1stday-12STEM

Download as docx, pdf, or txt
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 23

21st CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES- REVIEWER

LITERARY FORMS

·FICTION – the literature created from the imagination of the author

·NON-FICTION – based on facts, real events and real people

·PROSE – Written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical


structure

·POETRY – Literary work in which special intensity is given to the expression


of feelings and ideas by the use of distinctive style and rhythm

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE AND ITS GENRES

What is 21st Century Literature?

·New literary work created within the last decade

·Written by contemporary authors

·Deals with current a/issues and reflects a technological culture

·Often breaks traditional writing rules

Who is the 21st century Reader?

·Grew up using technology as a primary learning tool

·Capable of navigating and interpreting digital formats and media messages

·Possesses literacy skills which include technological abilities such as


keyboarding, internet navigation, interpretation of technological speak, as
well as the ability to communicate and interpret coded language and
decipher graphics

What are the different genres of 21st century literature?

-The 21st century Philippine literature covers the new range of development
in digital writings, creative writings and genres. Here are the recent genres in
Philippine literature:

1. Flash Fiction - a style of fictional literature or fiction of extreme brevity.


There is no widely accepted definition of the length of the category. Some
self-described markets for flash fiction impose caps as low as three
hundred words, while others consider stories as long as a thousand words
to be flash fiction.
2. Digi-fiction - a literary experience that combines three media: book,
movie/video, and website. In order to get the full story, students must
engage in navigation, reading, and viewing, in all three formats.
3. Graphic Novels – a narrative work in which the story is conveyed to the
reader using a comic form.

ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE

1. PLOT- refers to all related things that happen in the sequence of a


story. It is made up of a series of cause-and-effect events that lead the
reader from the beginning of the story, through the middle, to the
story’s ending
 EXPOSITION- This is the introduction of the story. Usually, it will be
where the reader acquires the necessary background information
they’ll need to follow the various threads of the plot through to the
end. This is also where the story’s setting is established, the main
characters are introduced to the reader, and the central conflict begins
to emerge.
 CONFLICT- The conflict of the story serves as the focus and driving
force of most of the story’s actions. Essentially, conflict consists of a
central (and sometimes secondary) problem. Without a problem or
conflict, there is no story. Conflict usually takes the form of two
opposing forces. These can be external forces or, sometimes, these
opposing forces can take the form of an internal struggle within the
protagonist or main character.
 RISING ACTION- The rising action of the narrative begins at the end
of the exposition. It usually forms most of the plot and begins with an
inciting incident that kick-starts a series of cause-and-effect events.
The rising action builds on tension and culminates in the climax.
 CLIMAX- After introducing the problem or central conflict of the story,
the action rises as the drama unfolds in a series of causes and effects.
These events culminate in the story’s dramatic high point, known as
the climax. This is when the tension finally reaches its breaking point
 FALLING ACTION- This part of the narrative comprises the events that
happen after the climax. Things begin to slow down and work their way
towards the story’s end, tying up loose ends on the way. We can think
of the falling action as a de-escalation of the story’s drama.
 RESOLUTION- This is the final part of the plot arc and represents the
closing of the conflict and the return of normality – or new normality –
in the wake of the story’s events. Often, this takes the form of a
significant change within the main character. A resolution restores
balance and order to the world, or it brings about a new balance and
order.
2. SETTING- consists of two key elements: space and time. Space
refers to the where of the story, most often the geographical
location where the action of the story takes place. Time refers to
when of the story. This could be a historical period, the present, or
the future.
3. CHARACTERS- A story’s characters are the doers of the actions.
Characters most often take human form, but, on occasion, a story
can employ animals, fantastical creatures, and even inanimate
objects as characters.
 Protagonist- The protagonist is the story’s main character. The
story’s plot centers around these characters, who are usually
sympathetic and likable to the reader; that is, they are most often the
‘hero’ of the story.
 Antagonist- The antagonist is the bad guy or girl of the piece. Most of
the action of the plot is borne of the conflict between the protagonist
and the antagonist.
 Flat- A flat character is a character with little to no complex emotions,
motivations, or personality. They also don't undergo any kind of
change to make them more well-rounded.
 Round- A round character in a novel, play, or story is a complex
personality. Like real people, they have depth in feelings and passions.
4. POINT OF VIEW- in literature refers to the perspective through
which you experience the events of the story.
 First-Person Protagonist: This is when the story’s main character
relates the action first-hand as he or she experiences or experienced it.
As the narrator is also the main character, the reader is placed right at
the center of the action and sees events unfold through the main
character’s eyes.
 First-Person Periphery: In this case, we see the story unfold, not
from the main character’s POV but from the perspective of a secondary
character who has limited participation in the story itself.
 Second Person: This perspective is uncommon. Though it is hard to
pull off without sounding corny, you will find it in some books, such as
those Choose Your Own Adventure type books. You can recognize this
perspective by using the second person pronoun ‘you’.
 Third Person Limited: From this perspective, we see events unfold
from the point of view of one person in the story. As the name
suggests, we are limited to seeing things from the perspective of the
third-person narrator and do not gain insight into the internal life of the
other characters other than through their actions as described by the
third-person narrator (he, she, they, etc.).
 Third Person Omniscient: The great eye in the sky! The 3rd person
omniscient narrator, as the name suggests, knows everything about
everyone. From this point of view, nothing is off-limits. This allows the
reader to peek behind every curtain and into every corner of what is
going on as the narrator moves freely through time and space, jumping
in and out of the characters’ heads along the way.

