Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

College of Engineering
University of Zawia

Lecture (2)
Electromagnetic II
(EE413)
Dr. Abulasad Elgamoudi

Date: Oct. 12, 2024

 Practice exercises
Exercise 1.
A plane wave is an incident normally occurring on a perfect conductor. The electric field of the incident wave is
given by:
𝐸𝑖 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝐸0 cos(ω𝑡 − 𝛽𝑧)
The reflected wave is:
𝐸𝑟 𝑧, 𝑡 = −𝐸0 cos(ω𝑡 + 𝛽𝑧)
(a) Write the expression for the total electric field in medium 1.
(b) What is the maximum value of the standing wave?

Solution:
(a) The total electric field is the sum of the incident and reflected fields: 𝐸 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝐸𝑖 𝑧, 𝑡 + 𝐸𝑟 𝑧, 𝑡
𝐸 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝐸0 cos(ω𝑡 − 𝛽𝑧) + (−𝐸0 cos(ω𝑡 + 𝛽𝑧) + 𝐸𝑟 𝑧, 𝑡 )
Using trigonometric identities:
𝐸 𝑧, 𝑡 = 2𝐸0 sin(𝛽𝑧)sin(ω𝑡) This is a standing wave.
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 Practice exercises
(b) The maximum value occurs when sin 𝛽𝑧 = 1, so:
𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝐸0
Thus, the maximum value of the standing wave is 2𝐸0
Exercise 2.
A plane wave is normally incident from medium 1 (a lossless dielectric with 𝜂1 = 377Ω) to medium 2 (a lossless
dielectric with 𝜂2 = 100Ω).
(a) Calculate the reflection coefficient (Г).
(b) Calculate the transmission coefficient (𝜏).
Solution:
(a) Reflection coefficient is given by:
𝐸𝑟𝑜 𝜂2 − 𝜂1 100 − 377 −277
Г= = = = = −0.581
𝐸𝑖𝑜 𝜂2 + 𝜂1 100 + 377 477
(b) Transmission coefficient is given by:

2𝜂2 2 × 100 200

𝜏= = = = 0.419
𝜂2 + 𝜂1 100 + 377 477 3
 Practice exercises
Exercise 3.
A plane wave is normally incident from a lossless dielectric medium (𝜂1 = 377Ω) onto a perfect conductor
𝜂2 = 0).

(a) Calculate the reflection coefficient (Г).

(b) What happens to the transmitted wave?
Solution:
(a) For a perfect conductor, 𝜂2 = 0, so the reflection coefficient is:

𝜂2 − 𝜂1 0 − 377 −377
Г= = = = −1
𝜂2 + 𝜂1 0 + 377 377

(b) Since the wave is incident on a perfect conductor, all the wave is reflected, and the transmission

coefficient is 𝜏 = 0. There is no transmitted wave, only a reflected wave, with a reflection coefficient of −1.
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 Practice exercises
Exercise 4.
A plane wave is normally incident from medium 1 (a lossless dielectric with 𝜂1 = 100Ω) to medium 2
(a lossless dielectric with 𝜂2 = 377Ω).
(a) Calculate the reflection coefficient (Г).
(b) Calculate the transmission coefficient (𝜏).
Solution:
(a) Reflection coefficient is given by:

𝐸𝑟𝑜 𝜂2 − 𝜂1 377 − 100 277

Г= = = = = 0.581
𝐸𝑖𝑜 𝜂2 + 𝜂1 377 + 100 477

(b) Transmission coefficient is given by:

2𝜂2 2 × 377 754

𝜏= = = = 1.58
𝜂2 + 𝜂1 100 + 377 477
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 Practice exercises
Exercise 5.
A plane wave is normally incident from medium 1 with 𝜂1 = 377Ω to medium 2 with
𝜂2 = (100 + j50)Ω
Calculate the reflection coefficient (Г).

Solution:
Reflection coefficient is given by:

𝜂2 − 𝜂1 (100 + 𝑗50) − 377 −277 + 𝑗50

Г= = =
𝜂2 + 𝜂1 100 + 𝑗50 + 377 477 + 𝑗50

You can simplify using complex number arithmetic (or use a calculator).

