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Problem Set 2

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22 views6 pages

Problem Set 2

Uploaded by

Victor Marti
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Bachelor in Economics

Bachelor in Business Administration

Mathematics II

Problem set 2: Matrix calculus

Departament d’Economia i d’Història Econòmica


Part I. Matrices and determinants

1. Consider the following matrices:


 
  −1 0  
1 0 1 0 1
A1 = A2 =  2 1 A3 =
0 1 0 1 −1
8 4
   
  1 0 1 1 3 1
−1 2
A4 = A5 = 2 1 1  A6 = 0 1 0
1 1
8 4 −2 0 0 −5

Compute A1 +A4 , A3 +A5 , A1 −A4 , A3 −A5 , A2 ·A3 , A5 ·A6 , A6 ·A5 , A1 ·A3 ,


where Ai · Aj is the matrix multiplication.

2. Determine x, y ∈ R such that


     
3 x 1 2 1 3 7 3 7
+2 =
1 2 0 5 x 4 11 y 8

3. Solve the equation X · A + B = C, where


 
0 2 0    
4 −2 1 1 −3 5
A = 3 0 −3 , B = , C=
5 1 −3 −2 4 −6
0 1 2

4. Find the matrix X that solves the following equation:


     
1 1 4 −2 6 4
·X · =
3 4 −3 2 22 14

5. Find the matrices B that commute to the following matrix A:


 
0 1 0
A = 0 0 1
0 0 0

6. Find the matrix X that solves the equation A · X = X · A, where:


 
0 0 0
A = 1 1 0
0 0 0

2
7. Find the 2 × 2 matrices satisfying A2 = A.

8. Compute the following matrix determinants:


1 0 −3 −1 1 1 2 0 1
a) −1 6 7 ; b) 1 −1 1 ; c) 1 1 0
0 1 1 1 1 −1 2 0 −2
−4 −6 −2 1 0 3
d) 2 4 2 ; e) −1 1 1
−2 −3 −1 2 1 −1

9. Solve the following equations


x 2x + 1 2x + 1 4 8 6
a) 2x + 1 3x − 1 4x = 0; b) 5 7 12 = 0
3x − 1 4x 6x − 1 3 −1 x

10. Verify that the following equations are true


a+b a a
a) a a+b a = b2 · (3a + b)
a a a+b
a−b−c 2a 2a
b) 2b b−a−c 2b = (a + b + c)3
2c 2c c−a−b

11. When possible, find the inverse of the following matrices


2 31
   
   8
 3 1 −1 2
3 8 −4 3
a) 3 ; b) ; c) −2 1 0  ; d) −2 3 1
5 −4 11 2
0 −1 5 3 −1 1

12. Check the rank of the following matrices


 
    −2 3 1
2 3 2 3 1
a) ; b) ; c)  1 −1 0
−4 −6 1 2 3
0 1 1

13. Check the rank of the matrices as a function of the parameter a:


     
1 2 3 a 1 0 a 1 1
a) 1 a 1 ; b) 2 2 a  ; c) 1 a 1
2 3 4 1 a −1 1 1 a

3
14. [Sydsaeter-Hammond (1995, Example 12.21)] Consider three firms com-
peting in a market whose market shares on January 1, 2017 were m1 =
0.2, m2 = 0.6, m3 = 0.2. Along the year 2017 the following changes in
market shares occurred:

• Firm 1 keeps 85% of its customers, while losing 5% to Firm 2, and


10% to Firm 3;

• Firm 2 keeps 55% of its customers, while losing 10% to Firm 1, and
35% to Firm 3;

• Firm 3 keeps 85% of its customers, while losing 10% to Firm 1, and
5% to Firm 2.

(i) Define the vector of market shares.

(ii) Define the transition matrix.

(iii) Compute the vector of markets shares on January 1, 2018.

15. An employer want to estimate the performance of the employees based on


the scores obtained in an ability test and in a responsibility test. The data
obtained is collected in the following table, where y stands for performance,
x1 for ability, and x2 for responsibility.

y x1 x2
1 4 2.5
3 5.5 3
5 6 3.8

The employer thinks that a linear model of the type

y = a + b1 x 1 + b2 x 2

4
will be accurate enough, and plans to use ordinarily least squares. This
means that the vector of parameters b is obtained as the solution of the fol-
lowing computation:
b = (X 0 X)−1 X 0 Y

where X is the matrix of values of the variables x1 and x2 ; X 0 is the trans-


pose of matrix X, and Y is the vector of performance. Compute the param-
eters b1 and b2 .

Part II. Systems of linear equations.

16. Classify and if possible, solve the following systems of equations:


 

 x + 4y + 8z = 0 2x − 5y + 3z = −12

(a) −2x + 5y − 2z = 3 (b) 3x + 2y − 5z = 1
 
3x + 7y + z = 2 7x − 4y + 2z = 0
 
 
x + 2y − 3z = −7
 x − 3y + z = −13

(c) 3x + 2y + 5z = −1 (d) 2x + 4y + 3z = 47
 
4x − y + z = 25 3x + 5y − 2z = 44
 

x − y + z = 6

(e) x + y − z = 2

x + y + z = 12

5
17. Classify and if possible, solve the following systems of linear equations:
 
2x + 3y − 7z = −1
 3x + 2y − 4z = 1

(a) 3x + 4y − 6z = 5 (b) 5x − y − 2z = 2
 
5x − 2y + 4z = −7 x + 3y − z = 3
 

2x − 5y + 3z = −12
 (
x − 2y + z = 3
(c) 3x + 2y − 5z = 1 (d)
 3x + y − 5z = 2
7x − 4y + 2z = 0


3x + 5y = 1

(e) 2x − y = 23

2x + 25y = −6

18. Classify and solve the following systems of linear equations as a function
of the parameter a:
 
2x + y + az = 4
 ax + y + z = 1

(a) x + z = 2 (b) x + ay + z = 2
 
x+y+z =2 x + y + az = 3
 

x + 2y + 3z = 0

(c) x + ay + z = 0

2x + 3y + 4z = 2

19. Consider a two good economy (j = 1, 2) where two individuals (i=a,b) aim
at consuming the following bundles:

(qa1 , qa2 ) = (10, 8); (qb1 , qb2 ) = (6, 12)

These individuals are endowed with incomes (wa , wb ) = (50, 60). Deter-
mine, using matrix algebra, whether there exists a price system p1 , p2 ) such
that those consumption bundles are feasible.

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