5. THEME- is the big ideas explored in a work of literature. These are


often universal ideas that transcend the limits of culture, ethnicity,
or language. The theme is the deeper meaning behind the events of
the story. Examples: Love, Revenge, Justice, Forgiveness
6. TONE- refers to how the theme is treated in a work. Two works may
have the same theme, but each may adopt a different tone in
dealing with that theme. For example, the tone of a text can be
serious, comical, formal, informal, gloomy, joyful, sarcastic, or
sentimental.

WHAT IS FIGURATIVE AND LITERAL LANGUAGE

Literal language- uses words exactly according to their conventionally


accepted meanings or denotation. Authors use literal language when they
want to get their point across in a direct manner.

Figurative language- uses figures of speech to be more effective,


persuasive, and impactful. Figures of speech such as metaphors, similes, and
allusions go beyond the literal meanings of the words to give readers new
insights. On the other hand, alliterations, imageries, or onomatopoeias are
figurative devices that appeal to the senses of the readers.

TYPES OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE:

1. Simile- is a figure of speech in which two essentially dissimilar


objects or concepts are expressly compared with one another
through the use of “like” or “as.”
2. Metaphor- is a figure of speech that makes a comparison between
two non-similar things. As a literary device, metaphor creates
implicit comparisons without the express use of “like” or “as.”
Metaphor is a means of asserting that two things are identical in
comparison rather than just similar. “A Dream is a wish your heart
makes. (Walt Disney’s Cinderella)”
3. Personification- is a figure of speech in which an idea or thing is
given human attributes and/or feelings or is spoken of as if it were
human. “The sun kissed my cheeks when I went outside.”
4. Onomatopoeia- It indicates a word that sounds like what it refers
to or describes. The letter sounds combined in the word imitate the
natural sound of the object or action.
5. Oxymoron- is a figure of speech pairing two words together that
are opposing and/or contradictory. As a literary device, oxymoron
has the effect of creating an impression, enhancing a concept, and
even entertaining the reader. “She was clearly confused in her
decision.”
6. Hyperbole- is a figure of speech and literary device that creates
heightened effect through deliberate exaggeration. Hyperbole is
often a boldly overstated or exaggerated claim or statement that
adds emphasis without the intention of being literally true.
7. Metonymy- is a figure of speech in which one object or idea takes
the place of another with which it has a close association. In fact,
metonymy means “change of name.” As a literary device, it is a
way of replacing an object or idea with something related to it
instead of stating what is actually meant. “Joe’s new ride was
expensive.”
8. Synecdoche- is a figure of speech in which a part of something is
used to signify the whole, or vice-versa. In fact, it’s derived from the
Greek word synekdoche: “simultaneous meaning. “Jake got some
new wheels.”
9. Litotes- is a figure of speech featuring a phrase that utilizes
negative wording or terms to express a positive assertion or
statement. “That lesson is not hard.”
10. Understatement- is a figure of speech employed by writers or
speakers to intentionally make a situation seem less important than
it really is.

