LEA 102 – INTRO TO INDUSTRIAL SECURITY CONCEPTS

CHAPTER 1
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF INDUSTRIAL SECURITY IN THE PHILIPPINES

Commonwealth Act No. 1 is the original policy basis of the national security
program of the Republic of the Philippines. That act mandated the establishment
of a Council of National Defense to advise with the President on all matters of
national defense policy, with membership consisting of the President, all living
former Presidents, the Vice President, the head of each executive department, the
Chief of Staff, and six other members to be designated by the President.
Subsequent to World War II, which included a period during which the
Commonwealth government operated as a government in exile, and subsequent
to the recognition of the Republic of the Philippines as a sovereign nation,
President Elpidio Quirino established the National Security Council as a body so
named.
The 1987 Constitution mandates civilian control of the military and establishes
the president as commander in chief of the armed forces. The President also
heads the National Security Council, ostensibly the policy-making and advisory
body for matters connected with national defense. Former President Corazon
Aquino reestablished the council in 1986 through an executive order that
provided for a National Security Council director to advise the president on
national security matters and for a National Security Council Secretariat. The
council itself is composed of the president and at least nine others: the Vice
President; the AFP chief of staff; National Security Council director; the Executive
Secretary; and the Secretaries of Foreign Affairs, National Defense, Interior and
Local Government, Justice, and Labor and Employment (called ministers before
1987). By the end of 1990, however, the National Security Council had only
convened twice.
Responsibility for national security was vested in the Department of National
Defense. The principal functions of the department in 1991 were to defend the
state against internal and external threats and, through the Philippine National
Police, to maintain law and order. The Secretary of National Defense, by law a
civilian, was charged with advising the president on defense matters and
developing defense policy.
In 2002, Philippines President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo won crucial backing from
her cabinet and the Congress for the deployment of US soldiers in the country as
part of the war on terrorism. The President convened a meeting of the country's
National Security Council during that time, in a bid to pull wavering officials,
including her vice-president into line and smooth over differences in her
administration over the issue. Arroyo insisted her oppositions to marshal support
for her stance to back a U.S.-led campaign against terrorism, not only to
implement a unanimous UN Security Council resolution calling on U.N.
members to bring the perpetrators to justice but also the Philippines' strategic
alliance with the United States and to assist the global campaign to end the
scourge of terrorism.
National Security Advisor (NSA) and Director-General serve as Chief of Staff and
adviser for Special Concerns in National Security to the President. The NSA has a
Cabinet rank in the government. The current Director-General and National
Security Adviser is Sec. Hermogenes Esperon.
The NSC's function is to advise the President with respect to the integration of
domestic, foreign, and military policies relating to the national security. It is also
said that it serves as the President's principal arm for coordinating these
policies among various government departments and agencies in matters
involving the national security.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Philippines)

BRIEF HISTORY OF SECURITY IN THE PHILIPPINES

 The private security business began on March 11, 1933, when the first
formally licensed private security agency “Special Watchman Agency”
started its operations;
 Later it was renamed “Jimenez Security Agency”, founded by brothers
Juan and Pedro Jimenez;

 On May 30, 1958, the Philippine Association of Detectives and

Protective Agency Operations (PADPAO) was formally organized;

 RA 5487 was passed on June 13, 1969, through the continuous lobbying of
the incorporators and officers of PADPAO, which set the standards and
minimum requirements for the operations of security agencies.

 P.D. 11 was passed on October 3, 1972, widening the coverage of RA 5487

to include security guards employed in logging concessions, agricultural,
mining and pasture lands;

 P.D. 100 was issued on January 17, 1973, broadening the coverage of the
security industry to include employees of the national or local government
or any agency who are employed to watch or secure government buildings
and properties.

 On August 4, 1969, the Philippine Constabulary activated the Security and

Investigation Supervisory Office or SIASO to supervise and control the
organization and operation of private security and detective agencies
nationwide;

 On 29 June 1970 the office was renamed to Philippine Constabulary

Supervisory Unit for Security and Investigation Agencies or PCSUSIA.
With the passage of RA 6975, this unit was absorbed by the Philippine
National Police;

 On 31 May 1996 the Security Agencies and Guards Supervision Division

(SAGSD) was created as one division under the Civil Security Group (CSG)
to exercise supervisory authority and implement the Rules and Regulations
embodied in RA 5487;
  On September 25, 2009, SAGSD was renamed as the Supervisory Office for
Security and Investigation Agency (SOSIA).

 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11917, July 30, 2022 - AN ACT STRENGTHENING THE
REGULATION OF THE PRIVATE SECURITY SERVICES INDUSTRY, REPEALING
FOR THE PURPOSE, REPUBLIC ACT NO. 5487, ENTITLED “AC ACT TO
REGULATE THE ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION OF PRIVATE DETECTIVE
WATCHMEN OR SECURITY GUARD AGENCIES”, AS AMENDED

INDUSTRIAL SECURITY
It is a concept that refers to a series of security activities that protect resources
and minimize risk and loss to prevent leakage of key technologies and confidential
information at the enterprise level and affect national problems as well. It is the
status reached when the appropriate measures and procedures are implemented
to gain access to, handle, or generate Classified Information during the
performance of a classified contract or program.
A comprehensive workplace security is very important because it will reduce
liabilities, insurance, compensation, and other social security expenses to be paid
by the company to the stakeholders. Thus, you increase your business revenue
and reduce the operational charges that are incurred on your business budgets.
non-stock private organization and it was formed in May 1958.

PCSUSIA – Philippine Constabulary Supervisory Unit for Security and Investigation

Agencies
- was formed as a result of the approval of R.A. 5487, which directs the
Chief PC to issue rules and regulations concerning the implementation of
R.A. 5487.
- later was changed to PNPSOSIA - when the Philippine Constabulary was
dissolved and the personnel was merged into the PNP.
PNPSOSIA – PNP Supervisory Office for Security and Investigation Agencies
- Before it was responsible for the issuance of implementing orders
regarding the rules and regulations affecting security agencies' operations.
 PNPSAG/SD – PNP Security Agency Guards/ Supervision Division –
for national
 PNP FE/SAGS – PNP Firearm and Explosives/ Security Agency Guard
Services – for local
- it directs the Chief of PNP to issue rules and regulations concerning
the implementing rules of R.A. 5487.
- Effectivity date – Oct. 3, 1972, and Jan. 17, 1975, and amended by P.
D. # 11 and 11A
- and again, amended in 2003 with Title 2003 Revised Rules and
Regulations Implementing R.A. 5487 as amended.

Private Detective Agency - is any person who for hire or reward or on commission
conducts or carries on or holds himself out as conducting or carrying on a
detective agency or detective service.

Private Detective - any person who is not a member of a regular police

agency or armed forces who does detective work for hire, reward or
commission.

PADPAO - Philippine Association of Detective and Protective Agency

Operators.

Watchmen/Security Guard - person who offers or renders personal service to

watch or secure either residential or business establishment or both or any
building, compound or area for hire or compensation or as an employee
thereof.
Security Agency - any person, association, partnership or corporation who
recruits, trains, muster, furnishes, solicit individuals or business firms, private or
government owned or controlled corporation to engage his services or those
of its watchmen.

Who May Organize Security Agency

1. Any Filipino Citizen or a corporation, partnership or association.
2. With a minimum capital required by law.
 In case of corporation, association, or partnership - must be
100 % owned and controlled by Filipino citizen.
 No person shall organize or have interest in more than one
agency.

Qualification of an Operator or Manager of a Security Agency:

1. At least 25 years of age
2. College graduate and/or commissioned officer in the inactive service of
the AFP
3. Good moral character
4. No previous record of any conviction of any crime/offense involving
moral turpitude
5. Not suffering from any of the following disqualifications:
1. dishonorably discharged or separate from the AFP
2. mentally incompetent
3. addicted to the use of narcotic drugs
4. habitual drunkard
Basic Qualification of a Security Guard
1. Filipino citizen
2. High school graduate
3. Physically and mentally fit
4. Not less than 21 nor more than 50 years old
5. At least 5'4" in height
6. Not suffering from any disqualification under RA 5487
 Veterans shall be given priority in employment as security guard or
private detective.
 Person convicted of any crime involving moral turpitude shall not be
employed as security guard or private detective.
 Private detective, detective agency, security guard, security agency must
first obtain license from the PNP.
 Employees employed solely for clerical or manual work need not be
licensed.
 The license shall be displayed at all times in a conspicuous and suitable
place in the agency office.
 The PNP shall exercise general supervision over the operation of all
private detective and security guard agencies.
 The City/Municipal Mayors has the power as director of the
City/Municipal civil defense to deputize private detective and security
guards to help maintain peace and order or prevent or arrest law
violators in case of emergency or in times of disaster or calamity. They
shall take orders from the Chief of Police for the duration of the fire,
inundation, earthquakes, riots or other emergency.
 A security guard or security agency is entitled to possess firearms.
 Firearm must not be higher than .45 caliber.
 Agency is entitled to possess firearm not exceeding one firearm for
every security guard in its employ.
 Security guard is entitled to possess not more than one riot gun or
shotgun.
  Firearms shall be carried by the security guard only during his tour of
duty in proper uniform within the compound of the establishment
except when he escorts big amount of cash or valuables in or out of
said compound.
 The Chief PNP shall prescribe the uniform, ornaments, equipment
and paraphernalia to be worn by the security guards.
 Uniforms must be different from the PNP/AFP.
 Salary of security guard - not lower than the minimum wage prescribed
by law.

Limitations and Prohibitions on a Security Agency

1. No agency operating in the City of Manila and its suburbs may employ
more than 1000 watchmen or security guards.
2. No agency operating in other cities and first-class municipalities may
employ more than 500 watchmen or security guards.
3. No agency operating in municipalities other than First Class may employ
more than 200 watchmen or security guards.
4. No person, corporation, partnership, or association may organize more
than one agency in any one city or municipality.
5. No agency shall offer, render, or accept services to gambling dens or
other illegal enterprises.
6. The extent of the security service being provided by any security agency
shall not go beyond the whole compound or property of the person or
establishment requesting the security service except when they escort a big
amount of cash.

Who can Issue rules and regulations to carry out the purpose of RA 5487?
The Chief PNP, in consultation with the Philippines Association of Detective and
Protective Agency Operators.
What are the penal provisions for violation of RA5487 or its implementing rules?
Answer:
1. Suspension, fine, or cancellation of license to operate with the forfeiture
of bond filed with the Chief PNP.
2. Imprisonment ranging from 1 to 4 years and fine, in the discretion of the
courts.

