Lesson 4.

1
Logic
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the
students are expected to do the
following:
a. illustrate and symbolize a
proposition,
b. perform the different logical
operators,
c. determine the truth value of a
proposition.
Question to Ponder!
How is mathematics seen in the
real-life propositions or statements?
Proposition
a declarative statement that is
either true or false, but cannot be
both.
Examples:

1. Leyte is a province of
Philippines.
2. Alangalang is the Capital of
Leyte.
3. 2+3=5
4. 2 is a prime number.
5. √2 is an integer.
Not Examples:

1. How are you?

2. Welcome to Visayas State
University!
3. Follow the protocols imposed
to mitigate the COVID 19
Pandemic.
4. x-2=0
5.
Simple vs. Compound Proposition
 A simple or atomic proposition
is a proposition that cannot be
broken down into simpler
propositions.
 A compound proposition is a
proposition that is formed by
connecting simple propositions
using logical connectors.
Examples: Simple Propositions

1. Leyte is a province of
Philippines.
2. Alangalang is the Capital of
Leyte.
3. 2+3=5
4. 2 is a prime number.
5. √2 is an integer.
Examples: Compound Propositions
1. Two is not a prime number.
2. 1/2 is a rational number and e is an
irrational number.
3. Either 3 is odd, or 9 is an even number.
4. If psychology starts with letter “s”,
then Philippines starts with letter “f”.
5. The word Mathematics has eleven
letters if and only if logic has five
letters.
Propositional Variables
Usually used variables are
.
Examples: Compound Propositions
1. Two is not a prime number.
Let p: Two is a prime number.
In symbols, the proposition can be
expressed as

2. 1/2 is a rational number and e is an

irrational number.
Let q: 1/2 is a rational number.
Let r: e is an irrational number.
In symbols, the proposition can be
expressed as
Examples: Compound Propositions
3. Either 3 is odd, or 9 is an even number.
Let s: 3 is odd.
Let t: 9 is an even number.
In symbols, the proposition can be
expressed as

4. If psychology starts with letter “s”,

then Philippines starts with letter “f”.
Let u: Psychology starts with letter “s”.
Let v: Philippines starts with letter “f”.
In symbols, the proposition can be
expressed as
Examples: Compound Propositions
5. The word Mathematics has eleven
letters if and only if logic has five
letters.
Let w: The word Mathematics has eleven
letters
Let x: Logic has five letters.
In symbols, the proposition can be
expressed as
Constructing Truth Tables
Let p be a
proposition. Truth
Table
T p
p T
F
F
Constructing Truth Tables
Let p and q be Truth
propositions. Table
p Pairing q p q
T T
T
T T F
F
F T
T
F F F
F
Constructing Truth Tables
Let p, q. and r be Truth
propositions. Table
Pairi p q r
Pairi
p ng q ng r T T T
T T F
T T
T F T F T
T T F F
F F F T T
T F T F
T F
F T F F T
F F F F F
 Constructing Truth Tables
p q r
p q T T T
T T F
T T
p T F T

T T F T F F
F T T
F F T F T F
F F T
F F F F F
Constructing Truth Tables
p q r s
T T T T
T T T F
T T F T
T T F F
T F T T
T F T F
T F F T
T F F F
F T T T
F T T F
F T F T
F T F F
F F T T
F F T F
F F F T
F F F F
Logical Connectives
NEGATION
 The negation of a proposition p is
denoted by read as “not p”,
and is defined through the truth
table
p
T F
F T
Logical Connectives
NEGATION
 The negation of a proposition p is
denoted by read as “not p”,
and is defined through the truth
table
 Example
p: A square is a rectangle.
T
: A square is not a rectangle. F
Logical Connectives
CONJUNCTION
 The conjunction of propositions p and
q is denoted by read as “p
and q”, and is defined through its truth
table
p q
T T T  If both p and q are
true, the conjunction
T F F
will be TRUE.
F T F Otherwise, FALSE
F F F
Logical Connectives
CONJUNCTION
 The conjunction of propositions p and
q is denoted by read as “p
and q”, and is defined through its truth
table
 Example
p: Triangle has three sides. T
q: Quadrilaterals has five sides  F
: Triangle has three sides while
F
quadrilaterals has five sides.
Logical Connectives
DISJUNCTION
 The disjunction of propositions p and
q is denoted by read as “p or
q”, and is defined through its truth
table
p q
T T T  If at least one is true
for p and q, the
T F T
disjunction will be
F T T TRUE. Otherwise,
F F F FALSE
Logical Connectives
DISJUNCTION
 The disjunction of propositions p and
q is denoted by read as “p or
q”, and is defined through its truth
 table
Example
p: A Right angle measures exactly 90. T
q: Two lines are perpendicular.  T/F
:A Right angle measures exactly 90
or two lines are perpendicular. T
Logical Connectives
CONDITIONAL
 The conditional of propositions p and
q is denoted by read as “If p,
then q.”, and is defined through its
truth
p table
q  p is the hypothesis
T T T while q is the
conclusion.
T F F  If the hypothesis is
F T T TRUE and the
conclusion is FALSE,
F F T the conditional will be
FALSE. Otherwise,
TRUE
Logical Connectives
CONDITIONAL
 The conditional of propositions p and
q is denoted by read as “If p,
then q.”, and is defined through its
truth table
 Example
p: 3 is a non-zero integer.  T
q: 112 is divisible by 3.  F
:If 3 is a non-zero integer, then 112 is
divisible by 3 F
Logical Connectives
Be careful if p and q will be interchanged!