LITERARY DEVICES AND TECHNIQUES

A literary device- is any specific aspect of literature, or a particular work,


which we can recognize, identify, interpret and/or analyze. Both literary
elements and literary techniques can rightly be called literary devices.

TYPES OF LITERARY DEVICE:

1. -Imagery- Language which describes something in detail, using words


to substitute for and create sensory stimulation, including visual
imagery and sound imagery.

Karlo Antonio David, “Pagtatapat”


Sandali lang lumangoy

ang mga alitaptap

Sa aking mga luha

Nang sabihin niyang

Hindi sapat ang liwanag ko

Nung gabing yun sa Kidapawan…

2. Symbolism- The use of specific objects or images to represent


abstract ideas. A symbol must be something tangible or visible, while
the idea it symbolizes must be something abstract or universal. “Nets
and bancas–fishermen Plow and carabao–farming/farmer Pen and
paper–writer”

LITERARY TECHNIQUES- are specific, deliberate constructions of language


which an author uses to convey meaning. An author’s use of a literary
technique usually occurs with a single word or phrase, or a particular group
of words or phrases, at one single point in a text.

TYPES OF LITERARY TECHNIQUES:

1. Cliffhanger- A cliffhanger is when a narrative, or part of a narrative,


ends in an unresolved and often sudden manner. This typically creates
shock and/or suspense for readers or audiences so that they are driven
to continue reading or watching to find out what happens. A cliffhanger
can appear at the end of a full story or at the conclusion of a chapter
or scene.
2. Foreshadowing- is a literary technique that writers utilize as a means
to indicate or hint to readers something that is to follow or appear later
in a story. Foreshadowing, when done properly, is an excellent device
in terms of creating suspense and dramatic tension for readers. It can
set up emotional expectations of character behaviors and/or plot
outcomes.
3. Flashback- is a literary technique wherein the author depicts the
occurrence of specific events to the reader, which have taken place
before the present time the narration is following, or events that have
happened before the events that are currently unfolding in the story.

Sociocultural- Take note of the following before reading a text through the
sociocultural context:

You may use several sociological, economic, and cultural perspectives when
reading using the sociocultural context.

The following are reasons to read literature through sociocultural context


(Gioia and Kennedy 2007):

- Reading using the sociocultural context helps you understand the


social, economic, political , and cultural forces affecting the work that
you are reading.
- Analyzing the sociocultural context of the text makes you examine the
role of the audience (readers) in shaping literature.
Marxism- class struggles
Feminism- role of women

Queer Theory- third gender

Historicism- historical criticism

Postcolonialism- after Japan

New Historicism- focuses not only In the history when the literary text was
written, but also how the history happened.

Biological- There are reasons to read literature through the biographical


context (Gioia and Kennedy 2007):

- Understanding the author’s life can help you understand his or her
work thoroughly.
- Reading the author’s biography or autobiography helps you see how
much his experiences shape his or her work directly and indirectly.
- You should not assume that all works are confessional, biographical, or
even “true to life.”
- A literary text is according to the author’s perspective and will be
heavily influenced by him or her, but it is not the only way of studying
literature.
Linguistic- Here are some reasons to read literature through the linguistic
context:

- Reading the text on its own, regardless of the author’s biography and
sociocultural context, may help you understand the literary text
through analyzing the words, sentences, patterns, imagery, etc. of the
text.
- Analyzing the literary text’s grammar,syntax. or phonemic pattern may
help you find the meaning of the text within its form and help you
interpret it by simply analyzing the content of the literary work.
TAKE NOTE:
- Even if literature uses language, it does not mean that the structure of
literature and language are the same. Some writers may not follow
grammatical rules, and this kind of deviation may be used in your
analysis. You may ask, “Why is the text not following standard
grammar?” and other similar questions.
- The characteristics of the language in which the text was written may
help in analyzing the text. You may also ask, “Why is the text written in
this language?”, “Is this considered a weak language or a strong
language?” and other similar questions.
Structuralism- being examined to a larger structure.