THE CONCEPT OF SECURITY

Historically, criminology has explored security by focusing its attention on what
one might think of as “hitting and taking” harms, typically thought of as “crimes”,
that threaten peaceful coexistence along with the governance processes,
particularly criminal justice, that have been developed to respond to them.

SECURITY – It is freedom from, or resilience against, potential harm caused

by others. Beneficiaries of security may be of persons and social groups,
objects and institutions, ecosystems, or any other entity or phenomenon
vulnerable to unwanted change. (Wikipedia)
Security - the predictable state or condition which is free from harm, injury,
destruction, intimidation or fear. Freedom from fear or danger or defense
against crime.
Purpose of Security – is to protect the establishment from any form of losses as a
result of theft, robbery, pilferage, sabotage, espionage, accident, fire and
subversive activities.

Purpose/Goals of Physical Security

1. deter potential intruders - ex. warning signs, perimeter markings
2. distinguish authorized from unauthorized people - ex. using pass card
3. delay or prevent intrusion attempt - ex. wall, door lock, safe
 4. detect intrusion and monitor/record intruders - e. CCTV, intrusion alarm
5. trigger appropriate incident responses - ex. security guards

Physical Security System - a barrier or system of barriers placed between

the potential intruder and the matter to be protected. Protective device against
hazards, threats, vulnerability and risks.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF PHYSICAL SECURITY

1. Active - by using different types of barriers.
2. Passive - by using psychological approach
3. Communication Security – is the protection resulting from the application
of various measures which prevents or delay the enemy or unauthorized
person in giving information through the communication system.
4. Hotel Security – is the protection resulting from the application of
various measures which safeguards hotel guests and personnel, hotel property,
and functions in hotel restaurants, bars and clubs.
5. Bank Security – is the protection resulting from the application of
various measures which safeguards cash and assets which are in storage in
transit and during transactions.
6. Document Security – is physical security that involves the protection of
documents and classified papers from loss, access to unauthorized person,
damage, theft and compromised through disclosure.
7. Personal and VIP Security – involve in the protection of top ranking official the
government, visiting persons of illustrious standing and foreign dignitaries.
8. Crisis Security - is the protection of the rich person, industrial magnates,
political leaders against kidnapping for economic, political, emotional or
nationalistic purposes.
9. Industrial Security - various measures to safeguard factories,
manufacturing establishments, etc.
10. Operational Security - is physical which deals with the protection of
processes, formulas, patents, and other activities.
11. Other special types of security - these types of security are adaptations,
variations, innovations, and modifications of physical security which are as
follows;
* Air cargo security - Under the Aviation Transport Security Act of 2004, air
cargo is defined as goods, other than baggage or stores, that are
transported by aircraft. ... Air cargo security measures aim to protect
cargo from theft, but they also secure cargo against incoming materials
such as bombs or drugs.
* Supermarket - service, which is used by grocery stores for various safety
purposes.
Our supermarket security services prevent shoplifting and internal theft,
help secure deliveries, and watch for suspicious activity during non-business
hours.
* School Security - encompasses all measures taken to combat threats to
people and property in education environments. One term connected to
school security is school safety, which is defined as the sheltering of
students from violence and bullying, as well as exposure to harmful
elements such as drugs and gang activity.
* Personnel security - Personnel Security Program is to make a
reasonable determination that individuals granted access to classified
information or assigned to sensitive positions are and will remain loyal,
trustworthy, and reliable.
Protective Security - measures taken by an installation or unit to protect against
sabotage, espionage, or subversion and at the same time provide freedom of
action in order to provide the installation or unit with the necessary flexibility
to accomplish its mission.

Three (3) Aspects of Security

 1. Physical Security - measures taken to prevent physical access or entry to
an installation.
2. Personnel Security - measures taken to insure that only authorized
personnel have access to classified documents or information.
3. Document and Information Security - Information security is a set
of practices intended to keep data secure from unauthorized access or
alterations.

Method used in Physical Security

1. Overt – surveillance is performed using devices that are visible and
obvious. It means visible or apparent. It can be observed.
2. Covert - also known as undercover or plain-clothes security, is a
specialized service that provides unsurpassed success in the apprehension
of shoplifters, fraudsters and dishonest employees. Covert security
operatives pose as general shoppers and ensure that only customers
are exiting the stores. It means hidden or concealed. It cannot be
observed.

How to deter potential intruders install the following.

 Security warning signs - let workers and visitors in your facility
understand the system you have in place. This is especially crucial if there
are emergency exit doors that will trigger alarms if they're opened.
Security warning signs can also deter trespassing, theft, and other illegal or
suspicious activities.
 Security fences - stating that it is fencing a piece of property to
increase security.
 Vehicle barriers - A barrier meant to stop, disable, or destroy vehicles
intentionally driven into the perimeter of a protected area.
 These barriers may be active (movable at the push of a button) or
static (permanently in a vehicle-stopping posture) and be located at gate
entrances or along perimeters between vehicle access points.
 Vehicle height restriction - are designed specifically to allow access to a
site for cars and smaller, lighter vehicles. This bar then pre-warns the
vehicles wishing to gain access to the area that their vehicle may be too
high.
 Restricted access point - t means that you can allow only a number of
people who will enter the facility or a building or institution.
 Sight lighting and trenches - security lighting is lighting that intended to
deter or detect intrusions or other criminal activity on a piece of real
property. It can also be used to increase a feeling of safety. Lighting is
integral to crime prevention through environmental design.

How to distinguish authorized from unauthorized people.

Access control at the following:
1. Security gates - shall be defined as any gate, door, or other barrier that
limits or restricts public access to or from a property.
2. Security doors - replace conventional doors and revolving doors in fence
lines and entryways. They are used to allow access only to authorized
personnel and are commonly used for high-security access control at
construction sites, data centers, military bases, and prisons.
3. Locks - A lock is a mechanical or electronic fastening device that is
released by a physical object (such as a key, keycard, fingerprint, RFID card,
security token, coin, etc.), by supplying secret information (such as a
number or letter permutation or password), or by a combination thereof or
only being able to be opened from one side such as a door chain.
How to detect intrusion
1. install alarms
2. install intrusion detection monitor
3. install video monitoring system - ex. cctv

Vigiles (in Rome) - origin of the watchmen although their principal duty was as a
fire brigade.
Frank Wills - detected the Watergate burglars ultimately leading to the
resignation of US President Richard Nixon.
Target hardening - the reduction in criminal opportunity, generally through the
use of physical barriers, architectural design and enhanced security measures of a
particular location.
Defensible Space - the range of mechanisms that combine to bring an
environment under the control of its residents.
Demography - the study of the characteristics of population groups.

Principles of Physical Security

1. An intruder must be able to acquire access to the property in order to
benefit.
2. The type of access necessary will depend upon a number of variable
factors and therefore may be achieved in a number of ways.
3. There is no impenetrable barrier.
4. Security is built upon a system of defense in depth resulting to
accumulated delay time which may lead to the apprehension of the
intruder.
5. Each installation is different from the others.
 CHAPTER 2
WHAT IS BARRIER?

An obstacle is an object, thing, action or situation that causes an obstruction.

Different types of obstacles include physical, economic, biopsychosocial,
cultural, political, technological and military.
 something (such as a fence or natural obstacle) that prevents or
blocks movement from one place to another.
: a law, rule, problem, etc., that makes something difficult or
impossible.
: something that makes it difficult for people to understand each
other.
The purpose of a barrier is to prevent the penetration of an area by intruders.
(Wikipedia)

TWO KINDS OF BARRIER

1. Natural - A natural barrier refers to a physical feature that protects or
hinders travel through or over. Mountains, swamps, deserts and ice fields
are among the clearest examples of natural barriers. Wikipedia
2. Artificial - Some barriers are artificial in nature, meaning that they
are imposed from an external authority and would not exist without
that imposition. Others are more natural, barriers that occur without
external imposition and typically exist on an individual level.

FIVE (5) TYPES OF BARRIERS

1. Human Barriers - a man made feature which stops the spread of
nature, people, goods, services or ideas. (Example: Security Personnel)
 2. Animal Barriers - An animal barrier consists of an animal that is used
as guard system. In theory, you may use many types of animals but we
have limited the use to a dog, almost exclusively a German Shepherd.
(Example: K9 UNIT)
3. Natural Barriers - include berms, rocks, trees and other foliage, water
features, sand and gravel, and other natural terrain features that are
difficult to traverse or that expose an attacker.
4. Energy/Electrical/Electronic Barriers - An energy barrier is the use of
mechanical, electric, or electronic energy to prevent or alert about an
intruder entry.
5. Structural Barriers - are obstacles that collectively affect a group
disproportionately and perpetuate or maintain stark disparities in
outcomes.

Three (3) Line of Defense

1. Perimeter Barrier - 1st line of defense.
2. Building Exterior - 2nd line of defense.
3. Interior Controls - 3rd line of defense.
Perimeter Barrier - main purpose is to deny or impede access or exit of
unauthorized persons.

Other Purposes
1. It defines the boundary of the property to be secured.
2. It creates a physical and psychological deterrent to unauthorized entry.
3. It delays intrusion, thus facilitating apprehension of intruders.
4. It assists in a more efficient and economical employment of guards.
5. It facilitates and improves the control of pedestrian and vehicular
traffic.
COMPONENTS OF PERIMETER BARRIER
FENCE - A fence is a structure that encloses an area, typically outdoors, and is
usually constructed from posts that are connected by boards, wire, rails or netting.
A fence differs from a wall in not having a solid foundation along its whole length.
Alternatives to fencing include a ditch.

TYPES OF FENCING
1. FULL VIEW - is a fence designed to enclose the desired area without
restricting visual access to it. This means that view fences can be seen through
and do not obstruct the view to your home, hence the name.

Advantages of a full view fence

 1. removing patrols and stationary guards are able to keep area surrounding
of the installation under observation.
2. it does not create shadows which would provide cover and
concealment for the intruder.

Disadvantages of a full view fence

1. It allows visual access to the installation its personnel its guard and its
activities.
2. It allows the intruders to become familiar with the movements and
the time schedule of the guard patrols thereafter allowing him to pick the
time for attempting penetration which would most advantageous to the
intruder.

2. SOLID FENCE - A fence constructed in such a way so that more than 20% of the
surface area of the fence obstructs a view through the fence from a position
perpendicular to the fence.

Advantages of solid fence

1. Denies visual access of the installation of the intruder.
 2. Denies the opportunity for the intruder to become familiar with the
personnel activities and the time schedule of the movements of guards
in the installations.

