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05 Selection

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16 views31 pages

05 Selection

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Destiny
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Selection Structures

CEN111 Algorithms and Programming I


Control Structures
• Sequence structure
• Selection structure
• Iteration structure
Control Structures
• Selection Statements in C
• The if single-selection statement selects (performs) an action (or group of
actions) only if a condition is true
• The if…else double-selection statement performs one action (or group of
actions) if a condition is true and a different action (or group of actions) if the
condition is false.
• The switch multiple-selection statement performs one of many different
actions, depending on the value of an expression.
Control Structures
• Iteration Statements in C
• while
• do…while
• for
• These statements perform tasks repeatedly
Decision Making
• Executable statements perform actions like calculations, input and
output, or make decisions
• A condition is an expression that can be true or false
• This section introduces the if statement
• Makes a decision based on a condition’s value
• If true, the statement in the if statement’s body executes
• Otherwise, it does not
Decision Making: Equality and Relational
Operators
• Equality and Relational Operators
• Conditions are formed using the equality and relational operators
Decision Making: Relational Operators

Algebraic equality or
C relational operator Sample C condition Meaning of C condition
relational operator

> > x>y x is greater than y

< < x<y x is less than y

x is greater than or equal


≤ >= x >= y
to y

≤ <= x <= y x is less than or equal to y

= == x == y x is equal to y

≠ != x != y x is not equal to y
Relational Operators
• The relational operators are <, >, <=, and >=.
• Take 2 expressions as operands
• Yield either the int value 0 (false) or the int value 1 (true).

• Example: assume a = 1, b=2.


Expression Value
a <= b 1
a < b-5 0
a + 10 / b <= -3 + 8 0
Equality Operators
• The equality operators are == and !=.
• Yield either the int value 0 or the int value 1.

Examples: assume a=1, b=2, ch=‘A’


Expression Value
a == b 0
a != b 1
ch < ‘B’ 1
a+b == -2 * 3 0
Equality Operators
• Note carefully that the two expressions a == b and a = b are
visually similar.

• The expressions
• a == b is a test for equality.
• a = b is an assignment expression
Logical Operators
• logical expression: an expression that uses one or more of the logical
operators
• && (and)
• || (or)
• ! (not)
Logical Operators
• Expressions connected by && or || are evaluated left to right.
• logical complement (negation):!
• the complement of a condition had the value 1 (true) when the condition’s
value is 0 (false)
• the complement of a condition has the value 0 (false) when the condition’s
value is nonzero (true)
Logical Operators
Expression Value
!5 0
!!5 1
!(6 < 7) 0
!6 < 7 1
!(3-4) 0
Selection Statements in C
making decisions
The if Selection Statement
• Selection statements choose among alternative courses of action
• If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
Print “Passed”
• If true, then “Passed” is printed
• If false, the printing is ignored
• Written in C as
if (grade >= 60) { // grade must be declared before this
printf("Passed");
} // end if
• The C if statement code corresponds closely to the pseudocode
The if Selection Statement
• Indentation in the if Statement
• The indentation in the second line is optional but highly recommended
• Emphasizes the inherent structure of structured programs
• The compiler ignores white-space characters used for indentation and vertical
spacing
• blanks, tabs and newlines
The if Selection Statement
The if…else Selection Statement
• Specifies different actions to perform when the condition is true or
false
• If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
Print “Passed”
else
Print “Failed”
• Prints “Passed” if the student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
• Otherwise, it prints “Failed”
• The else’s body also is indented
The if…else Selection Statement
• Written in C as

if (grade >= 60) {


printf("Passed");
} // end if
else {
printf("Failed");
} // end else
The if…else Selection Statement
The if…else Selection Statement:
Conditional Expressions
• The conditional operator ( ? : ) is C’s only ternary operator (3 operands)
• ? : and its three operands form a conditional expression
• First operand is a condition
• Second is the conditional expression’s value if the condition is true
• Third is the conditional expression’s value if the condition is false

grade >= 60 ? printf( “Passed\n” ) : printf( “Failed\n”);


Nested if…else Statements
• Test for multiple cases by placing if…else statements inside if…else
statements
• For example, the following pseudocode prints:
• A for grades greater than or equal to 90
• B for grades greater than or equal to 80 (but less than 90)
• C for grades greater than or equal to 70 (but less than 80)
• D for grades greater than or equal to 60 (but less than 70)
• F for all other grades.
Nested if…else Statements
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 90
Print “A”
else
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 80
Print “B”
else
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 70
Print “C”
else
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
Print “D”
else
Print “F”
Nested if…else Statements
• Written in C as
if (grade >= 90) {
printf("A");
} // end if
else {
if (grade >= 80) {
printf("B");
} // end if
else {
if (grade >= 70) {
printf("C");
} // end if
else {
if (grade >= 60) {
printf("D");
} // end if
else {
printf("F");
} // end else
} // end else
} // end else
} // end else
Nested if…else Statements
• Most programmers write the preceding if statement as

• if (grade >= 90) {


printf("A");
} // end if
else if (grade >= 80) {
printf("B");
} // end else if
else if (grade >= 70) {
printf("C");
} // end else if
else if (grade >= 60) {
printf("D");
} // end else if
else {
printf("F");
} // end else
Blocks and Compound Statements
• To include several statements in an if, enclose them in braces ({ and })
• Braces form a compound statement or a block
• Can be placed anywhere a single statement can be placed
• The following if…else statement’s else part includes a compound statement containing two
statements:
if (grade >= 60) {
printf("Passed.");
} // end if
else {
printf("Failed.");
printf("You must take this course again.");
} // end else
Blocks and Compound Statements
• The braces surrounding the two statements in the else clause are important;
otherwise, the second statement would be outside the else’s body and would
execute regardless of whether the grade was less than 60
• Always include your control statements’ bodies in braces
The switch Multiple-Selection Structure
• Occasionally, an algorithm will contain a series of decisions that test a
variable or expression separately for each of the integer values it may
assume, then perform different actions
• This is called multiple selection
• C provides the switch multiple-selection statement
• Consists of a series of case labels, an optional default case and
statements to execute for each case
The switch Multiple-Selection Structure
switch ( a_variable ){
case value1:
actions;
break;
case value2 :
actions;
break;
...
default:
actions;
}
Exercise
• Write a simple calculator using the switch multiple-selection structure
Reference
• C How to Program, Ninth Edition by Deitel & Deitel, Pearson, 2022.

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