Formalism- school of literary criticism and literary theory that focuses on the
structure of a particular text. Examine a text without taking into account any
outside influence.

Poststructuralism- reaction to structuralism.


EMPTECH-WEEK 3

IMAGE MANIPULATION TECHNIQUES

IMAGE- is a representation of something that conveys meaning like


photographs, paintings, drawings, illustrations, sculptures, abstracts, etc.

PRINTABLE IMAGE FILE FORMAT- are those image formats that can be
uploaded on the internet and can be printed out (as the name says) to have
a hard copy of the image.

Printable Image File Formats:

 JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)- refers to the file format of a


still and flat image. It is a file extension that still pictures are saved as.
 PNG (Portable Network Graphics)- used for creating flyers and posters.
Even if the image is resized into a larger size or a smaller size, it will
not reduce its quality.
 PDF (Portable Document Format)- converts word processed document,
spreadsheet, and even presentations into an image file format where
they can still read the document even if they are away from their
desktop computers
 EPS (Encapsulated PostScript)- is a file format for images printed in
large billboards
 TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)- used for raw files that came from
filmed cameras

ONLINE IMAGE FILE FORMATS- Images that can be uploaded and shared
online

Online Image File Formats:

 GIF (Graphic Interchange Format)- refers to a graphic file format that


has movements (interchanging movements)
 BMP (Bitmap)- refers to a file format for colors per pixel used for
creating animated characters in a low resolution where pixels (colors
per box) are shown.
 SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics)- commonly used file format for images
on web pages and websites

IMAGE MANIPULATION- refers to the transformation of an image using


various techniques and methods to enhance the image result.

BASIC TECHNIQUES IN IMAGE MANIPULATION:

Picking Stock Image for Cropping- refers to choosing the best photo or
image that can blend to other cropped images

Combining Multiple Images- It enhances the look of the raw image if it


has a combination of multiple images.

Filters- enhance the beauty of the image and transform it dramatically.

Text and Color- emphasizes the message of the image more and it catches
the attention of the people seeing it.

ONLINE PLATFORM FOR EDUCATION CONTENT-WEEEK 4

ONLINE PLATFORMS- refer to base systems that facilitate the functions of


applications or technologies. These platforms are created by developers and
can be customized by users by adding the functions or features of their
choice. These are what we know as websites.

ONLINE PLATFORMS IN EDUCATION- The integration of online sources


and materials in education paved the way for dynamic and progressive
learning. A wide range of online platforms offer extensive assistance on
education and career advancement, which we refer to as e-learning.
POSITIVE IMPACT OF ONLINE PLATFORMS IN EDUCATION:

- Connectivity- Educators are able to deliver their lessons to reach


learners across distant places.
- Flexibility- Learners are able to manage their tasks and resources on
their own terms and environment.
- Cooperation- Sharing, collaboration, and mutual benefit are possible
for learners and educators.
- Personalisation- Learners can learn lessons at their own pace and
determine the most effective method to understand concepts and
practice skills.
ONLINE PLATFORMS FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE- Digital learning platform is
one of the effective tools to deliver lessons to 21st century learners.

Commonly Used Platforms for Academic Content Development:

Social networking Platforms: allow users to connect and build a network.

Facebook

Twitter/X

Instagram

Blogging Platforms: used for personal articles and journals. They provide
customization for the layout of the user’s page.

Blogger

Wordpress

Media sharing Platforms: allow users to upload and make use of multimedia
files.

YouTube

Tiktok

Social Forums Platforms: platforms where users can join a discussion thread
about a certain topic.

Quora

Reddit

Advantages of Social Media Platforms:

- Networking without Boundaries- They offer communication across


places and serve as a bridge to different individuals and nationalities.
- Instant News and Information- They provide easy access to latest
news and information happening anywhere shared over the internet.
- Great Marketing Channels for Business- They render features that
assist entrepreneurs to market their products and services in a cost-
effective manner.
- Awareness and Activism- Social media can serve as a platform for
freedom of expression and can be used for campaigns to promote
particular agendas.
- Exchange of Ideas and Collaboration- Social media facilitates
participation in various discussions and sharing one’s expertise and
knowledge.