Disadvantages of solid fence

1. It prevents the guards from observing the area around the
installation.
2. It creates shadows which may be used by the intruder for cover and
concealment.

Minimum acceptable requirements for fence-used security barriers

1. Height - 8 feet at a minimum.
2. Slack at the bottom - not to exceed 2 inches. If the fences are not tight
then it should extend even closer to the ground.
3. Wooden fence post - minimum horizontal dimension of 4X4 inches.
4. Steel fence post - the round type should at least be 2 inches at
the smallest diameter.
5. Fence post - should be set in concrete or in firm soil using commercial
drive anchors to a depth of 3 feet and the maximum distance post is 10
feet.
6. Fence top (Top Guard) - there should be something on the top of the
fence to deter persons attempting to go over fence use of barb wire
overhang. The arms holding the barbwire should be extended at 45
degree angle in the direction of the expected approach.
7. Fence area - it should be declared trees and vegetation and debris of
other materials which would offer concealment of the intruder or would aid
him in scaling the fence.
8. Fence Gates - gates should be limited to the no. necessary for efficient
and sage operation of the installation.
 9. Fence Opening - all opening in the fence in excess of 96 inches must
be locked barbed or screen in such a way that they may be interlocked and
opened from the inside and only by selected personnel.
10. Multiple fence - is used should at least be 10 feet apart and the
overhang on the top of the inner fence should point inward.

TOP GUARD – A top guard is an additional overhand or Barbed-wire place on

vertical perimeter fences facing upward and outward with a 45 degree with
three to four strands of barbed-wires, 6 inches apart and must be stalled on the
supporting arms.

TYPES OF PROTECTIVE ALARM SYSTEM

 Electric Current Alarm System - Electric current systems are your
most basic monitoring tool, in that they only monitor entry points like
doors and windows, and are often installed when a home is being built.
With these systems, a low-voltage electrical circuit flows between two
points.
 Wired Alarm System - describes a number of sensors throughout the
home that are connected to a control panel, via a network of wires that run
inside the walls and under the floors.
 Wireless Home Alarm System - are the next generation of security
equipment: They offer comprehensive protection, lower installation
costs, and easy upgrades.
Essentially, a wireless security system is comprised of alarms, sensors,
cameras, and various detectors all connected to a main control panel
via radio signals.
 Unmonitored Home Alarm System - consist of equipment you can have a
professional install or install yourself. Equipment can vary greatly between
systems, but typical items include a control panel, motion sensors, door and
window sensors, glass-break sensors, smoke detectors, and sirens.
  Monitored Home Alarm System - are installed and monitored by
professional home security companies. They can include things like
cameras, motion detectors, door sensors, glass-break sensors, silent
alarms, and not-so-silent sirens to scare off intruders.
(https://www.vectorsecurity.com/blog/what-are-the-different-types-of-
home alarm-systems)
Kinds of Alarms
1. Intrusion alarm - any detecting devices using electricity and their
combinations to signal an alarm when actuated.
2. Laser beam alarm - a laser emitter floods the wall or fence with a beam
so that when this beam is disturbed by a physical object, an alarm is
activated
3. Photocell alarm - an invisible or visible beam is emitted and when
disturbed, it activates an alarm or mechanical device that opens a door or
lifts movable barriers, activated by light.

The basic component of an alarm system

1. Annunciation - the heart of the system of the detecting device and is
the component that activates the triggering unit.
2. Transmission - it transmits what is detected.
3. Triggering device - the one which emits those aural or visual signals or
both.

Protective lighting is a smart addition to any security system. Using light to deter
intruders is cheaper and more effective than you think. Although it may not
be entirely possible, the ultimate goal of planning and security measures is to
keep bad things from happening.
Protective lighting, or security lighting systems, generally go by the same
name.
Certain types, like emergency lighting and moveable lighting, may be used in very
specific cases. But they all have a common goal of keeping your facility secure.
When you are choosing protective lighting for your facility, realize that lighting is
highly dependent on the scenario.
It’s true that the protective lighting strategy you choose will depend on
your operations, location, and unique threats. However, there are some basic
principles of protective lighting to keep in mind.

Key Principles of Protective Lighting

 Make it easier for security to observe the site
 Make it difficult for security to be seen
 Protective lighting requires less intensity than working light
 Consider whether the background you need to illuminate is dark or light
 Use contrast to make intruders stand out
 Light perimeters and boundaries
 Light structures and internal areas
 Combine lighting strategies with alarm systems and protective services
 Ensure the failure of one light won’t result in system failure

Types of Protective Lighting Strategies

There are seven main types of protective lighting. You should be familiar with
most of them, if not all. Combine some of these styles depending on the area to
be protected.
1. Standby lighting
Standby lighting uses stationary lights arranged to flood light on an area.
But rather than constantly illuminating the area, the lights are set to turn on
and off using a built-in timer system or motion-activated sensor controls.
2. Continuous lighting
Continuous lighting is the most common type of protective lighting. This
involves arranging lights to illuminate an area from dusk to dawn. Rather
than using motion sensors or other controls, the lights stay on continuously,
preventing the area from ever being partly or fully dark. This is especially
used in outdoor security lighting.
3. Emergency lighting
Emergency lighting is generally used as a backup in case of standard lighting
failure.
Emergency lighting systems may be the same as any of the above.
They simply operate as duplicates of other systems during times of
emergency such as power failure. These mainly rely on alternative
power sources like backup generators or batteries.
4. Moveable lighting
This type of lighting can be stationary or portable. Moveable lighting
is most commonly used as searchlights. Moveable lighting systems may
be manual or computer-operated and are mostly used to supplement
continuous or standby lighting situations.
5. Controlled lighting
Controlled lighting is one strategy of continuous lighting. This type of
protective lighting limits the projection of light to illuminate a limited area
outside a perimeter.
6. Surface method lighting
Always with surface lighting, the goal is to illuminate the surface of
structures and/or buildings. This method is particularly favorable to
residential areas.
7. Area lighting
 Area lighting is just that – lighting designed to illuminate large areas. It’s
typically found in open areas such as parking lots, but <area lighting= is a
very broad term that may refer to lighting for any specific location.
Types of Protective Lighting
1. Stationary luminary - consists of a series of fixed luminaries to flood a
given area continuously (Example: glare protection type)
2. Standby Lighting - provides continuous lighting through manual
operations.
3. Movable Lighting - stationary or portable manually operated
searchlights.
4. Emergency Lighting - duplication of existing lighting system that is
utilized in the event of electric failure.

Types of Lighting Equipment

1. Street lights - used in parking areas
2. Search Lights - highly focused incandescent lamps used to pinpoint
potential trouble spots.
3. Flood Lights - project light in a concentrated beam used in boundaries
and fences.
4. Fresnel Lights - wide beam units primarily used to extend illumination in
long horizontal strips to protect approaches to perimeter barriers.

COMPONENTS OF BUILDING EXTERIOR

1. walls
2. Doors
3. Windows
4. Roof Openings
 5. Fire Escapes
6. Protective Alarm Systems
7. Protective and Emergency lighting
8. CCTV Cameras and other Electronic Security Systems/Energy Barriers

COMPONENTS OF INTERIOR CONTROLS

1. ID Systems
2. Protective Alarm Systems
3. Protective Emergency Lighting
4. Communication Systems
5. CCTV Cameras and other Electronic Security Systems/Energy Barriers
6. Restricted Areas (storage areas/utilities)
7. Access Control
8. Key Control
9. Emergency Plans
10. Guards

Four (4) Basic functions that must be accomplished by the guard system
1. Detect intruders
2. Sound alarms
3. Apprehend unauthorized personnel
4. Identify authorized personnel

PERSONNEL CONTROL IDENTIFICATION

TWO (2) TYPES OF IDENTIFICATION
1. Personal Recognition - strengthens the bond between the recognizer and
the employee being recognized. An Aon Hewitt survey of millennials found
that they are most satisfied when recognized with thank you
notes and verbal thank you. Simply tailor your ideas for employee
recognition to something relevant. It is the most effective.
2. Artificial Identification - refers to tools and techniques that leverage
artificial intelligence (AI) to autonomously identify and/or respond to
potential cyber threats based on similar or previous activity. Example:
badges, ranks etc.

SYSTEM OF EMPLOYMENT OF PERSONNEL CONTROL IDENTIFICATION

1. Pass system - a method used by security to screen visitors or person
admitted into building premises.
2. Single pass or Badge system - the least expensive and the least secure.
3. Group pass and Badge system - one ID for one group.
4. Multiple pass system - separate pass is required for access to various
areas in need ex. color coding
5. Spot magnetized identification passes - a code may be placed in the
device and when passes through a machine, the code on the device is read,
if it contains wrong code or no code at all, it will alarm.
6. Access list - it contains the names of authorized persons or personnel
and is checked against identification cards such as driver's licenses, draft
registration etc.

Utility and maintenance personnel - escort system could be used. If these

people visit the installations on a regular basis some of the systems
previously could be used.
Package control - there should be provisions made to check packages being
taken in and taken out.

Photography - extreme caution must be exercised in areas where classified

information is displayed to preclude unauthorized taking of pictures of the
installation.

VEHICULAR CONTROL AND IDENTIFICATION

 Most common identification is for registering at the headquarters or
gates and putting of sticker on the windows of the vehicles.

 For visitors, the measures used would depend on the sensibility of the
installation but could include the following systems:
1. Visitors logs - should contain identifying data, reasons of visit, time
in and hour, etc.
2. Visitors entrances - separate access for visitors and separate for
employees.
3. Escort - is a private security officer who is assigned to an individual
or small party to help ensure they travel safely to their destination.
There are a wide variety of scenarios when this might be needed,
from students and employees on campuses late at night to high-
profile individuals.
4. Driver pool - the most secure but the most expensive. In this
system, the car is driven by a qualified driver employed by the
installation from the entrance to its destination and after the
conclusion of the business of the visitor. car is driven back to the
installation entrance.
5. Time travel - used in less sensitive installations
- if there is a long delay or time lapse between departure and arrival,
the visitor may be required to show cause for the delay.
 6. Grid system - a very complicated system. The installation is divided
into a grid and squares like a map. Each square is given a no. or letter
designation. The visitor is then given a map and shown the route to
take to his destination and should not deviate from the prescribed
route, otherwise, he could be stopped and questioned by the guards.
7. Search of vehicles - a sign should be put at the entrance to the
installation that any vehicle entering is subject to search anytime.

Security Survey - The detailed check and audit of what an installation or plant
does not have in relation to its protection from hazards.
Security Inspection - a process where a physical examination is conducted to
determine compliance with established security policies and procedures as a
result of a security survey.