 The conditional of propositions q and

p is denoted by read as “If q,
then p.”, and is defined through its
truth
p table
q  q is the hypothesis
while p is the
T T T conclusion.
 If the hypothesis is
T F T
TRUE and the
F T F conclusion is FALSE,
the conditional will be
F F T FALSE. Otherwise,
TRUE
Logical Connectives
Be careful if p and q will be interchanged!

 The conditional of propositions q and

p is denoted by read as “If q,
then p.”, and is defined through its
truth table
 Example
p 3 is a non-zero integer,. F
q: 112 is divisible by 3 T
: If 112 is divisible by 3, then 3 is a
T
non-zero integer,
Logical Connectives
BICONDITIONAL
 The biconditional of propositions p
and q is denoted by read as
“p if and only if q.”, and is defined
through
p q its truth table
 If the components p
T T T and q are both TRUE
or both FALSE, then
T F F the biconditional will
F T F always be TRUE.
Otherwise, FALSE.
F F T
Logical Connectives
BICONDITIONAL
 The biconditional of propositions p
and q is denoted by read as
“p if and only if q.”, and is defined
through its truth table
 Example
p: Circle has no sides. T
q: Polygon has sides. T
:Circle has no sides if and only if
polygons have sides. T
Logical Connectives
Example
 Given the propositions with symbols,
write these propositions using p, q, and
r and logical connectives (including
negations).
Given p, q, and r be the propositions
 p: You get an A on the final exam.
 q: You do every exercise in this book.
 r: You get an A in this class.
Logical Connectives
Example
Given p, q, and r be the propositions
 p: You get an A on the final exam.
 q: You do every exercise in this book.
 r: You get an A in this class.

1. You get an A in this class, but you do

not do every exercise in this book.
Answer:
Logical Connectives
Example
Given p, q, and r be the propositions
 p: You get an A on the final exam.
 q: You do every exercise in this book.
 r: You get an A in this class.
2. You get an A on the final, you do every
exercise in this book, and you get an A
in this class.
Answer:
Logical Connectives
Example
Given p, q, and r be the propositions
 p: You get an A on the final exam.
 q: You do every exercise in this book.
 r: You get an A in this class.