EMPTECH WEEK 5: Visualization and Presentation Platforms

Graphic organizers are visual tools that precisely convey data or


information through shapes, colors, and other symbolic elements.

Types of Graphic Organizers:


- Graphic organizers vary depending on their use or purpose. Understanding
concepts and breaking these down into keypoints is important before
converting them into graphics.

Cyclical organizers- are used for ideas that have rotational or repetitive
patterns. Examples are the evaporation process and the product life cycle.

Hierarchical Organizers- are used when a concept shows ranking orders or


levels. Examples are the animal hierarchy and the Hindu caste system.

Conceptual organizers- are created to link relationships among concepts.


Examples are company ideas and decision-making.

Sequential organizers- are applicable to key points that exhibit flows or


courses. Examples are the marketing process and the writing process.

Graphs and Charts- are produced to display figures or statistics. Examples


are survey scores and students’ favorite subjects chart.

Storyboards- are generated to provide synopses for narratives or literary


works. Examples are digital previews and storylines.

There are a number of graphic organizers available online. You can also
create your own layout and design for as long as it can effectively deliver
your message.

Commonly Used Graphic Organizers:

A Venn diagram- enables the comparison and contrast of two or more main
concepts.

A concept wheel- provides ideas related to a central topic.

A tree chart- illustrates categories that spread out into sub-categories or


related ideas.

A chain diagram- exhibits the causal sequence of an event.

The T chart- demonstrates analogies between two perspectives of a


particular topic or concept.

Mind mapping- yields expanded ideas; unlike concept mapping, ideas are
only produced from a single stem and not between interrelated concepts.
KWL chart- follows the progress of learning and knowledge before, during,
and after teaching or instruction.

A story map- illustrates details about a literary piece or a screenplay. Story


maps are also used in identifying elements such as characters, setting, and
sequence of events.

The timeline- graphic organizer presents chronologically arranged events.

Examples of Online Visualization Tools:

Venngage Features:

● importation of data from spreadsheets

● selection of icons, pictograms, and illustrations

● customizable pre-made templates

Slatebox Features:

● collaboration tool

● scalable images

● drag, resize, connect, colorize functions

● embed and export functions

Canva Features:

● wide selection of templates

● stock graphics

● collaboration tool

● tons of customization features

Edraw Max Features:

● massive templates and symbols

● file compatibility

● dynamic tools

Freeology Features:

● pre-made templates ● downloadable and editable

EMPTECH-WEEK6

Team structure- refers to how a team is organized, including the roles and
responsibilities of each member.

-refers to subdividing the team into smaller ones to distribute workloads


equally.

Characteristics of a team:
● Common values

● Mutual trust

● Collaboration

● Supplementary skills

● Good communication

Team Dynamics- involves the interactions and relationship between team


members.

Roles of team members in creating ICT content:

● Action-oriented role- Focus on getting things done. They include: •


Implementer • Shaper • Completer / finisher

● People-oriented role- Center around Building relationships and


facilitating team cohesion. They include: • Coordinator • Team worker

● Thought-oriented role- Focus on generating ideas and solving problems.


They include:

• Monitor – evaluator • Specialist

Kinds of online Collaboration tools:

● Time Tracking- Help monitor and record the time spent on tasks
and project. Time Doctor, Everhour, Toggl

● Communication Tools- Facilitate real-time messaging, video calls, and


discussions. Gmeet, skype, messenger

● File Sharing Tools- Allow for the storage, sharing and collaboration on
documents and other files. Gdrive, Dropbox, OneDrive

● Project Management- Assist in planning, organizing, and tracking


project tasks and progress. Trello, Zoho Project

GEN CHEM- WEEK 3

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

SOLUTIONS- is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances. Its


categorized as a homogenous mixture because its component are
distinguishable from one another.

Two components of solutions:

- Solute, the one that is being dissolved


- Solvent, the dissolving medium.
SOLUBILITY- pertains to the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a given
amount of solvent at a specific temperature and pressure.