Purpose of security survey

1. To determine the existing state or condition of security
2. To locate weaknesses and possible defense
3. To determine the degree of protection required

Security hazards - an act or condition which result in a situation conductive

to a breach of the protection system and the subsequent loss or compromise of
defense, information, company secrets, or damage to property, personnel, or
facilities
Hazards - exposure to loss or injury.

Two General Categories of Security Hazards

1. Human hazard - caused by human action. (Ex: sabotage, pilferage, theft)
2. Natural Hazard - caused by natural phenomena.
Types of Human Hazards
1. Human carelessness
2. Accident
3. Disaffection
4. Disloyalty
5. Subversion
6. Sabotage
7. Espionage
8. Pilferage
9. Theft
10. Vandalism

PROTECTIVE LOCKS AND KEYS

1. Lock - a mechanical, hydraulic, electrical or electronic device
designed to prevent entry into a building, room, container or hiding place
and to prevent the removal of items without the consent of the owner.
2. Padlock - portable and detachable lock having or sliding hasp that
passes through a staple ring.
3. Peterman - A term used in England for lock picker, safe cracker and
penetrators of restricted areas or rooms.
TYPES OF LOCKS
1. Lever locks - used in cabinets, drawers, safe deposit box.

2. Disc-Tumble Locks - used in car doors.

3. Warded Locks - offer little security, used only to provide privacy. A warded lock
is a type of lock that uses a set of obstructions, or wards, to prevent the lock from
opening unless the correct key is inserted. The correct key has notches or slots
corresponding to the obstructions in the lock, allowing it to rotate freely inside the
lock. (Wikipedia)
4. Combination Locks - is a type of locking device in which a sequence of symbols,
usually numbers, is used to open the lock. The sequence may be entered using a
single rotating dial which interacts with several discs or cams, by using a set of
several rotating discs with inscribed symbols which directly interact with the
locking mechanism, or through an electronic or mechanical keypad. Types range
from inexpensive three-digit luggage locks to high-security safes. Unlike ordinary
padlocks, combination locks do not use keys.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination_lock)

5. Card Operated Locks - A keycard lock is a lock operated by a keycard, a flat,

rectangular plastic card with identical dimensions to that of a credit card or
American and EU driver's license. The card stores a physical or digital pattern that
the door mechanism accepts before disengaging the lock.
6. Electromagnetic Locks - An electromagnetic lock, magnetic lock, or maglock is a
locking device that consists of an electromagnet and an armature plate.
There are two main types of electric locking devices. Locking devices can be either
"fail safe" or "fail secure". A fail-secure locking device remains locked when power
is lost. (Wikipedia)

7. Code operated Locks - It is easy operated and easy installed. This PIN code
electronic keypad door lock enrolled 10 PIN code users with 1-10 digit PIN
codes and 2 master PIN.
Types of Keys
1. Master Key - a special key of opening a series locks.
2. Grand Master Key - a key that will open everything in a system
involving two or more master key groups.
3. Change Key - a key to a single lock within a master keyed system.
4. Sub Master Key - a key will open all lock with a particular area or
grouping in a given facility.

Types of Security Cabinets

1. Safe - or biological safety cabinet (BSC) is an enclosed and ventilated
laboratory workspace to provide safety when working with materials that are
contaminated by pathogens.

2. Vault – It is a tool for securely accessing secrets. A secret is anything that you
want to tightly control access to, such as API keys, passwords, or certificates. Vault
provides a unified interface to any secret, while providing tight access control and
recording a detailed audit log.
3. File Room – It is a secure 'data-bank' for storing all your confidential
files. Your File Room comes with a built-in, high-speed, multi-file uploader to get
data into next point quickly and efficiently.

Protective Cabinets - considered as the third line of defense against unauthorized

persons.
Key Control - a system of controlling keys devised and regulated for disposal,
storage and withdrawals.

CLOSE IN SECURITY FORMATION

1. One Man Security - 360 degrees coverage.
2. Two Man Security - Each guard has 180 degrees coverage.
3. Three Man Security - has equal areas of coverage
4. Four Man Security
5. Five Man Security - modified diamond.
6. Six Man Security - (defensive circle) too much crowd requires arm
lock formation. (Note: Six Man Security is the most effective.)
DEFENSIVE IN-DEPTH BARRIERS
1. Outer Ring - securing sidewalks, in front of quarters or offices, covering
all entrances, front, center, side, and rear
2. Middle Ring - security covering inside quarters, office, residence, all
stairways, and elevators.
3. Inner Ring - immediately outside the high-risk personnel door or the one
closest to the VIP.

Factors to be considered in providing the kind and degree of security.

1. Relative Critically - the importance of the product or services that the
company is giving or producing.
2. Relative Vulnerability – how susceptible the establishment for the
particular sabotage, espionage, etc.

Factors to be considered in providing security for the establishment.

1. Size, shape and location
2. Number and character of people
3. Kind of product

Espionage - an act of gathering information. or spying is the act of obtaining

secret or confidential information or divulging the same without the permission of
the holder of the information. A person who commits espionage is called an
espionage agent or spy. Spies help agencies uncover secret information.
(Wikipedia)
Espion – French word- which means spy. This is used to estimate or determine the
best possible means of sabotage.
Spy – It is the agent of Espionage. They are very dangerous because of their skill in
deception and undercover work.

Methods used by the Agents of Espionage.

1. Stealing or buying information from the employees.
2. By using various form of threats or extorting information’s.
3. By means of blackmail.
4. Obtaining or gaining information from social gathering.
5. By the use of fake organization as a front.
6. Stealing records or documents.
7. By means of subversive activities.

Sabotage – It is an act of destroying, damaging, or any evil motives that will lead
to stoppage of the normal operation of the company, factory, plant, and or
establishment.
Sabot - French word that means Wooden Slipper.
Saboteur – is the agent of sabotage.

THREE (3) TYPES OF SABOTEURS

1. Enemy agent - The practice of spying or of using spies to obtain
secret information, especially regarding a government or business.
2. Traitorous person - is someone who betrays the trust another person has
put in him, and the adjective traitorous describes this tendency.
3. Irresponsible person - you're careless about the consequences of your
actions. You can't really rely on irresponsible people.
TYPES OF SABOTAGE
1. Mechanical Sabotage - is a deliberate action aimed at weakening a
polity, effort, or organization through subversion, obstruction,
disruption, or destruction of mechanical devices. - is an act wherein they
used the object or substance within the area of an establishment.
2. Psychological Sabotage – It is also known as Self Sabotage. The
term self-sabotage is used when this destructive behavior is directed at
yourself. At first, you may not even notice that you're doing it. But
when negative habits consistently undermine your efforts, they can be
considered a form of psychological self-harm.

Types of Mechanical Sabotage

1. Contamination – is a type where they used foreign materials to apply in
the establishment.
2. Breakage – destroying the vital parts of a machine.
3. Substitution – Substitution or changing of formula to another, which will
cause damage or destructions.
4. Omission – this is committed by means of a doing by an individual, which
can cause destruction inside of the company or establishment.
5. Abrasive – a special type of contamination, by using a type of material
that will grind metals.

Explosives – substances that are easily exploded by means of heat, friction,

jarring, or sparks. They are highly dangerous because of their damaging effects.

Reasons Why Explosives Become Popular to the Saboteurs:

1. Because of devastating or damaging effects.
2. Because of the availability of delaying devices/detonators.
 3. Evidence will disappear and be very hard to find.

Types of Explosives: According to their sensitivity.

1. Low-Intensity Explosives – It is very sensitive to heat. It can be exploded
by means of fire, friction, or spark.
2. High-Intensity Explosives – is detonated by means of shock, jarring or
shake. These are from liquid.

What are the classes of explosive materials for storage purposes?

There are 3 classes of explosive materials:

(a) High explosives (for example, dynamite, flash powders, and bulk salutes);

(b) Low explosives (for example, black powder, safety fuses, igniters, igniter cords,
fuse lighters, and “display fireworks”, except for bulk salutes); and

(c) Blasting agents (for example, ammonium nitrate-fuel oil and certain water
gels).

Different entries that are need to be controlled by the security guards.

a. Restricted area- is an area access to which is subject to special restriction
to the flow of pedestrian or vehicular traffic to safeguard property or
material.
b. Limited area- a restricted area containing a security interest or other
matter in which uncontrolled movement will permit access to such security
interest or matter; but within which and controlled.
c. Exclusive area- a restricted area containing a security interest or matter,
which is of such nature or of such vital importance that access to the
area of proximity resulting from access to the area, constitutes access to
the security interest or matter.
Clear zones- the exterior and interior parallel area near perimeter barriers
of an industrial compound to afford better observation and patrol movements.

Contents of Security planning:

1. The situation- this part of security planning explains the historical
background of the organization of its security picture
2. The mission- this part of security will cover what the plan is all about and
what it intends to do, This mission is further subdivided into:
* Purpose
* Goals
* Objectives
3. Execution- this part of the security plan will explain and outline the
concept of the security project
4. Administrative and Logistics- This part of the security plan involves listing
of security equipment
5. Command and signal - this last portion of the security plan pertains to
the channel of communication needed, when implementing to the project
until in full view.

SECURITY SURVEY
Security Survey - is the process of conducting an exhaustive physical examination
and thorough inspection of all operational systems and procedures of a facility.
- The detailed check and audit of what an installation or plant does not have
in relation to its protection from hazards.
Security Inspection - a process where a physical examination is conducted to
determine compliance with established security policies and procedures as a
result of a security survey.
PURPOSES OF SECURITY SURVEY
 To determine existing state of security
 To locate weaknesses in defenses
 To determine degree of protection required.
 To produce recommendations, establishing a total security program.

PERSON RESPONSIBLE TO CONDUCT SECURITY SURVEY

* Staff security personnel
* Qualified security specialist

TYPES OF GUARD FORCES

1. Company guard - proprietary or in house security, and they are directly under
the payroll of the company.
2. Agency guard - they are hired by an agency, and they are paid by contract
3. Government Guard Forces - they are considered as government employees and
paid by the government
4. Security Guard Forces - maybe define as a group of forces of men
selected, trained and organized into a functional group for the purpose of
protecting operational processes from those disruption which impede
efficiency or halt operations at a particular plant, facility, institution or special
activity.

