Chapter - 4

Carbon and its Compounds

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Carbon exists in the atmosphere in the form of

(a) carbon monoxide only
(b) carbon monoxide in traces and carbon dioxide
(c) carbon dioxide only
(d) coal

Soln:

Answer is (c) carbon dioxide only

2. Which of the following statements are usually correct for carbon compounds? These
(i) are good conductors of electricity
(ii) are poor conductors of electricity
(iii) have strong forces of attraction between their molecules
(iv) do not have strong forces of attraction between their molecules

(a) (i) and (iii)

(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (iv)
(d) (ii) and (iv)

Soln:

Answer is (d) (ii) and (iv)

Explanation:

Carbon compounds form covalent bonds hence they have very weak force of attraction. Carbon compounds are
poor conductors of electricity.

3. A molecule of ammonia (NH3 ) has

(a) only single bonds
(b) only double bonds
(c) only triple bonds
(d) two double bonds and one single bond

Soln:

Answer is (a) only single bonds

Explanation:

Nitrogen has three electron in its outermost shell and hydrogen has 1. 3 hydrogen atoms combine with 1 nitrogen
atom to make ammonia. These bonds are single bonds.
4. Buckminsterfullerene is an allotropic form of
(a) phosphorus
(b) sulphur
(c) carbon
(d) tin

Soln:

Answer is (c) carbon

Explanation:

Diamond, Graphite, Lonsdaleite, C60 (Buckminsterfullerene or buckyball), C540, C70, Amorphouscarbon, and h)
single-walled carbon nanotube, or buckytube. Are the allotropes of Carbon.

5. Which of the following are correct structural isomers of butane?

(a) (i) and (iii)

(b) (ii) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (ii)
(d) (iii) and (iv)

Soln:

Answer is (c) (i) and (ii)

Explanation:

Chemical formula of Butane isC4H10, here option iii) and iv) have 8 hydrogen atoms, hence they are wrong.

6. CH3 – CH2 – OH Alkaline KMnO Heat 4 + → CH3 – COOH

In the above given reaction, alkaline KMnO4 acts as
(a) reducing agent
(b) oxidising agent
(c) catalyst
(d) dehydrating agent
Soln:

Answer is (b) oxidising agent

Explanation:

Two Hydrogen atoms are replaced by an atom of oxygen making oxidation of ethanol. Here addition of oxygen is
provided by potassium.

7. Oils on treating with hydrogen in the presence of palladium or nickel catalyst form fats. This is an
example of
(a) Addition reaction
(b) Substitution reaction
(c) Displacement reaction
(d) Oxidation reaction

Soln:

Answer is (a) Addition reaction

Explanation:

Here Hydrogen is added to oil, hence it is an addition reaction.

8. In which of the following compounds, — OH is the functional group?

(a) Butanone
(b) Butanol
(c) Butanoic acid
(d) Butanal

Soln:

Answer is (b) Butanol

Explanation:

Compound with OH Functional group will have a suffix ol in them hence answer is (b) Butanol.

9. The soap molecule has a

(a) hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail
(b) hydrophobic head and a hydrophilic tail
(c) hydrophobic head and a hydrophobic tail
(d) hydrophilic head and a hydrophilic tail

Soln:

Answer is (a) hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail

Explanation:

Because of hydrophobic tail Oil and grease is trapped inside a micelle. Hydrophobic head makes the outer surface
of micelle. Hence micelle is easily washed by water.

10. Which of the following is the correct representation of electron dot structure of nitrogen?

Soln:

Answer is d)

Explanation:

In this structure Nitrogen atoms gets 8 electron whereas in other options it is different.

11. Structural formula of ethyne is

Solution:

Answer is a)

Explanation:

Chemical formula of Ethyne is C2H2, Hence answer is a)

12. Identify the
unsaturated
compounds from the following
(i) Propane
(ii) Propene
(iii) Propyne
(iv) Chloropropane

(a) (i) and (ii)

(b) (ii) and (iv)
(c) (iii) and (iv)
(d) (ii) and (iii)

Soln:

Answer is (d) (ii) and (iii)

Explanation:

Propene has double bond and Propyne is having triple bond. Hence they are unsaturated compounds.

13. Chlorine reacts with saturated hydrocarbons at room temperature in the

(a) absence of sunlight
(b) presence of sunlight
(c) presence of water
(d) presence of hydrochloric acid

Soln:

Answer is (b) presence of sunlight

Explanation:

In presence of sunlight Chlorine reacts with Hydrocarbons and displaces Hydrogen atoms.