- Nature of Solute and Solvent - “ like dissolves like”


- Temperature- affects the solubility of most substances, as a high
amount of heat allows the solvent to expand, accommodating more
solute.
Solubility of Solid and Temperature

Solubility of Gas and Temperature

Solubility of Gas and Pressure

CONCENTRATION- of solution can be expressed as either concentrated or


dilute.

- Concentrated means that the amount of solute is relatively high.


- Diluted means that the amount of solute is relatively low.
PERCENT BY MASS: ratio of the mass of a solute to the mass of the
solution, multiplied by 100.

FORMULA: % by mass = mass of solute/ mass of solution multiplied by 100

Given: Mass of solute = 0.892 g Unknown percent by mass

Mass of solvent = 54.6 g

Computation: mass of solute/ mass of solute + mass of solvent x 100

0.892/55.492 x 100 = 1.61%

PERCENT BY VOLUME: is the volume (mL) of a liquid solute to the volume


of solution, multiplied by Unknown percent by 100.

FORMULA: % by volume = volume of solute/ volume of solution multiplied


by 100

Given: Volume of solute = 3.5 mL Unknown percent by volume

Volume of solvent = 100 mL

Computation: volume of solute/ volume of solute + volume of solvent x 100

3.5mL/ 3.5mL + 100 mL x 100 = 3.4 %

Given: Volume of solution = 750 mL Unknown volume of solute

Proof number = 55.0

Computation: PROOF= % BY VOLUME X 2

% by volume= proof/2 = 55.0/2 = 27.5

% by volume= Volume of solute/ volume of solute + volume of


solvent x 100

% by volume x volume of solution = volume of solute x 100

% by volume x volume of solution/ 100%

027.5% x 750mL/ 100% = 206 mL

MOLE FRACTION- of solute (X4) is defined as the ole ratio between solute
and solution, while mole fraction of solvent (XB) is the mole ratio between
solvent and solution. It can be solved using the following equations:
MOLALITY- of the solution is the amount of mole of solute per kilogram of
solvent. It is given by a number followed by an italic lower case m. Ex: a 5 m
aqueous solution contains 5 mol of glucose per kg of water.
Chemicals Reaction Exothermic and Endothermic First Law of
Thermodynamics

Chemical reaction – a chemical reaction is a process in which one or more


substances also called reactants are converted to one or more different
substances known as products. Substances are either chemical elements or
compounds.

There are 5 Major Types of Chemical Reactions:

Synthesis/ Combination Reaction – from the word itself combination


reactions can combine among reactants to produce another substance.
Which is what we call the product. EX: C + O2 ---- CO2

Decomposition Reaction- from the word itself decomposition meaning


decompose

EX: NaCl ----- Na + Cl

Combustion Reaction – simple word is burning Like gas, diesel, alcohols


and other flammable chemicals always end up in the product Carbon dioxide
and water vapor.

Ex: C4H10+O2 -----> H2O+ CO2 C3H7OH+O2 ----> CO2+ H2O

Single Replacement

Example: Fe+ CuCl2----->Cu+ FeCl2 Cu+AgNO3--->Ag+CuNO3

Double Replacement

Example: BaCl2+Na2SO4----- BaSO4+NaCl

Exothermic Process- is in an exothermic process heat is released or heat


leaves your system typically in an exothermic process the objects get hot for
example When you light a match the chemicals create an exothermic
process which creates in the form of a flame lightning a match is also an
example of converting chemicals into heat or thermal energy another
process which is an exothermic process is your combustion engine in your
car if you’ve ever touched the hood of the car after its been running then you
know that this is an exothermic process because the hood of the car gets hot
this process turns chemical energy into Kinetic energy

Endothermic Process- is an example of heat being taking in by the system


an example is the “ice melting” because ice is typically colder than the
environment it’s in which means that ice takes in heat energy and begins to
melt another example of endothermic process is the sun warming up to cold
water in lake superior if flakes appear here in our system and the sun is our
surroundings energy is being transferred From the sun into lake superior.