The Essential Qualities of Security Guards:

1. Alertness
2. Judgment
3. Confidence
4. Physical Fitness
 5. Self-control

DEFINITION OF TERMS
Key Control - refers to various methods for making sure that certain keys are only
used by authorized people. A system of key control includes strategies for keeping
track of which keys are carried by which people, as well as strategies to prevent
people from giving away copies of the keys to unauthorized users.
SURVEY REPORTS – itemizes the condition which are conducive to breaches of
security, records the preventive measures currently in effect, and when
required. It makes specific practical and reasonable recommendations to bring the
physical security to the desired standard. It is also the management of keys in a
plant, office or business organization to prevent unauthorized access.
Duty Detail Order - is a written order/schedule issued by a superior officer
usually the private security agency/branch manager or operations officer
assigning the performance of private security/detective services duties.
Access List – an authenticated list of personnel given to security allowing entry to
a compound or installation or a part thereof.  Alarm – a device that signals.
Clear Zone – the exterior and interior parallel area near the perimeter barrier of
an industrial compound to afford better observation and patrol movement.
Controlled Area – an area near or adjacent to limited or exclusive areas where
entry is restricted.
Dry Run – practical test or exercise of a plan.
Ducks – in England, an owner to protect his compound used and they are not only
effective but cheap to maintain.
Duress Code – a type of code system so that security personnel when forced by
armed men intending to enter an installation can give alarm by the use of
certain words in casual conversation with other personnel in the installation.
Exclusion Area – a restricted area containing materials of security interest.
Main Office – all agencies shall maintain a main office in their registered
addresses.
PADPAO – Philippine Association of Detective and Protective Agency Operator
PCSUSIA/SAGSD – the government agency that issues licenses for private and
government security guard.
Perimeter Barrier – the first line of physical defense of a building, compound, or
compels viewing from the outside.
Peterman – a term used in England for lock pickers, safe crackers and
penetrators of restricted/prohibited areas.
Private Detective – any person who does detective work for hire, reward, or
commission other than members of the PNP, NBI, AFP, BJMP, and other law
enforcement agencies of the government.
Private Detective – Qualifications – in addition to those prescribed for a
security guard.
1. Holder of a Baccalaureate degree or Bachelor of Laws
2. Holder of a degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology
3. Graduate of a criminal investigation course offered by the PNP.NBI or
any police training school or detective training with authorized/recognized
training center.
4. Advance ROTC/CMT graduate
Relative Criticality of Operation – the importance of an establishment with
reference to the national economy and security.
Relative Vulnerability – the susceptibility of a plant or establishment to
damage, loss, or destruction of operation due to various hazards.  Restricted
Area – if access is limited only to the authorized.
Safe – a metallic container used for the safekeeping of documents or other
small items in an office or installation.
SAGSD – Security Agency in Guard Supervisory Division
Security Guard – one who is a holder of a security guard license duly issued by the
PNP
Security Service Contract – agreement/contract between the agency and client
stipulating among other things the money to be paid by the client and salary of
individual security guard.
Security Survey – also known as security audit, risk assessment, and
vulnerability assessment.
Top Guard – this is an additional outwardly inclined structure usually barbed wires
placed above a vertical fence to increase physical protection from intruders
of a certain area.
Vault – a heavily constructed container usually part of a building structure used
for keeping and protecting cash and documents.  Victimology – a special study
concerned with what makes an individual a victim of crime.

CHAPTER 3
GUARD FORCE ADMINISTRATION

Private Security Guard Agency Philippines

OSI’s Security Guard Services ensures client assets are afforded a balance of both
proactive and reactive protection measures through security guard training
Philippines, as well as security agency audits Philippines.

Private Security Agency

Philippines and over all security industry continues to mature and make strides
in the management of uniformed security guard services. OSI supports the
advancement of client uniformed security personnel through the development of
qualitative and quantifiable security procedures to address potential business and
location risks.
Guard Force Selection
For your contracted guard force, you will benefit from competent screening and
selection of qualified security agencies.
OSI will conduct an evaluation process using your company requirements
and criteria, in addition to our industry knowledge and experience. Evaluations
include, but are not limited to; guard force provider financial stability; program
management; billing procedures, and supplier quality controls. The selection
process also includes assuring provider compliance with both government
regulations and client quality service standards. OSI will additionally seek
information obtained from references, public resources or other parties for
whom the supplier has previously provided products or services.
Typically, OSI suggests a selection criteria which would include a multitude
of screening:
 Statement of qualifications and experience.
 Number of current & active contracts for services
 Proof of General Liability and Insurance and required Licenses.
 Proof the service provider adheres to the PADPAO (Philippine
Association of Detective and Protective Agency Operators) rules and
regulations.
 Proposed Security Team & Management Structure for client site project.
 Reference contacts for current customers.
 A current copy of providers employee manual.
 A copy of employee grievance procedures.

Guard Force Auditing

Our Security Agency Audits Philippines entails on-site inspections to ensure both
client requirements and standard operating procedures are professionally
adhered to on an around-the-clock basis. This process also includes the security
guard training Philippines of any private security agency Philippines
management to ensure our contract security personnel are effectively managed
and equipped to do the job.
The main objective of an OSI Guard Force Audit is to determine the adequacy and
effectiveness of Client In-house or contract security personnel and guard force
management. Audit methodology includes a review and physical inspections of
all guard posts to confirm the adequacy of deployment and post specific
security/safety procedures and related equipment.
Surveys and interviews with key security personnel involved in the protection
efforts at all levels guards are performed. Primary areas of auditing include, but
are not limited to, Posts & Procedures, Education & Training, Equipment &
Uniform, as well as Personnel & Management.

Guard Force Management

In lieu of employing an on-site Security Project Manager, OSI can act in the
capacity as your external security department to develop, implement and manage
the security program on your behalf. A combination of on-site inspections
and satellite management will provide a balanced and efficient system to
develop security policy and procedures, liaison with law enforcement
agencies, supervise local guard forces, and coordinate with your on-site
management on day-to-day security issues.
Involved in the management of the day-to-day operations, OSI will demand those
standards of alertness, positive attitudes, courtesy, integrity, and exemplary
conduct, which will reflect credit upon individual security guards, and in turn how
the public perceives Client operations.
OSI’s Guard Force Service programs translate into real value for the clients,
allowing management to concentrate on their core business objective.

CHAPTER 4
ETHICS AND CONDUCT IN SECURITY PROFESSION
The Importance of Code of Ethics

The code of ethics serves as a guide for your performance as a security guard to
any company you work for. It emphasizes your duty as a security guard that you
swore to oath to protect innocent lives from the criminals that dare to
threaten the establishment you’re assigned to. You’ll learn how important your
job is as a security guard because you have to be loyal to the establishment you’re
assigned to, and also to the government.
To Be the Best Employee
As we discussed earlier, this ethics will guide you for good evaluation, not
just protecting the people around the establishment, but also on how you work
together with other employees. You are expected to be a good role model in
totality, as this will reflect the company that you are working for.

Code of Ethics
To become a security guard, you must be familiar with the Code of Ethics and
other requirements you need. Here is the Code of Ethics as enumerated in RA No.
5487 known as, An Act To Regulate The Organization And Operation Of Private
Detective, Watchmen, Or Security Guards Agencies:
1. As a security agent, his fundamental duty is to serve the interest or mission of
his agency in compliance with the contract entered into with the clients of the
agency he is supposed to serve.
2. He shall be honest in thoughts and deeds both in his personal and
official actuations, obeying the law of the land and the regulations prescribed by
his agency and those established by the company he is supposed to protect.
3. He shall not reveal any confidential matter that is confided to him as security
guard and such other matters imposed upon him by law.
4. He shall act at all times with decorum and shall not permit personal feelings,
prejudices and undue friendship to influence his actuation in the performance of
his official functions.
5. He shall not compromise with criminals and other lawless elements to
the prejudice of the customer or his client but assist the government in its
relentless drive against lawlessness and other forms of criminality.
6. He must carry his assigned duties as security guard or watchman as required by
law to the best of his ability and safeguard life and property to the
establishment he is assigned.
7. He shall wear his uniform, badge, patches, and insignia properly as a symbol of
public trust and confidence as an honest and trustworthy security guard,
watchman, and private detective.
8. He must keep his allegiance first to the government, to the agency he is in, and
to the establishment he is assigned to serve with loyalty and dedicated service.
9. He shall diligently and progressively familiarize himself with the rules and
regulations laid down by his agency and that of the customer or clients.
10. He shall at all times be courteous, respectful, and salute to his superior
officers, government officials, and officials of the establishment where he is
assigned and the company he is supposed to serve.
11. He shall report to perform his duties always in proper uniform and neat in his
appearance.
12. He shall learn at heart or memorize and strictly observe the laws and
regulations governing the use of firearms.

In RA No. 5487, you can also learn about the Eleven General Orders and Code of
Conduct that implements the rules and regulations of being a security guard.
We hope this article has helped you understand the importance of being a
security guard and the proper ethics for your job performance. If you’re
interested and looking for a security job, you can contact us today and we will
gladly accept your application.

CHAPTER 5
R.A. 5487 (PRIVATE SECURITY AGENCY LAW)