14. In the soap micelles

(a) the ionic end of soap is on the surface of the cluster while the carbon chain is in the interior of the
cluster.
(b) ionic end of soap is in the interior of the cluster and the carbon chain is out of the cluster.
(c) both ionic end and carbon chain are in the interior of the cluster
(d) both ionic end and carbon chain are on the exterior of the cluster

Soln:

Answer is (a) the ionic end of soap is on the surface of the cluster while the carbon chain is in the interior of the
cluster.
Explanation:

A micelle is a spherical aggregate soap molecules in soap solution. In the soap micelles the ionic end of soap is on
the surface of the cluster while the carbon chain is in the interior of the cluster.

15. Pentane has the molecular formula C5 H12. It has

(a) 5 covalent bonds
(b) 12 covalent bonds
(c) 16 covalent bonds
(d) 17 covalent bonds

Soln:

Answer is (c) 16 covalent bonds

16. Structural formula of benzene is

Soln:

Answer is c)
Explanation:

Chemical formula of Benzene is C6H6. In option call the arms of carbon atoms are occupied hence it is the right
answer.

17. Ethanol reacts with sodium and forms two products. These are
(a) sodium ethanoate and hydrogen
(b) sodium ethanoate and oxygen
(c) sodium ethoxide and hydrogen
(d) sodium ethoxide and oxygen

Soln:

Answer is (c) sodium ethoxide and hydrogen

Explanation:

2Na+2CH3CH2OH 2CH3CH2ONa+H2

18. The correct structural formula of butanoic acid is

Soln:

Answer is d)

19. Vinegar is a solution of

(a) 50% – 60% acetic acid in alcohol
(b) 5% – 8% acetic acid in alcohol
(c) 5% – 8% acetic acid in water
(d) 50% – 60% acetic acid in water

Soln:

Answer is (c) 5% – 8% acetic acid in water

20. Mineral acids are stronger acids than carboxylic acids because
(i) mineral acids are completely ionised
(ii) carboxylic acids are completely ionised
(iii) mineral acids are partially ionised
(iv) carboxylic acids are partially ionised

(a) (i) and (iv)

(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (ii)
(d) (iii) and (iv)

Soln:

Answer is (a) (i) and (iv)

Explanation:

Mineral acids are completely ionized whereas carboxylic acids are partially ionized. Hence mineral acids are
stronger than carboxylic acids.

21. Carbon forms four covalent bonds by sharing its four valence electrons with four univalent atoms, e.g.
hydrogen. After the formation of four bonds, carbon attains the electronic configuration of
(a) helium
(b) neon
(c) argon
(d) krypton

Soln:

Answer is (b) neon

Explanation:

After sharing four valence electrons with univalent atoms. Electronic configuration of Carbon becomes 2.8 which
is same as electronic configuration of Neon.

22. The correct electron dot structure of a water molecule is

Soln:

Answer is c)
Explanation:

Option c) represents complete octet configuration . Hence it is the right answer.

23. Which of the following is not a straight chain hydrocarbon?

Soln:

Answer is d)

24. Which among the following are unsaturated hydrocarbons?

(a) (i) and (iii)

(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (ii) and (iv)
(d) (iii) and (iv)

Soln:

Answer is (c) (ii) and (iv)

Explanation:

Option (ii and (iv having double and triple bonds, hence they are unsaturated hydrocarbons.

25. Which of the following does not belong to the same homologous series?
(a) CH4
(b) C2 H6
(c) C3 H8
(d) C4 H8

Soln:

Answer is (d) C4 H8

Explanation

General formula for C4H8 is CnH2n and for other option it is CnH2n+2

26. The name of the compound CH3 — CH2 — CHO is

(a) Propanal
(b) Propanone
(c) Ethanol
(d) Ethanal

Soln:

Answer is (a) Propanal

Explanation:

This compound has 3 carbon atoms and an aldehyde which add suffix al to 3 carbon compound.

27. The heteroatoms present in CH3 — CH2 — O — CH2— CH2 Cl are

(i) oxygen
(ii) carbon
(iii) hydrogen
(iv) chlorine

a) (i) and (ii)

(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i) and (iv)

Soln:

Answer is (d) (i) and (iv)

Explanation:

Oxygen and chlorine are not among essential components of Hydrocarbon hence they are heteroatoms.