3. If you get an A in this class, then you

have to get an A on the final.
Answer:
Logical Connectives
Example
Given p, q, and r be the propositions
 p: You get an A on the final exam.
 q: You do every exercise in this book.
 r: You get an A in this class.
4. You get an A on the final, but you don’t
do every exercise in this book;
nevertheless, you get an A in this class.
Answer:
Logical Connectives
Example
Given p, q, and r be the propositions
 p: You get an A on the final exam.
 q: You do every exercise in this book.
 r: You get an A in this class.
5. Getting an A on the final and doing
every exercise in this book is sufficient
for getting an A in this class.
Answer:
Logical Connectives
Example
Given p, q, and r be the propositions
 p: You get an A on the final exam.
 q: You do every exercise in this book.
 r: You get an A in this class.
6. You will get an A in this class if and only
if you either do every exercise in this
book or you get an A on the final.
Answer:
Logical Connectives
Example
Suppose p and q are propositions.
p: I bought a raffle ticket this week.
q: I won the million-peso jackpot.
Express each of these propositions as an
English sentence.
1. ∼p∧∼q
Answer: I did not buy a raffle ticket this
week and did not win the million-peso
jackpot.
Logical Connectives
Example
Suppose p and q are propositions.
p: I bought a raffle ticket this week.
q: I won the million-peso jackpot.
Express each of these propositions as an
English sentence.
2. p∨q
Answer:
Either I bought a raffle ticket this week or
I won the million-peso jackpot.
Logical Connectives
Example
Suppose p and q are propositions.
p: I bought a raffle ticket this week.
q: I won the million-peso jackpot.
Express each of these propositions as an
English sentence.
3. ∼q→∼p
Answer:
If I did not win the million-peso jackpot,
then I did not buy a raffle ticket this week.
Logical Connectives
Example
Suppose p and q are propositions.
p: I bought a raffle ticket this week.
q: I won the million-peso jackpot.
Express each of these propositions as an
English sentence.
4. ∼p∨(p∧q)
Answer:
Either I did not buy a raffle ticket this
week, or I bought a raffle ticket and won
the million-peso jackpot.
Precedence of Logical Operators
(NAOCB Rule)
Example
Example
Suppose p is True, q is False, and r is False,
determine the truth value of the following.
1.
Answer:
Example
Suppose p is True, q is False, and r is False,
determine the truth value of the following.
2.
Answer:
Further
Examples
Determine whether the following is a
proposition or not a proposition.
a. It is not true that 1 is a prime number.
Answer: Proposition
b. x+1=y
Answer: Not a proposition
c. How is (x, y) be solved in an equation
y=x+1 and y=2x+3?
Answer: Not a proposition
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Further
Examples
Determine whether the following statements are TRUE
or FALSE.
a. It is not the case that mathematics in the modern
world is a general education course.
Solution:
Let p: Mathematics in the modern world is a general
education course. True
The sentence in symbols:
Operating the truth value:
Therefore, the proposition is False.
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Further
Examples
Determine whether the following statements are TRUE or
FALSE.
b. Either Leonardo of Pisa discovered Fibonacci sequence
or George Polya did not discover the Four-Step Problem
Solving Strategy.
Solution:
Let p: Leonardo of Pisa discovered Fibonacci sequence. True
Let q: George Polya discovered the Four-Step Problem Solving
Strategy. True
The sentence in symbols:
Operating the truth value:
Therefore,
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the proposition is True.
Further
Examples
Determine whether the following statements are TRUE
or FALSE.
c. COVID-19 Pandemic affected millions of people
worldwide and caused long distance learning in
education.
Solution:
Let p: COVID-19 Pandemic affected millions of people worldwide.
True
Let q: COVID-19 Pandemic caused long distance learning in
education. True
The sentence in symbols:
Operating the truth value:
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Therefore, the proposition is True.
Further
Examples
Determine whether the following statements are
TRUE or FALSE.

d. If 0 is a natural number, then 0 is a real number.

Solution:
Let p: 0 is a natural number. False
Let q: 0 is a real number. True
The sentence in symbols:
Operating the truth value:
Therefore, the proposition is True.
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Further
Examples
Determine whether the following statements are
TRUE or FALSE.
e. 5 is an odd number if and only if 2 is a prime
number.
Solution:
Let p: 5 is an odd number . True
Let q: 2 is a prime number. True
The sentence in symbols:
Operating the truth value:
Therefore, the proposition is True.
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Further
Examples
Given the statements below, express statement into its
symbolic form. Then, determine its truth value.
If either a triangle with two congruent sides is an isosceles
triangle or an equilateral triangle is an isosceles triangle,
then it is not the case that a triangle has three sides.
Solution:
Let p: A triangle with two congruent sides is an isosceles triangle.
True
Let q: An equilateral triangle is an isosceles triangle. True
Let r: A triangle has three sides. True
In symbols:
Operating the truth value:
Therefore
52 the proposition is false.
Further
Examples
Determine whether the given is a tautology,

a. ∼ (𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) → [𝑝 ∧ (𝑞 → 𝑟)]
fallacy, or a contingency.

Solution:

In all of the cases the proposition is true.

Therefore, the proposition is a tautology.
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Further
Examples
Determine whether the given is a tautology,
fallacy, or a contingency.
b.
Solution:

Therefore, the given proposition is a contingency.

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Further
Examples
Determine whether the given is a tautology,

c. 𝑝 ↔ 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 ∨∼r→ 𝑝
fallacy, or a contingency.

Therefore, the proposition is a contingency.

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Further
Examples
false given that 𝑝 is 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒, 𝑞 is 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒, and 𝑞 is
Determine whether the following is true or

𝐹𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒.
a. ∼ (𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) → [𝑝 ∧ (𝑞 → 𝑟)]

b. 𝑝 → 𝑞 ∨ 𝑞 → 𝑝

56
Further
Examples

false given that 𝑝 is 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒, 𝑞 is 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒, and 𝑞 is

Determine whether the following is true or

𝐹𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒.
c. 𝑝 ↔ 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 ∨∼→ 𝑝

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Thank You!

58