REPUBLIC ACT No. 5487

AN ACT TO REGULATE THE ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION OF PRIVATE
DETECTIVE, WATCHMEN OR SECURITY GUARDS AGENCIES. (Rep. Act No. 5487,
as amended by Presidential Decree No. 11.)
Section 1. Short Title of Act. This Act shall be known as "The Private Security
Agency Law."
Section 2. Scope of this Act. The organization, operation, business, and activities
of private detectives, watchmen or security guard agencies shall be governed
by the provisions of this Act.
Section 3. Definition of Terms. (a) Person. As used in this Act, person shall
include not only natural persons but also juridical persons such as corporation,
partnership, company or association duly registered with the Securities and
Exchange Commission and/or the Bureau of Commerce. (b) Private Detective
Agency. A private detective agency is any person, who, for hire or reward or on
commission, conducts or carries on or holds himself or itself out as
conducting or carrying on a detective agency, or detective service. (c) Private
Detective. A private detective is any person who is not a member of a regular
police agency of the Armed Forces of the Philippines who does detective work for
hire, reward, or commission.
(d) Watchman or Security Guard, Watchman or Security Guard Agency. Any
person who offers or renders personal service to watch or secure either
residential or business establishment, or both, or any building, compound, or
area including but not limited to logging concessions, agricultural, mining or
pasture lands for hire or compensation, or as an employee thereof shall be known
as watchman or security guard; and any person, association, partnership, or
corporation, who recruits, trains, muster, furnishes, solicits individuals or
business firms, private or government-owned or controlled corporations to
engage his service or those of its watchmen, shall be known as Watchman
of Security Guard Agency. (As amended by Pres. Decree No. 11, October 3, 1972.)
Section 4. Who May Organize a Security or Watchman Agency. Any Filipino
citizen or a corporation, partnership, or association, with a minimum capital of
five thousand pesos, one hundred per cent of which is owned and controlled by
Filipino citizens may organize a security or watchman agency: Provided, That no
person shall organize or have an interest in, more than one such agency
except those which are already existing at the promulgation of this Decree:
Provided, further, That the operator or manager of said agency must be at least 25
years of age, a college graduate and/or a commissioned officer in the inactive
service of the Armed Forces of the Philippines; of good moral character; having no
previous record of any conviction of any crime or offense involving moral
turpitude and not suffering from any of the following disqualifications: (1)
Having been dishonorably discharged or separated from the Armed Forces of the
Philippines; (2) Being a mental incompetent; (3) Being addicted to the use of
narcotic drug or drugs; and (4) Being a habitual drunkard.1awphil.net For
purposes of this Act, elective or appointive government employees who may be
called upon on account of the functions of their respective offices in the
implementation and enforcement of the provisions of this Act and any person
related to such government employees by affinity or consanguinity in the third
civil degree shall not hold any interest, directly or indirectly in any security guard
or watchman agency. (As amended by Pres. Decree No. 11.)
Section 5. Qualifications Required. No person shall be employed as security guard
or watchman or private detective unless he is: (a) a Filipino citizen; (b) a high
school graduate; (c) physically and mentally fit; (d) not less than 21 nor more than
50 years of age; (e) at least 5 feet and 4 inches in height; and (f) suffering
none of the disqualifications provided for in the preceding section: Provided,
That foreigners who are already employed as watchmen or security guards prior
to the approval of this Act shall not be subject to the above-mentioned
requirements: Provided, further, That veterans shall be given priority in
employment as security guard, watchman or private detective: And provided,
finally, That person convicted of any crime involving moral turpitude shall not be
employed as security guard, watchman or private detective.
Section 6. License Necessary. No person shall engage in the business of, or act
either as a private detective, or detective agency; and either engage in the
occupation, calling or employment of watchman or in the business of watchman's
agency without first having obtained the necessary permit from the Chief,
Philippine Constabulary which permit as approved is prerequisite in obtaining a
license or license certificate: Provided, That all existing private detective or
watchman or security guard agencies shall have a period of one (1) year from the
approval of this Act to secure the said license: Provided, further, That existing
agencies, and any new agency which may hereafter apply for a license, certify
under oath that their private detectives, watchmen or security guards, have
received the appropriate training from either the Philippine Constabulary, the
National Bureau of Investigation, any local police department, or any other
public institution duly recognized by the government to conduct police training.
Section 7. Application for License. The application shall be made in writing and
shall be filed with the Chief, Philippine Constabulary. It shall contain the full name
of the applicant, his age, civil status, his residence, and location of business. If the
applicant is a corporation, association or partnership, a copy of the certificate of
registration with the Securities and Exchange Commission together with its by-
laws and articles of incorporation, with the Bureau of Commerce.
Section 8. Fees to be Paid and Bonds. When all requisites for the issuance
of the license have been complied with, the Chief of the Philippine Constabulary
or his duly authorized representative shall issue a permit for the issuance of such
license and register the same in his office, upon payment by the applicant of the
fee in accordance with the following schedule:
(a) the sum of one hundred pesos per annum as national license;
(b) the sum of fifty pesos per annum as municipal license fee in any city
where it may operate, the said fee to be payable to the city treasurer
concerned;
(c) the sum of twenty-five pesos per annum as municipal license fee for any
municipality where it may operate, the said fee to be payable to the
municipal treasurer concerned;
(d) the private Detective and Watchman Agency shall in addition to the
above pay a fixed Internal Revenue Tax of one hundred pesos per annum in
lieu of percentage taxes;
(e) the individual private detective and/or watchman shall pay for
Mayor's Permit, Health and/or Sanitary fee an amount not exceeding three
pesos per annum and the agency shall pay the sum not exceeding ten
pesos for the Mayor's Permit and Health and/or Sanitary fees; and
 (f) the Chief of the Philippine Constabulary or his duly authorized
representative shall issue an appointment over his signature and affix the
seal of his office, to each license and for each such appointment, the sum of
one peso shall be paid.1awphil.net
The application shall further be accompanied by a bond issued by any competent
or reputable surety or fidelity or insurance company duly accredited by the office
of the Insurance Commissioner in the sum of not less than five thousand pesos
nor more than ten thousand pesos in the discretion of the Chief, Philippine
Constabulary, which bond shall answer for any valid and legal claim against the
agency by its clients or employees: Provided, That licenses issued in the
province of an authorized representative of the Chief of Constabulary is
subject to review by the Chief of Constabulary. Any provision of this or other
law to the contrary notwithstanding, the Chief of Constabulary may, at any
time suspend or cancel the licenses of private watchman or security guard agency
found violating any of the provisions of this Act or of the rules and regulations
promulgated by the Chief of Constabulary pursuant thereto. (This paragraph was
inserted by Sec. 3, Pres. Decree No. 11.) Other provisions of Pres. Decree No. 11
Any person who commit any act in violation of Republic Act No. 5487 and of
this Decree, and the implementing rules and regulations already promulgated
which are not in conflict herewith, and those to be promulgated by the Chief of
Constabulary pursuant hereto, shall, on conviction thereof, suffer
imprisonment of from ten to fifteen years and a fine of not less than ten
thousand pesos nor more than fifteen thousand pesos as a military court/tribunal
or commission may direct. The Chief of Constabulary shall promulgate the
necessary rules and regulations to carry out the provisions of this Decree.
Section 9. Employees Need Not be Licensed. Every person operating,
managing, directing or conducting a licensed private detective or watchmen
agency shall also be considered licensed private detective, or watchman and no
person shall be employed or used in a private detective work unless he be a
licensed private detective or watchman: Provided, That nothing in this
section shall be construed as requiring detective license for persons employed
solely for clerical or manual work.
Section 10. Display of License. The license shall be displayed at all times in
a conspicuous and suitable place in the agency office or headquarters of the
agency and shall be exhibited at the request of any person whose jurisdiction is in
relation with the business of the agency or the employees thereof, or of the Chief
of the Philippine Constabulary or his duly authorized representative or any peace
officer.
Section 11. Supervision of the Philippine Constabulary. Upon approval of this Act,
the Philippine Constabulary shall exercise general supervision over the operation
of all private detective and watchman or security guard agencies.
Section 12. Powers of City or Municipal Mayors in Cases of Emergency. In case of
emergency or in times of disaster or calamities where the services of such
agencies arise, the City or Municipal Mayor, as director of Civil Defense, may
muster or incorporate the services of the agency nearest the area where
such emergency, disaster or calamity arises and its duly licensed personnel to
help maintain peace and order; and/or the prevention or apprehension of law
violators and in the preservation of life and property. Deputized private detectives,
watchmen or security guards shall take direct orders from the Chief of Police for
the duration of the fire, inundation, earthquakes, riots or other emergencies.
Section 13. Issuance of Firearms. A watchman or security agency shall be entitled
to posses firearms after having satisfactorily passed the requirements prescribed
by the Chief, Philippine Constabulary pertinent to the possession of firearm of any
caliber not higher than 45 caliber in a number not exceeding one firearm
for every two watchmen or security guards in its employ: Provided, however,
That a watchman or security agent shall be entitled to possess not more than one
riot gun or shotgun in order to provide adequate security when circumstances so
demand: Provided, further, That all the firearms mentioned herein shall be carried
by the watchman or security guard only during his tour of duty in proper
uniform within the compound of the establishment except when he escorts big
amounts of cash or valuables in and out of said compound.
Section 14. Uniform. The uniform of watchman or security guard as well as
those organized, maintained or under the employment of the government or
any government-owned and/or controlled corporations, agencies or entities,
shall be different from the uniform worn and prescribed for members of the
Armed Forces of the Philippines, City and Municipal Police Force. The Chief,
Philippine Constabulary, through his duly authorized representative shall
prescribed the uniform or ornaments, equipment and paraphernalia to be
worn by the security guards and watchmen throughout the Philippines.
Section 15. Compensation of Watchmen or Security Guards. Watchmen or
security guards shall receive a salary not lower than that prescribed in the
Minimum Wage Law.
Section 16. Limitations and Prohibitions. 1. On Membership: (a) No agency
operating in the City of Manila and suburbs may employ more than 1,000
watchmen or security guards; (b) no agency operating in other cities and first
class municipalities may employ more than 500 watchmen or security
guards; (c) no agency operating in municipalities other than first class may
employ more than 200 watchmen or security guards.
2. On Organization: No person, corporation, partnership or association
may organize more than one agency in any one city or municipality.
3. On Service: No agency shall offer, render or accept its services to
gambling dens or other illegal enterprises. The extent of the security
service being provided by any security agency shall not go beyond the
whole compound or property of the person or establishment requesting the
security service except when they escort big amount of cash.
Section 17. Rules and Regulations by Chief, Philippine Constabulary. The Chief of
the Philippine Constabulary, in consultation with the Philippine Association of
Detective and Protective Agency Operators, Incorporated and subject to the
provisions of existing laws, is hereby authorized to issue the rules and regulations
necessary to carry out the purpose of this Act.
Section 18. Penal Provisions. Any violation of this Act or the rule or regulation
issued hereunder shall be punished by suspension, or fine not exceeding
P200.00 or cancellation of his or its licenses to operate, conduct, direct or
manage a private detective, watchman or security guard agency and all its
members in the discretion of the court together with the forfeiture of its
bond filed with the Philippine Constabulary. If the violation is committed by
those persons mentioned under paragraph two, section four of this Act the
penalty shall be imprisonment ranging from one to four years and fine ranging
from one to four thousand pesos in the discretion of the court.
Section 19. Repealing Clause. All laws, rules, resolutions, municipal
ordinances, regulations and administrative orders contrary or inconsistent with
the provisions hereof are hereby repealed.
Section 20. Effectivity. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.
Approved, June 21, 1969.)

[REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11917, July 30, 2022]

AN ACT STRENGTHENING THE REGULATION OF THE PRIVATE SECURITY SERVICES
INDUSTRY, REPEALING FOR THE PURPOSE, REPUBLIC ACT NO. 5487, ENTITLED
“AC ACT TO REGULATE THE ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION OF PRIVATE
DETECTIVE WATCHMEN OR SECURITY GUARD AGENCIES”, AS AMENDED

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in

Congress assembled:

CHAPTER I

GENERAL PROVISIONS

SECTION 1. Short Title. — This Act shall be known as "The Private Security Services
Industry Act."