In simple terms, the endothermic reactions absorb energy from the


surrounding that is in the form of heat. On the other hand, an
exothermic reaction releases energy into the surrounding of the
system.

The first law of thermodynamics- is a formula of the law of conservation


of energy in the context of thermodynamic process. The law distinguishes
two principal forms of energy transfer, heat and thermodynamic work that
modify a thermodynamic system containing a constant amount of matter.

When examined more rigorously actually outlines the relationship between


internal energy, work & heat which from now on will be represented by the
letter Q

Internal energy (U)

Work (W)

Heat (Q)

- The law can be stated as an equation where delta U equals Q minus


W. This means that the change in the internal energy of a system will
be equal to the energy transferred to or from the system as heat minus
the energy transferred to or from the system as work and all of these
quantities will be measured in joules .
- Because of this law we can outline a few different types of process
than can occur. If a process occurs there is no change in volume for the
system that means that no pressure volume work can be on or by the
system so work is zero in such a case. Delta U equals Q and any
change in internal energy must be the result of heat transfer in
or out. This will be called an isovolumetric process meaning no
change in volume.
- An example would be a bomb calorimeter where a combustion occurs
in a rigid container such that only heat transfer occurs. If there is no
change in the temperature of the system there cannot have been any
change in change in the internal energy of the system since these two
values are proportional.
- Delta U will be zero which makes Q equal to W. this means that
any heat transferred into the system is used by the system to
do work rather than increasing the internal energy of a
system. This is called an isothermal process meaning no change
in temperature.
- If there is no heat transferred Q will be zero and delta U will
equal negative W. This means that the internal energy of a
system changes as a result of doing work on its surrounding or
the surroundings doing work upon the system. Such a process
will be called adiabatic process meaning No heat transfer.
- We can see this certain process in Earths atmosphere as masses of air
change position due to pressure differences. And if Q and W are both
zero meaning there is no heat transfer and no work done there
can be no change in internal energy and this must be an
isolated.

GEN CHEM- WEEK 3

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

SOLUTIONS- is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances. Its


categorized as a homogenous mixture because its component are
distinguishable from one another.

Two components of solutions:


- Solute, the one that is being dissolved
- Solvent, the dissolving medium.
SOLUBILITY- pertains to the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a given
amount of solvent at a specific temperature and pressure.

- Nature of Solute and Solvent - “ like dissolves like”


- Temperature- affects the solubility of most substances, as a high
amount of heat allows the solvent to expand, accommodating more
solute.
Solubility of Solid and Temperature

Solubility of Gas and Temperature

Solubility of Gas and Pressure

CONCENTRATION- of solution can be expressed as either concentrated or


dilute.

- Concentrated means that the amount of solute is relatively high.


- Diluted means that the amount of solute is relatively low.
PERCENT BY MASS: ratio of the mass of a solute to the mass of the
solution, multiplied by 100.

FORMULA: % by mass = mass of solute/ mass of solution multiplied by 100

Given: Mass of solute = 0.892 g Unknown percent by mass

Mass of solvent = 54.6 g

Computation: mass of solute/ mass of solute + mass of solvent x 100

0.892/55.492 x 100 = 1.61%

PERCENT BY VOLUME: is the volume (mL) of a liquid solute to the volume


of solution, multiplied by Unknown percent by 100.

FORMULA: % by volume = volume of solute/ volume of solution multiplied


by 100

Given: Volume of solute = 3.5 mL Unknown percent by volume

Volume of solvent = 100 mL

Computation: volume of solute/ volume of solute + volume of solvent x 100

3.5mL/ 3.5mL + 100 mL x 100 = 3.4 %

Given: Volume of solution = 750 mL Unknown volume of solute

Proof number = 55.0

Computation: PROOF= % BY VOLUME X 2

% by volume= proof/2 = 55.0/2 = 27.5

% by volume= Volume of solute/ volume of solute + volume of


solvent x 100

% by volume x volume of solution = volume of solute x 100

% by volume x volume of solution/ 100%


027.5% x 750mL/ 100% = 206 mL

MOLE FRACTION- of solute (X4) is defined as the ole ratio between solute
and solution, while mole fraction of solvent (XB) is the mole ratio between
solvent and solution. It can be solved using the following equations:
MOLALITY- of the solution is the amount of mole of solute per kilogram of
solvent. It is given by a number followed by an italic lower case m. Ex: a 5 m
aqueous solution contains 5 mol of glucose per kg of water.
Chemicals Reaction Exothermic and Endothermic First Law of
Thermodynamics

Chemical reaction – a chemical reaction is a process in which one or more


substances also called reactants are converted to one or more different
substances known as products. Substances are either chemical elements or
compounds.