28. Which of the following represents saponification reaction?

(a) CH3COONa + NaOH CH4 + Na2CO3
(b) CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3 COOC2H5 +H2O
(c) 2CH3COOH + 2Na → 2CH3 COONa + H2
(d) CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH → CH3 COONa + C2 H5OH

Soln:

Answer is (d) CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH → CH3 COONa + C2 H5OH

Explanation:

Saponification is a reaction in which ethanol and sodium ethanoate are produced upon treatment of ester with an
alkali.

29. The first member of alkyne homologous series is

(a) ethyne
(b) ethene
(c) propyne
(d) methane

Soln:

Answer is (b) ethene

Short Answer Questions

30. Draw the electron dot structure of ethyne and also draw its structural formula

Soln:

Molecular formula= C2H2

Electronic Formula

Structural formula= H-C≡C-H

31. Write the names of the following compounds

Soln:

a) Pentanoic acid
b) Butyne
c) Heptanal
d) Pentanol

32. Identify and name the functional groups present in the following compounds.

Soln:

a) Alcohol
b) Carboxylic acid
c) Ketone
d) Alkene
33. A compound X is formed by the reaction of a carboxylic acid C2H4O2 and an alcohol in presence of a
few drops of H2SO4 . The alcohol on oxidation with alkaline KMnO4 followed by acidification gives the
same carboxylic acid as used in this reaction. Give the names and structures of (a) carboxylic acid, (b)
alcohol and (c) the compound X. Also write the reaction.

Soln:

Carboxylic acid = CH3COOH ethanoic acid

Alchohol = CH3CH2OH ethanol

X = CH3COOCH2CH3 ethyl ethanoate

34. Why detergents are better cleansing agents than soaps? Explain.

Soln:

Detergents are better than soaps because detergents are ammonium or sulphonate salts of long chain carboxylic
acids. Charged ends of theses will not for precipitate with calcium and magnesium present in hard water. On the
other hand soaps will form precipitate with calcium and magnesium ions present in the hard water.
35. Name the
functional groups present in the following compounds
(a) CH3COCH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
(b) CH3CH2CH2COOH
(c) CH3CH2 CH2 CH2 CHO
(d) CH3CH2OH

Soln:
a) Ketone
b) Carboxylic acid
c) Aldehyde
d) Alcohol

36. How is ethene prepared from ethanol? Give the reaction involved in it.

Soln:

Ethanol is heated at 443k along with excess Sulphuric acid to obtain Ethene.

CH3-CH2OH ------->CH2=CH2 +H2O

(ethanol) (H2SO4) (ethene)

37. Intake of small quantity of methanol can be lethal. Comment.

Soln:

Methanol gets converted to Methanal and liver and kills all the cells. Methanol also affect the optic nerves and
causes blindness. Hence intake of small quantity of methanol can be lethal.

38. A gas is evolved when ethanol reacts with sodium. Name the gas evolved and also write the balanced
chemical equation of the reaction involved.

Soln:

When ethanol reacts with sodium it gives Sodium ethoxide with the liberation of Hydrogen gas.

2CH₃- CH₂-OH +2Na——>2 CH₃- CH₂- ONa + H₂

39. Ethene is formed when ethanol at 443 K is heated with excess of concentrated sulphuric acid. What is
the role of sulphuric acid in this reaction? Write the balanced chemical equation of this reaction.
Soln:

Sulphuric acid acts as a catalyst and a dehydrating agent in the formation of ethene.

40. Carbon, Group (14) element in the Periodic Table, is known to form compounds with many elements.
Write an example of a compound formed with
(a) chlorine (Group 17 of Periodic Table)
(b) oxgygen (Group 16 of Periodic Table)

Soln:

a)CCl4- Carbon Tetra chloride

b) Carbon-di-oxide- CO2

41. In electron dot structure, the valence shell electrons are represented by crosses or dots.
(a) The atomic number of chlorine is 17. Write its electronic configuration
(b) Draw the electron dot structure of chlorine molecule

Soln:

a) KLM- 2,8,7

42. Catenation is the ability of an atom to form bonds with other atoms of the same element. It is
exhibited by both carbon and silicon. Compare the ability of catenation of the two elements. Give
reasons.