SECTION 2. Declaration of Policies. — The State recognizes the vital role of the
private sector in the protection of the people and safeguarding of property as well
as maintenance of peace and order in the country.
Towards this end, the State shall adopt measures to strengthen the regulation of
the private security services industry and establish quality standards to ensure
competent private security personnel and professionals that complement our law
enforcement authorities in preservation of public order in the country.

SECTION 3. Definition of Terms. — As used in this Act:

(a) License to Exercise Security Profession (LESP) refers to a permit issued by the
Chief of the Philippine National Police (PNP) or the duly authorized representative,
recognizing a natural person to be qualified to perform the duties as security
professional or training personnel;

(b) License to Operate (LTO) refers to a permit issued by the Chief PNP or the duly
authorized representative, certifying and authorizing a person to engage in
employing and deploying security guards, K9 teams, protection agents, private
detectives and other licensed specialized security personnel; or a juridical person
to establish, engage, direct, manage or operate a private detective agency or
private security agency or company guard force after payment of the prescribed
dues or fair and reasonable fees and after complying with all the requirements as
provided by the rules and regulations implementing this Act;

(c) Pre-Licensing Training Programs refer to licensing pre-requisite and pre-

licensing training programs that include all training and academic programs and
courses with the objective to indoctrinate the individual with the basic skills and
educational backgrounds necessary in the effective exercise and performance of
the security and detective profession. These include, but are not limited to, the
Basic Security Guard Course and the Security Officers Training Course;
(d) Private Security Agency (PSA) refers to any person, natural or juridical, who
contracts, recruits, furnishes or posts any security guard, to perform its functions
or solicit individuals, businesses, firms, or private, public or government-owned or
-controlled corporations (GOCCs) to engage its service or those of its security
guards, for hire, commission or compensation through subscription or as a
consultant/trainer to any private or public corporation whose business or
transactions involve national security or interest like the operation and/or
management of domestic or ocean vessels, airplanes, helicopters, seaports,
airports, heliports, landing strips among others or as consultant on any security
related matter, or to provide highly specialized security, private escort, detective
and investigation services like gangway security, catering security, passenger
profiling, baggage examination, providing security on board vessels or aircraft, or
other security needs that the PNP may approve;

(e) Private Security Industry refers to the industry that is engaged in providing
security consultancy, management, administration, operation, and provision of
private or company watchman, guarding, investigative work, security training, K9
security, armored vehicle security services, alarm system monitoring services,
closed-circuit television (CCTV) suppliers and other providers of security
hardware, security hardware operation, personal protection services, or security
consultant;

(f) Private Security Professional (PSP) refers to a person who is issued a valid LESP
of any classification or category, issued by the designated government agency
after satisfying all the qualifications and requirements set forth by this law and its
implementing rules and regulations. It includes security watchmen, security
guards, security officers, personal security escorts, private investigators, training
officers and directors, K9 handlers, K9 administrators, K9 evaluators, K9 trainers,
kennel masters and other certified or licensed security service providers rendering
or performing security, investigation, security escorting services, security
hardware planners and systems designers, security hardware operators, security
managers, security consultants whether employed by private security agencies,
private corporations, government agencies or independently practicing or
providing professional security services;

(g) Private Security Services refer to the act of providing or rendering security
services for compensation pursuant to mutually agreed terms of reference and
contract and shall include the act of providing or rendering services to watch an
establishment, whether public or private, building, compound/area or property, to
conduct access control/denial in any form whether physically, manually or
scientifically by electronic monitoring systems, for the purpose of securing such
area/property and at the same time ensuring safety and protection of persons
within such areas, to maintain peace and order within such areas, to conduct
private security training, and/or to conduct investigation. It shall also include
the act of contracting, recruiting, training, furnishing or posting any security
guard, to do its functions or solicit individuals, businesses, firms, or private, public
or GOCCs to engage its service or those of its security guards, for hire, commission
or compensation through subscription or as a consultant/trainer to any private or
public corporation;

(h) Private Security Training Agency (PSTA) refers to any person, natural or
juridical, who engages in the business of providing training and academic
programs and courses duly approved and prescribed by the PNP and adopted by
the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA). It includes the
training for pre-licensing requirements of individual security guards and other
security professionals, the periodic and non-periodic in-services skill refreshers for
such security personnel, and other specialized, individual or group, private
security personnel skills development;

(i) Security Consultant refers to a security professional authorized by law to

provide security services such as design and formulation of a security plan, threat
and vulnerability assessment, resiliency planning, security surveying, security
auditing, risk management, travel security training, event security planning and
management, emergency and incident planning and management, crisis
management, business continuity and other services related to the formulation of
security-related solutions other than providing guards and watchmen;

(j) Security Hardware refers to any mechanical or electrical device, which is

designed and used for the detection of an unauthorized entry into a facility, for
alerting others of the commission of an unlawful or unauthorized act within a
building, structure or facility, identification and screening, control, repel and
prevent entry of persons and vehicles of person and materials, recording and
documentation of activities and events, repel and prevent aggression to a person
or a facility; and

(k) Security Hardware and Systems Designers and Planners refer to the security
professionals who specialize in the design of security systems using a combination
of security software and hardware to address security requirements of a facility
and the training for their operation and maintenance.

CHAPTER II
REGISTRATION AND LICENSING OF PRIVATE SECURITY AGENCY

SECTION 4. Private Security Agency (PSA). — Any Filipino citizen or juridical entity
wholly owned and controlled by Filipino citizens may organize a private security
agency and provide security services: Provided, That they shall not employ more
than two thousand (2,000) private security professionals as defined in this Act.

SECTION 5. PSA Operator or Licensee. — No applicant shall be granted a license to

operate a PSA unless the applicant possesses the following qualifications:

(a) Must be at least twenty-five (25) years of age;

(b) Must hold a bachelor's degree;

(c) Must be a part owner of the company or in case of juridical entity, holder of at
least one (1) share of stock with voting rights;

(d) Must be of good moral character;

(e) Must not have been convicted of any crime or offense involving moral
turpitude; and

(f) Must be physically and mentally fit, and passed the neuro-psychiatric test and
drug test administered by the PNP or other similar government centers and
facilities:

Provided, That in case of juridical entity, the named operator or licensee shall be
its President or any of its directors complying with the above requirements and
duly authorized by their Board of Directors.

SECTION 6. License to Operate. — A license to operate issued by the Chief PNP is

required to operate and manage a PSA and PSTA: Provided, That an LTO for PSTA
shall be granted only to a training school, institute, academy, or educational
institution which offers courses prescribed and approved by the PNP or training
programs accredited by TESDA.

SECTION 7. Period of Validity of LTO. — The LTO issued to PSA and PSTA shall be
valid for a maximum period of five (5) years, subject to renewal: Provided, That
the Chief PNP may set a shorter validity period for LTO with applicable fair and
reasonable fees adjusted accordingly.
SECTION 8. Fees and Bond to be Paid. — Every application for LTO shall be
accompanied by a bond issued by competent or reputable surety, fidelity or
insurance company duly accredited by the Insurance Commission. The bond shall
be used to answer to any valid and legal claim against the agency by its clients or
employees. The amount of bond to be determined by the Chief PNP must be
reasonable and should depend on the number of PSPs employed.

SECTION 9. Administrative Fee of PSAs. — The minimum administrative fee that

may be charged by PSAs to its clients shall not be less than twenty percent (20%)
of the total contract cost, subject to adjustment by the Department of Labor and
Employment: Provided, That additional fees shall be charged for the acquisition
and maintenance of extraneous tools and equipment used for security operation
by the agency or required by the clients and for the continuous deployment of
PSPs in hazardous conditions.

SECTION 10. Issuance of Firearms. — A PSA shall be entitled to possess firearms

after having successfully passed the requirements prescribed by the Chief PNP
and in accordance with Republic Act No. 10591 or the "Comprehensive Firearms
and Ammunition Regulation Act": Provided, That a PSA shall only be allowed to
possess small arms, not exceeding one (1) firearm for each PSP, to include single-
post, in its employ: Provided, further, That possession of firearms by PSPs shall
only be allowed during their tour of duty, in proper uniform, within the compound
of the establishment, except when they escort and secure large amounts of cash
or valuables, which firearms must be determined by the PNP: Provided, finally,
That inventory of firearms of PSAs shall be subject to periodic inspection by the
PNP.

SECTION 11. Uniform. — The uniform of PSPs shall be different from the uniform
worn and prescribed for members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP),
the PNP and other law enforcement authorities. The PNP, through the authorized
representative, shall prescribe the uniform, ornaments, equipment and
paraphernalia to be worn by the PSPs while on duty.

CHAPTER III
PRIVATE SECURITY PROFESSIONALS

SECTION 12. License to Exercise Security Profession (LESP). — No applicant shall be

granted license to exercise private security profession unless the applicant
possesses the following qualifications:

(a) Must be of legal age;

(b) Must be a Filipino citizen;

(c) Must be physically and mentally fit;

(d) Must be of good moral character; and

(e) Must not have been convicted of any crime or offense involving moral
turpitude.

For purposes of securing an LESP, a letter of authority to conduct training must be

issued by the Supervisory Office for Security and Investigation Agency (SOSIA).
Such training includes the pre-licensing requirements of the individual PSPs,
periodic and non-periodic in-service skill refreshers for such security personnel,
and other specialized, individual or group, PSP skills development: Provided, That
the Chief PNP shall provide for additional qualifications for security consultant and
security officers based on the industry requirements and practice.

SECTION 13. Period of Validity of LESP. — The LESP of duly qualified PSPs shall be
valid for a period of five (5) years from the date of its issuance.

SECTION 14. Pre-Licensing Training. — No person shall be granted an LESP without

undergoing the Pre-Licensing Training Program as defined in this Act: Provided,
That the PNP shall encourage opening of local and regional security training
centers to provide pre-licensing trainings to applicants.

SECTION 15. Ladderized Training and Education. — The PNP, in partnership with
private security training institutions or public institutions duly accredited by the
government to provide such training education to private security professionals,
shall develop ladderized training and education which include basic security guard
courses, specialized security guard courses, security officers training courses,
detective training courses, and candidate protection agent courses. It shall also
include enhancement trainings, such as but not limited to, supervisory trainings,
personal upliftment and other specialized trainings to place the security
professional a level up from his current position.