There are 5 Major Types of Chemical Reactions:

Synthesis/ Combination Reaction – from the word itself combination


reactions can combine among reactants to produce another substance.
Which is what we call the product. EX: C + O2 ---- CO2

Decomposition Reaction- from the word itself decomposition meaning


decompose

EX: NaCl ----- Na + Cl

Combustion Reaction – simple word is burning Like gas, diesel, alcohols


and other flammable chemicals always end up in the product Carbon dioxide
and water vapor.

Ex: C4H10+O2 -----> H2O+ CO2 C3H7OH+O2 ----> CO2+ H2O

Single Replacement

Example: Fe+ CuCl2----->Cu+ FeCl2 Cu+AgNO3--->Ag+CuNO3


Double Replacement

Example: BaCl2+Na2SO4----- BaSO4+NaCl

Exothermic Process- is in an exothermic process heat is released or heat


leaves your system typically in an exothermic process the objects get hot for
example When you light a match the chemicals create an exothermic
process which creates in the form of a flame lightning a match is also an
example of converting chemicals into heat or thermal energy another
process which is an exothermic process is your combustion engine in your
car if you’ve ever touched the hood of the car after its been running then you
know that this is an exothermic process because the hood of the car gets hot
this process turns chemical energy into Kinetic energy

Endothermic Process- is an example of heat being taking in by the system


an example is the “ice melting” because ice is typically colder than the
environment it’s in which means that ice takes in heat energy and begins to
melt another example of endothermic process is the sun warming up to cold
water in lake superior if flakes appear here in our system and the sun is our
surroundings energy is being transferred From the sun into lake superior.

In simple terms, the endothermic reactions absorb energy from the


surrounding that is in the form of heat. On the other hand, an
exothermic reaction releases energy into the surrounding of the
system.

The first law of thermodynamics- is a formula of the law of conservation


of energy in the context of thermodynamic process. The law distinguishes
two principal forms of energy transfer, heat and thermodynamic work that
modify a thermodynamic system containing a constant amount of matter.

When examined more rigorously actually outlines the relationship between


internal energy, work & heat which from now on will be represented by the
letter Q

Internal energy (U)

Work (W)

Heat (Q)

- The law can be stated as an equation where delta U equals Q minus


W. This means that the change in the internal energy of a system will
be equal to the energy transferred to or from the system as heat minus
the energy transferred to or from the system as work and all of these
quantities will be measured in joules .
- Because of this law we can outline a few different types of process
than can occur. If a process occurs there is no change in volume for the
system that means that no pressure volume work can be on or by the
system so work is zero in such a case. Delta U equals Q and any
change in internal energy must be the result of heat transfer in
or out. This will be called an isovolumetric process meaning no
change in volume.
- An example would be a bomb calorimeter where a combustion occurs
in a rigid container such that only heat transfer occurs. If there is no
change in the temperature of the system there cannot have been any
change in change in the internal energy of the system since these two
values are proportional.
- Delta U will be zero which makes Q equal to W. this means that
any heat transferred into the system is used by the system to
do work rather than increasing the internal energy of a
system. This is called an isothermal process meaning no change
in temperature.
- If there is no heat transferred Q will be zero and delta U will
equal negative W. This means that the internal energy of a
system changes as a result of doing work on its surrounding or
the surroundings doing work upon the system. Such a process
will be called adiabatic process meaning No heat transfer.
- We can see this certain process in Earths atmosphere as masses of air
change position due to pressure differences. And if Q and W are both
zero meaning there is no heat transfer and no work done there
can be no change in internal energy and this must be an
isolated.

You might also like