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 Practice exercises
Exercise 6.
A plane wave is incident on a dielectric boundary at an angle of 30𝑜 . The wave propagates from air (𝑛1 = 1)
to a medium with refractive index 𝑛2 = 2.
(a) Calculate the angle of reflection.
(b) Determine the angle of transmission.

Solution:
(a) According to the law of reflection, the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection:

𝜃𝑟 = 𝜃𝑖 = 30𝑜
Thus, the angle of reflection is 30𝑜

(b) Using Snell's Law: 𝑛1 sin𝜃𝑖 = 𝑛2 sin𝜃𝑡

Substitute the values:
1∙sin30𝑜 0.5
1∙ sin30𝑜 = 2 ∙ sin𝜃𝑡 → sin𝜃𝑡 = = = 0.25
2 2

Thus: 𝜃𝑡 = arcsin 0.25 ≈ 14.48𝑜

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 Practice exercises
Exercise 7.
A plane wave with parallel polarization is incident on a boundary between air (𝑛1 = 1) and glass (𝑛2 = 1.5) at
an angle of 45𝑜 .
• Calculate the reflection coefficient for parallel polarization.
Solution:
For parallel polarization, the reflection coefficient Гǁ is given by:
𝑛2 cos𝜃𝑖 − 𝑛1 cos𝜃𝑡
Гǁ =
𝑛2 cos𝜃𝑖 + 𝑛1 cos𝜃𝑡
First, calculate the angle of transmission using Snell's Law:
𝑛1 sin𝜃𝑖 = 𝑛2 sin𝜃𝑡
1 ∙ sin45𝑜 = 1.5 ∙ sin𝜃𝑡

1 ∙ 0.7071
sin𝜃𝑡 = = 0.4714
1.5
𝜃𝑡 = arcsin 0.4714 ≈ 28.14𝑜
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Practice exercises
So now we can calculate the reflection coefficient for parallel polarization (Гǁ ) as:

1.5 ∙ cos45𝑜 − 1 ∙ cos28.14𝑜

Гǁ =
1.5 ∙ cos45𝑜 + 1 ∙ cos28.14𝑜

1.5 ∙ 0.7071 − 1 ∙ 0.882

Гǁ =
1.5 ∙ 0.7071 + 1 ∙ 0.882

1.0607 − 1 ∙ 0.882 0.1787

Гǁ = = ≈ 0.092
1.0607 + 1 ∙ 0.882 1.9427

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 Practice exercises
Exercise 8.
A plane wave with perpendicular polarization is incident on a boundary between air (𝑛1 = 1) and
a dielectric medium (𝑛2 = 2) at an angle of 60𝑜 .
• Calculate the transmission coefficient for perpendicular polarization.
Solution:
For perpendicular polarization, the transmission coefficient (𝜏⊥ ) is given by:

2𝑛1 cos𝜃𝑖
𝜏⊥ =
𝑛1 cos𝜃𝑖 + 𝑛2 cos𝜃𝑡
First, use Snell's Law to calculate the angle of transmission (𝜃𝑡 ):
𝑛1 sin𝜃𝑖 = 𝑛2 sin𝜃𝑡
1 ∙ sin60𝑜 = 2 ∙ sin𝜃𝑡

0.866
sin𝜃𝑡 = = 0.433
2
𝜃𝑡 = arcsin 0.433 ≈ 25.69𝑜 10
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So now we can calculate the reflection coefficient for parallel polarization (𝜏⊥ ) as:

2 ∙ 1 ∙ cos 60𝑜
𝜏⊥ =
2 ∙ cos 60𝑜 + 2 ∙ cos 25.69𝑜

2 ∙ 0.5 1
𝜏⊥ = =
0.5 + 2 ∙ 0.9018 0.5 + 1.8036

1
𝜏⊥ = ≈ 0.434
2.3036
Thus, the transmission coefficient for perpendicular polarization is approximately 0.434

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