CHAPTER IV
PENAL PROVISIONS

SECTION 16. Penalties. — Any violation of the provisions of this Act shall, after due
notice and hearing, be subject to the corresponding penalties herein provided:

(a) A license to operate of a PSA may be cancelled, revoked or suspended by the

Chief PNP when:
(1) It takes part in an armed conflict against the government;
(2) It uses force or the threat of force or those it represents in a national or local
electoral contest;
(3) It uses its authority to be involved in human rights violations;
(4) It is used as a privately owned and operated para-military organization
operating outside of the regulatory framework established by this law and the
implementing rules and regulations adopted by the PNP;
(5) It intentionally and maliciously makes use of electronic security devices or
remote video surveillance in a manner that violates the privacy of civilians;
(6) It acted with gross negligence in dealing with violations, or mistakes of its
members, or incompetency in its ranks;
(7) Its named operator or licensee is convicted by final judgement of any crime or
felony;
(8) It violates any provision of Presidential Decree No. 442, otherwise known as
the "Labor Code of the Philippines," as amended, including its implementing rules
and regulations; and
(9) It acted in a manner which renders the PSA a detriment to the maintenance of
peace and order.
(b) Any PSA or any entity which operates without a valid LTO shall suffer the
penalty of a fine of not less than One million pesos (P1,000,000.00) and not more
than Five million pesos (P5,000,000.00) at the discretion of the Chief PNP;
(c) Any PSA or any entity which operates with an expired LTO shall suffer the
penalty of a fine of not less than Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00) and not more
than One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) at the discretion of the Chief
PNP;
(d) Any person practicing private security profession without a valid license or
with only an expired license shall suffer the penalty of a fine of not less than Fifty
thousand pesos (P50,000.00) and not more than One hundred thousand pesos
(P100,000.00) at the discretion of the Chief PNP. The same penalty shall be
imposed upon a PSA who shall deploy any person practicing private security
profession without a valid license or with only an expired license;
(e) Any person who offers to render or renders services to persons or places
conducting illegal activities shall suffer the penalty of imprisonment of not less
than twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years, and a fine of One
million pesos (P1,000,000.00), at the discretion of the court, without prejudice to
criminal prosecution under other laws; and
(f) Any person who violates any of the provisions of this Act not mentioned in the
preceding subsections shall suffer the penalty of imprisonment of not less than six
(6) months and one (1) day to six (6) years, or a fine of One million pesos
(P1,000,000.00), or both, at the discretion of the court, and cancellation or
suspension of its license with forfeiture of the bond without prejudice to criminal
prosecution under other laws.
If the offender is a juridical entity, the penalty shall be imposed upon the officer or
officers of the juridical entity who participated in the decision that led to the
violation of any provision of this Act, without prejudice to the cancellation of their
license issued by the PNP.

CHAPTER V
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

SECTION 17. Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR). — The PNP, in

consultation with stakeholders and other national private security associations,
representatives of private security cooperatives and other stakeholders of the
security industry, and subject to the provisions of existing laws, shall promulgate
the rules and regulations necessary to implement the provisions of this Act within
ninety (90) days from its effectivity. Furthermore, the Chief PNP shall consult with
the said stakeholders prior to the issuance of all regulations and issuances related
to and affecting the private security services industry. The PNP is mandated to
review the IRR every three (3) years.
SECTION 18. Separability Clause. — If any part or provision of this Act is declared
unconstitutional, the remainder of this Act or any provisions not affected thereby
shall remain in force and effect.
SECTION 19. Repealing Clause. — Republic Act No. 5487 is hereby repealed. All
other laws, presidential decrees or issuances, executive orders, letters of
instruction, rules, regulations and administrative orders inconsistent with the
provisions of this Act are hereby repealed or modified accordingly.
SECTION 20. Effectivity. — This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days after its
complete publication in the Official Gazette or in a newspaper of general
circulation.
Approved,

(SGD.) VICENTE C. SOTTO III

(SGD.) LORD ALAN JAY Q. VELASCO
President of the Senate Speaker of the House of
Representatives

This Act was passed by the Senate of the Philippines as Senate Bill No. 2423 on
May 23, 2022 and adopted by the House of Representatives as an amendment to
House Bill No. 8783 on May 23, 2022.

(SGD.) MYRA MARIE D. VILLARICA (SGD.) MARK LLANDRO L. MENDOZA

Secretary of the Senate Secretary General House of
Representatives

Approved: Lapsed into law on JUL 30 2022 without the signature of the President,
in accordance with Article VI Section 27 (1) of the Constitution.
(SGD.) RODRIGO ROA DUTERTE
President of the Philippines

CHAPTER 6
LEGAL ASPECT OF SECURITY

Private security legal aspects include civil law

  Private security is based on civil law. This is the most important
component of the foundation of private security.
  This is based on the fact that over 95% of private security operations
consists of hands-off security. No weapons, no fighting, and when things get
tough the police take over.
  Private security is used to establish and maintain a stable, relatively
predictable, environment.  Our security personnel are to use pro-active
prevention rather than uses of force unless physically attacked.
  We are goodwill ambassadors for the clients we serve.  When necessary,
security officers will answer the call to respond to hostilities and other
emergencies.
  Responding officers will be trained in verbal de-escalation, never
responding alone, and the fastest way to receive back up from company
employees, a police response, fire department response, or medical and
ambulance response.

Eliminating “liability generators”

  The quickest way to get sued for the acts or failures to act by a
security officer is by a “cop want-a-be” security officer playing police
officer on the job at your client’s facility.
  Liability generators can only be eliminated at the time of hiring
and during training. Beyond that point it may be too late and
termination may be your only recourse.
   Thus, human resources must coordinate hiring efforts with the
security department regarding hiring security officers.

Legal aspects include criminal law

  It is always a good practice to train security officers on those parts of
criminal law that effects the work of the officer.
  The security officers must realize that they are not police officers and
impersonating a police officer is a crime they can be prosecuted for.
  Arrest laws regarding citizen’s arrest must be taught because a bad bust
for security officers may be charged out as two felonies; false arrest and
false imprisonment.
  Trespassing laws should be taught because that is one law security
officers will be asked to enforce.
  Proper ways to make a “Citizen’s Arrest” must be taught to security
officers working in retail establishments.
  Be sure to include when teaching security officers, the law that they are
not lawyers and they should never give legal advice to anyone.
  The police will be given a pass when they tell someone what laws they are
enforcing but security officers do not enforce laws, they enforce rules.
  Rule #1 must be the visitor shall not over stay their welcome and rule #2
must be the visitor shall not steal anything from your company.
  The security officers must call the police for appropriate reasons only.
Discarding a cigarette in the parking lot or other littering charges do not
qualify as an appropriate police call. Never waste the police officers
time.

Legal aspects include administrative law

  There are two kinds of security forces, contract security and proprietary
security.
  Contract security is usually governed by state laws and rules prepared and
enforced by a board that oversees the contract security activities in that
specific state.
   In most states, proprietary security forces are exempt from board
oversight and exempt from most security-related laws.
  When a law states that this law will be administered by rule, that means
that a board already in business or a new board will take over the
administration of the new law.
  This is what is meant by “growing government.” This also means that the
government in that location will have a piece of the action of the contract
business.
  In some jurisdictions licensing will be administered and fees collected by
the board.
  The board will investigate claims against the contract companies and fines
will be collected by the board.
  The board will investigate and enforce the laws and rules involving all the
activities of the contract security companies.
  Every state and province will conduct security officer business differently.
  In the United States some states have no licensing of security officers.
  In other states every security officer must take a test and be licensed
individually.
  In most states, a contract company representative will be licensed and all
the security officers are merely employees of the license holder.
  In some states every security officer must be licensed, even the
proprietary in-house security officers.
  No security officer training program would be complete without including
a section on the specific laws of the state that govern security officer
activities.
Civil law, criminal law, and administrative law: These three branches of law form
the foundation of all private security activities.
Follow your policies, procedures, and training and these three branches of law will
pave the way to a successful career as a security professional.
 CHAPTER 7

11 GENERAL ORDERS
1. To take charge of the post and all company properties in view and
protect/preserve the same with utmost diligence.
2. To walk in an alert manner during my tour of duty and observe everything
within sight or hearing.
3. To report all violations of regulations or orders I am instructed to enforce.
4. To relay all calls from post more distant from the guard house where I
am stationed.
5. To quit my post only when properly relieved.
6. To receive, obey and pass to the relieving guard all orders from the
company officials, officers in the agency, supervisor, post in charge or shift leaders.
7. To talk to no one except in the line of duty.
8. To sound or call the alarm in case of fire or disorder
9. To call the superior officer in any case not covered by instructions.
10. To salute all company officials, officers in the agency, ranking public officials
and officers of the AFP and PNP.
11. To be especially watchful at night, and during the time of challenging, to
challenge all persons on or near my post, and to allow no one to pass without
proper authority.

THE UNIFORM
An officer might wear a uniform with a hat, jacket, badge or patch “Security” or
“Security Officer” to alert the public of his position. He also might wear a suit or
casual attire to blend in with a crowd during surveillance.
(https://www.facebook.com/179672582114146/posts/11-general-orders1-to-
take-charge-of-the-post-and-all-company-properties-in-view/239638896096493/)
 CHAPTER 8

Download - PNP CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION MANUAL (REVISED) 2011.

http://www.pnp.gov.ph/images/Manuals_and_Guides/DIDM/Criminal-Investigation-Manual.pdf

Download - RA 9262 (WOMEN AND CHILDREN’S RIGHTS)

https://cfo.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/GAD/RA_9262_-_ANTI-
VIOLENCE_AGAINST_WOMEN_AND_THEIR_CHILDREN_ACT_OF_2004.pdf

Download - RA 9165 (COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT)

http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/phi174225.pdf

REFERENCES
INTERNET SOURCE:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Philippines)
https://www.vectorsecurity.com/blog/what-are-the-different-types-of-home-
alarm-systems
https://criminologyboardexamreviewer.weebly.com/industrial-security-
management-definition-of-terms.html
https://www.osi.com.ph/uniformed-guard-services/
https://www.corinthiansgroup.com/the-code-of-ethics-of-being-a-security-guard-
in-the-philippines/
https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1969/ra_5487_1969.html
http://www.ifpo.org/wp-content/uploads/SSMP-PPT/
Chapter_002.ppt :~:text=Legal%20aspects%20include%20administrative
%20law,activities%20in%20that%20specific%20state.
https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1969/ra_5487_1969.html
https://www.facebook.com/179672582114146/posts/11-general-orders1-to-take-
charge-of-the-post-and-all-company-properties-in-view/239638896096493/
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