using SvelteKit or Vite instead

Typing $props
Type $props just like a regular object with certain properties.

interface Props {
requiredProperty: number;

90
TypeScript

optionalProperty?: boolean;
snippetWithStringArgument: Snippet<[string]>;
eventHandler: (arg: string) => void;
[key: string]: unknown;
}

let {
requiredProperty,
optionalProperty,
snippetWithStringArgument,
eventHandler,
...everythingElse
}: Props = $props();
</script>

<button onclick={() => eventHandler('clicked button')}>

{@render snippetWithStringArgument('hello')}
</button>

Generic $props
Components can declare a generic relationship between their properties. One example is a generic list com‐
ponent that receives a list of items and a callback property that reveives an item from the list. To declare
that the items property and the select callback operate on the same types, add the generics attribute
to the script tag:

<script lang="ts" generics="Item extends { text: string }">

interface Props {
items: Item[];
select: Item;
}

let { items, select } = $props();

</script>

{#each items as item}

<button onclick={() => select(item)}>
{item.text}
</button>
{/each}

The content of generics is what you would put between the <...> tags of a generic function. In other
words, you can use multiple generics, extends and fallback types.

Typing $state
You can type $state like any other variable.

let count: number = $state(0);

If you don't give $state an initial value, part of its types will be undefined .

// @noErrors
// Error: Type 'number | undefined' is not assignable to type 'number'
let count: number = $state();

91
svelte

If you know that the variable will be defined before you first use it, use an as casting. This is especially
useful in the context of classes:

class Counter {
count = $state() as number;
constructor(initial: number) {
this.count = initial;
}
}

The Component type

Svelte components or of type Component . You can use it and its related types to express a variety of
constraints.

Using it together with <svelte:component> to restrict what kinds of component can be passed to it:

interface Props {
// only components that have at most the "prop"
// property required can be passed
component: Component<{ prop: string }>
}

let { component }: Props = $props();

</script>

<svelte:component this={component} prop="foo" />

Closely related to the Component type is the ComponentProps type which extracts the properties a compo‐
nent expects.

import type { Component, ComponentProps } from 'svelte';

import MyComponent from './MyComponent.svelte';

function withProps<TComponent extends Component<any>>(

component: TComponent,
props: ComponentProps<TComponent>
) {}

// Errors if the second argument is not the correct props expected

// by the component in the first argument.
withProps(MyComponent, { foo: 'bar' });

Enhancing built-in DOM types

Svelte provides a best effort of all the HTML DOM types that exist. Sometimes you may want to use experi‐
mental attributes or custom events coming from an action. In these cases, TypeScript will throw a type er‐
ror, saying that it does not know these types. If it's a non-experimental standard attribute/event, this may
very well be a missing typing from our HTML typings. In that case, you are welcome to open an issue
and/or a PR fixing it.

92
TypeScript

In case this is a custom or experimental attribute/event, you can enhance the typings like this:

/// file: additional-svelte-typings.d.ts

declare namespace svelteHTML {
// enhance elements
interface IntrinsicElements {
'my-custom-element': { someattribute: string; 'on:event': (e:
CustomEvent<any>) => void };
}
// enhance attributes
interface HTMLAttributes<T> {
// If you want to use on:beforeinstallprompt
'on:beforeinstallprompt'?: (event: any) => any;
// If you want to use myCustomAttribute={..} (note: all lowercase)
mycustomattribute?: any; // You can replace any with something more
specific if you like
}
}

Then make sure that d.ts file is referenced in your tsconfig.json . If it reads something like
"include": ["src/**/*"] and your d.ts file is inside src , it should work. You may need to reload for
the changes to take effect.

You can also declare the typings by augmenting the svelte/elements module like this:

/// file: additional-svelte-typings.d.ts

import { HTMLButtonAttributes } from 'svelte/elements';

declare module 'svelte/elements' {

export interface SvelteHTMLElements {
'custom-button': HTMLButtonAttributes;
}

// allows for more granular control over what element to add the typings to
export interface HTMLButtonAttributes {
veryexperimentalattribute?: string;
}
}

export {}; // ensure this is not an ambient module, else types will be overridden
instead of augmented

Go to TOC

93
svelte

Custom elements
basically what we have today

Svelte components can also be compiled to custom elements (aka web components) using the customEle‐
ment: true compiler option. You should specify a tag name for the component using the <svelte:op‐
tions> element.

<svelte:options customElement="my-element" />

<h1>Hello {name}!</h1>
<slot />

You can leave out the tag name for any of your inner components which you don't want to expose and use
them like regular Svelte components. Consumers of the component can still name it afterwards if needed,
using the static element property which contains the custom element constructor and which is available
when the customElement compiler option is true .

// @noErrors
import MyElement from './MyElement.svelte';

customElements.define('my-element', MyElement.element);

Once a custom element has been defined, it can be used as a regular DOM element:

document.body.innerHTML = `
<my-element>
<p>This is some slotted content</p>
</my-element>
`;

Any props are exposed as properties of the DOM element (as well as being readable/writable as attributes,
where possible).

// @noErrors
const el = document.querySelector('my-element');

// get the current value of the 'name' prop

console.log(el.name);

// set a new value, updating the shadow DOM

el.name = 'everybody';

94
Custom elements

Component lifecycle
Custom elements are created from Svelte components using a wrapper approach. This means the inner
Svelte component has no knowledge that it is a custom element. The custom element wrapper takes care of
handling its lifecycle appropriately.