Soln:

Catenation is shown by both Silicon and Carbon. Silicon bonds are less stable and reactive whereas bonds formed
by Carbon bonds are very strong hence carbon shows better catenation than Silicon.

43. Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain multiple bonds between the two C-atoms and show addition
reactions. Give the test to distinguish ethane from ethene.

Soln:

Saturated Hydrocarbons burns with clean flame and produce no soot where as non-saturated Hydrocarbons burns
with yellow flame and produces lot of soot. Ethane is saturated hydrocarbon and it burns with clean flame with no
soot. Ethene is unsaturated hence it burns with yellow flame producing lot of soot.
44. Match the reactions given in Column (A) with the names given in column (B).

Column A Column B
(a) CH3OH + CH3COOH CH3COOCH3 + H2O (i) Addition reaction
(b) CH2 = CH2 + H2 CH3 — CH3 (ii) Substitution reaction
(c) CH4 + Cl2 Sunlight CH3Cl + HCl (iii) Neutralisation reaction
(d) CH3COOH+NaOH CH3COONa+H2O (iv) Esterification reaction

Soln:

Column A Column B
(a) CH3OH + CH3COOH CH3COOCH3 + H2O (iv) Esterification reaction
(b) CH2 = CH2 + H2 CH3 — CH3 (i) Addition reaction
(c) CH4 + Cl2 Sunlight CH3Cl + HCl (ii) Substitution reaction
(d) CH3COOH+NaOH CH3COONa+H2O (iii) Neutralisation reaction

45. Write the structural formulae of all the isomers of hexane.

Soln:
46. What is the role of metal or reagents written on arrows in the given chemical reactions?

Soln:

47. A salt X is formed and a gas is evolved when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydrogencarbonate.
Name the salt X and the gas evolved. Describe an activity and draw the diagram of the apparatus to prove
that the evolved gas is the one which you have named. Also, write chemical equation of the reaction
involved.

Soln:

When ethanoic acid reacts with Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate with production of Sodium Ethanoate and
producing Carbon-di-oxide gas.

CH3COOH+NaHCO3 CH3COONA+H2O+CO2

Here salt X is Sodium Ethanoate and gas eveolved is Carbon-di-oxide.

Activity

 Set up the experiment as shown in figure.

 Take a spoon full of Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate in a test-tube and add 2ml of dilute ethanoic acid.

 Brisk effervescence occur in testtube.

 Pass the produce gas into lime water

 Lime water turn milky confirming the evolution of CO2

48. (a) What are hydrocarbons? Give examples.

(b) Give the structural differences between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons with two examples
each. (c) What is a functional group? Give examples of four different functional groups.

Soln:

a) Compounds of Carbon and hydrogen are called as Hydrocarbons. Ex: Ethane, Methane
b) All the bond in saturated Hydrocarbons are single bonds whereas bonds in the unsaturated Hydrocarbons
are either double or triple bonds.
Saturated Hydrocarbon Ex: Ethane, Methane
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons-Ethyne, Ethene
c) Functional groups are set of atoms joined in a specific manner which are responsible for characteristic
chemical property of the compound.Ex: CHO-Aldehyde, OH-Hydroxyl , COOH- Carboxylic acid.

49. Name the reaction which is commonly used in the conversion of vegetable oils to fats. Explain the
reaction involved in detail.

Soln:

Addition reaction is involved in the conversion of oils into fats. This process is known as Hydrogenation. Here
Unsaturated vegetable are converted to saturated fats which have saturated carbons.

Nickel is used as a catalyst in the hydrogenation process and the reaction is given below
50. (a) Write the formula and draw electron dot structure of carbon tetrachloride.
(b) What is saponification? Write the reaction involved in this process.

Soln:

a) Carbon tetra chloride- CCl4

b) The reaction of an ester in the presence of base to give sodium salt of carboxylic acid and alcohol is
known as saponification and it is used in the preparation of soap.

CH3COOC2H5+NaOH CH3COONa+C2H5OH

51. Esters are sweet-smelling substances and are used in making perfumes. Suggest some activity and the
reaction involved for the preparation of an ester with well labeled diagram.