When a custom element is created, the Svelte component it wraps is not created right away. It is only cre‐
ated in the next tick after the connectedCallback is invoked. Properties assigned to the custom element
before it is inserted into the DOM are temporarily saved and then set on component creation, so their val‐
ues are not lost. The same does not work for invoking exported functions on the custom element though,
they are only available after the element has mounted. If you need to invoke functions before component
creation, you can work around it by using the extend option.

When a custom element written with Svelte is created or updated, the shadow DOM will reflect the value in
the next tick, not immediately. This way updates can be batched, and DOM moves which temporarily (but
synchronously) detach the element from the DOM don't lead to unmounting the inner component.

The inner Svelte component is destroyed in the next tick after the disconnectedCallback is invoked.

Component options
When constructing a custom element, you can tailor several aspects by defining customElement as an ob‐
ject within <svelte:options> since Svelte 4. This object may contain the following properties:

tag : the mandatory tag property for the custom element's name
shadow : an optional property that can be set to "none" to forgo shadow root creation. Note that styles
are then no longer encapsulated, and you can't use slots
props : an optional property to modify certain details and behaviors of your component's properties. It
offers the following settings:
attribute: string : To update a custom element's prop, you have two alternatives: either set the
property on the custom element's reference as illustrated above or use an HTML attribute. For the lat‐
ter, the default attribute name is the lowercase property name. Modify this by assigning attribute:
"<desired name>" .
reflect: boolean : By default, updated prop values do not reflect back to the DOM. To enable this
behavior, set reflect: true .
type: 'String' | 'Boolean' | 'Number' | 'Array' | 'Object' : While converting an attribute
value to a prop value and reflecting it back, the prop value is assumed to be a String by default.
This may not always be accurate. For instance, for a number type, define it using type: "Number"
You don't need to list all properties, those not listed will use the default settings.
extend : an optional property which expects a function as its argument. It is passed the custom element
class generated by Svelte and expects you to return a custom element class. This comes in handy if you
have very specific requirements to the life cycle of the custom element or want to enhance the class to
for example use ElementInternals for better HTML form integration.

95
svelte

<svelte:options
customElement={{
tag: 'custom-element',
shadow: 'none',
props: {
name: { reflect: true, type: 'Number', attribute: 'element-index' }
},
extend: (customElementConstructor) => {
// Extend the class so we can let it participate in HTML forms
return class extends customElementConstructor {
static formAssociated = true;

constructor() {
super();
this.attachedInternals = this.attachInternals();
}

// Add the function here, not below in the component so that

// it's always available, not just when the inner Svelte component
// is mounted
randomIndex() {
this.elementIndex = Math.random();
}
};
}
}}
/>

...

Caveats and limitations

Custom elements can be a useful way to package components for consumption in a non-Svelte app, as they
will work with vanilla HTML and JavaScript as well as most frameworks. There are, however, some important
differences to be aware of:

Styles are encapsulated, rather than merely scoped (unless you set shadow: "none" ). This means that
any non-component styles (such as you might have in a global.css file) will not apply to the custom
element, including styles with the :global(...) modifier
Instead of being extracted out as a separate .css file, styles are inlined into the component as a
JavaScript string
Custom elements are not generally suitable for server-side rendering, as the shadow DOM is invisible un‐
til JavaScript loads
In Svelte, slotted content renders lazily. In the DOM, it renders eagerly. In other words, it will always be
created even if the component's <slot> element is inside an {#if ...} block. Similarly, including a
<slot> in an {#each ...} block will not cause the slotted content to be rendered multiple times

96
Custom elements

The deprecated let: directive has no effect, because custom elements do not have a way to pass data
to the parent component that fills the slot
Polyfills are required to support older browsers
You can use Svelte's context feature between regular Svelte components within a custom element, but
you can't use them across custom elements. In other words, you can't use setContext on a parent cus‐
tom element and read that with getContext in a child custom element.

Go to TOC

97
svelte

Reactivity indepth
how to think about Runes ("just JavaScript" with added reactivity, what this means for keeping reactivity
alive across boundaries)
signals

Go to TOC

98
Svelte 5 migration guide

Svelte 5 migration guide

the stuff from the preview docs and possibly more

Go to TOC

99
svelte

Misc

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100
$state

$state
TODO

add other pages

figure out a way to get separator titles in here, so we can have a 'runes' section and an 'imports' section
and an 'errors/warnings' section without introducing another layer of nesting
figure out a good way to import reference docs from other repos that works locally and in prod

Go to TOC

101
svelte

svelte

Go to TOC

102
svelte/action

svelte/action

Go to TOC

103
svelte

svelte/animate

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104
svelte/compiler

svelte/compiler

Go to TOC

105
svelte

svelte/easing

Go to TOC

106
svelte/events

svelte/events

Go to TOC

107
svelte

svelte/legacy

Go to TOC

108
svelte/motion

svelte/motion

Go to TOC

109
svelte

svelte/reactivity

Go to TOC

110
svelte/server

svelte/server

Go to TOC

111
svelte

svelte/store

Go to TOC

112
svelte/transition

svelte/transition

Go to TOC

113
svelte

Reference

Go to TOC

114
Colophon

Colophon
This book is created by using the following sources:

Svelte - English
GitHub source: sveltejs/svelte/documentation/docs
Created: 2024-07-28
Bash v5.2.2
Vivliostyle, https://vivliostyle.org/
By: @shinokada
Viewer: https://read-html-download-pdf.vercel.app/
GitHub repo: https://github.com/shinokada/markdown-docs-as-pdf
Viewer repo: https://github.com/shinokada/read-html-download-pdf

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