Soln:

In a test- tube take 1ml ethanol and 1 ml glacial acetic acid and add few drops of concentrated H2SO4. Warm the
testtube for 5 minutes over a waterbath. Transfer the content in a beaker. Sweet smell confirms the formation of
Ester.
CH3COOH+ CH3CH2OH Acid CH3COCH2CH3

O
(Ester)

52. A compound C (molecular formula, C2H4O2 ) reacts with Na - metal to form a compound R and
evolves a gas which burns with a pop sound. Compound C on treatment with an alcohol A in presence of an
acid forms a sweet smelling compound S (molecular formula, C3H6O2 ). On addition of NaOH to C, it also
gives R and water. S on treatment with NaOH solution gives back R and A. Identify C, R, A, S and write
down the reactions involved.

Soln:

1)Compound C is Ethanoic acid[Acetic acid]

It reacts with sodium metal to form a compound called R . R is Sodium Ethanoate.

2CH3COOH +2 Na 2CH3COONa+H2

conc, H2SO4
2) CH3COOH +C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H20

so compound S is Ester or Ethyl ethanoate and compound A is Ethanol

3)CH3COOC2H5+NaoH CH3COONa + C2H5OH.

so compound R is again Sodium Ethanoate.

So compound C is Ethanoic acid

A is Ethanol

S is EsterR is sodium Ethanoate.

53. Look at Figure 4.1 and answer the following questions

(a) What change would you observe in the calcium hydroxide solution taken in tube B?
(b) Write the reaction involved in test tubes A and B respectively.
(c) If ethanol is given instead of ethanoic acid, would you expect the same change?
(d) How can a solution of lime water be prepared in the laboratory?
Soln:

a) Calcium Hydroxide solution would become milky

b) Reaction in Tube A
CH3COOH+NAHCO3 CH3COONA+CO2+ H2O

Reaction in tube B

Ca(OH)2+CO2 CaCO3+H2O

c) Ethanol will not react with Sodium Hydrgen carbonate. Hence same change will not be observed.
d) In a beaker take distilled water and mix Calcium carbonate powder and mix thoroughly. Allow the
solution to settle and decant the clear solution to obtain the lime water.

54. How would you bring about the following conversions? Name the process and write the reaction
involved.
(a) ethanol to ethene.
b) propanol to propanoic acid. Write the reactions.
Soln:

a) Ethene is formed when ethanol is heated at 443 K with excess of concentrated sulphuric acid.

CH3CH2OH Con H2SO4 CH2=CH+H2O

b) Propanol is treated with alkaline Potassium permanganate or acidified Potassium-di-chromate to obtain

propanoic acid.

CH3CH2CH2OH Alk KMnO4/ acidified K2Cr2O7 CH3CH2COOH

55. Draw the possible isomers of the compound with molecular formula C3H6O and also give their electron
dot structures.

Soln:
56. Explain the given reactions with the examples
(a) Hydrogenation reaction
(b) Oxidation reaction
(c) Substitution reaction
(d) Saponification reaction
(e) Combustion reaction
Soln:

a) Addition of Hydrogen to unsaturated Hydrocarbons to convert into saturated Hydrocarbons is called as

Hydrogenation. This process is used in the conversion of unsaturated vegetable oil into saturated fats.

R2C+CR+H2 Ni R2C-CR2
H H
b) When oxygen is added to alcohol to form carboxylic acid the process is known as oxidation.

Ex: CH3CH2CH2OH Alk KMnO4/ acidified K2Cr2O7 CH3CH2COOH

c) Saturated hydrocarbons are fairly unreactive. But in the presence of sunlight chlorine substitutes Hydrogen one
by one.
Ex: CH4+Cl2 CH3Cl+HCl( In presence of sunlight)

d)When Ester is treated with alkali, the reaction gives ethanol and Sodium ethanoate. This reaction is called
saponification.

Ex: CH3COOC2H5+NaOH CH3COONa+C2H5OH

e) Combustion is the burning of a substance in presence of Oxygen.

Ex: CH4+O2 CO2+H2O+ heat and Light

57. An organic compound A on heating with concentrated H2 SO4 forms a compound B which on addition
of one mole of hydrogen in presence of Ni forms a compound C. One mole of compound C on combustion
forms two moles of CO2 and 3 moles of H2O. Identify the compounds A, B and C and write the chemical
equations of the reactions involved.

Soln:

Compound A is Ethanol
Compound A = CH3CH2OH
CH3CH2OH conc. H2SO4 CH2-CH2+ H2O

Compound B is Ethane

Compound B = CH2= CH2

CH2=CH2 Ni C2H6

Compound C = CH3 — CH3

2C2H6+7O2 4CO2 +6H2O