Identifying Functions, The Domain And Range Using Functions To Calculate

Department of Business Administration, University of the People

MATH 1201: Online Learning Strategies

Oluwole Oyerinde (instructor)

November 21, 2024

Task 1: Interpret the Graph in Detail

(i) Identify the Domain and Range

● Domain: The domain of a function represents all possible input

values (x-values). From the graph, the function extends horizontally
from approximately x=−10x = -10x=−10 to x=10x = 10x=10.
Therefore, the domain is:
Domain: [−10,10]\text{Domain: } [-10, 10]Domain: [−10,10]
● Range: The range represents all possible output values (y-values).
The graph extends vertically from y=−10y = -10y=−10 to y=10y =
10y=10. Therefore, the range is:
Range: [−10,10]\text{Range: } [-10, 10]Range: [−10,10]

(ii) Does this graph represent a function and a one-to-one function? Why or why not?

● Function Check:
To determine if this is a function, we apply the vertical line test. A graph represents a
function if no vertical line intersects it at more than one point.
○ Observing the graph, every vertical line crosses it only once.
○ Therefore, this graph represents a function.
● One-to-One Function Check:
To determine if it is one-to-one, we apply the horizontal line test. A graph is one-to-
one if no horizontal line intersects it at more than one point.
○ Observing the graph, some horizontal lines (e.g., y=5y = 5y=5) intersect the
graph at multiple points.
○ Therefore, this graph is not a one-to-one function.

Final Results:

1. Domain: [−10,10][-10, 10][−10,10]

2. Range: [−10,10][-10, 10][−10,10]
3. Function: Yes, the graph represents a function.
 4. One-to-One: No, the graph is not a one-to-one function because it fails the horizontal
line test.

Here is the graph of E(P)=P−10000E(P) = P - 10000E(P)=P−10000 for

P≥10000P \geq 10000P≥10000. The x-axis represents production in
thousands, and the y-axis represents exports in thousands. A vertical red
line at P=10000P = 10000P=10000 indicates the minimum production
level.

Observations:

1. The function begins at P=10000P = 10000P=10000, where E(P)=0E(P) = 0E(P)=0.

2. The export increases linearly with production.

Next, I'll address the questions in Task 2 based on this graph.

Task 2: Analysis

(ii) Is E(P)E(P)E(P) a Function of PPP?

Yes, E(P)E(P)E(P) is a function of PPP because:

● Each value of PPP corresponds to exactly one value of E(P)E(P)E(P).

 ● This satisfies the definition of a function where every input has a unique output.

(iii) Domain and Range of E(P)E(P)E(P):

From the graph:

● Domain: P≥10000P \geq 10000P≥10000 (production starts at

100001000010000 units).
Written in interval notation: [10000,∞)[10000, \infty)[10000,∞).
● Range: E(P)≥0E(P) \geq 0E(P)≥0 (exports begin at 0 and increase).
Written in interval notation: [0,∞)[0, \infty)[0,∞).

(iv) Export Values for Specific Production Levels:

Using E(P)=P−10000E(P) = P - 10000E(P)=P−10000:

1. For P=70000P = 70000P=70000:

E(70000)=70000−10000=60000E(70000) = 70000 - 10000 =
60000E(70000)=70000−10000=60000.
Export = 60000 units.
2. For P=20000P = 20000P=20000:
E(20000)=20000−10000=10000E(20000) = 20000 - 10000 =
10000E(20000)=20000−10000=10000.
Export = 10000 units.

(v) Dependent and Independent Variables:

● Independent Variable: PPP (Production in thousands) because it can be chosen

freely.
● Dependent Variable: E(P)E(P)E(P) (Exports in thousands) because it depends on
PPP.
Here is a graph illustrating the relationships between the weights and
lengths of two animals, represented by the parabola f(x)=−x2+10xf(x) = -
x^2 + 10xf(x)=−x2+10x and the straight line g(x)=2x+5g(x) = 2x +
5g(x)=2x+5. The point of intersection, A(5,25)A(5, 25)A(5,25), is
highlighted in red.

Task 3 Analysis:

(i) Rates of Change at the Intersection

The rate of change is determined by the slope of the tangent (for f(x)f(x)f(x)) or the slope of
the line (for g(x)g(x)g(x)) at x=5x = 5x=5.

At the intersection point A(5,25)A(5, 25)A(5,25):

● The rate of change (slope) of f(x)f(x)f(x) is 000.

● The rate of change (slope) of g(x)g(x)g(x) is 222.

Conclusion:

● f(x)f(x)f(x) has a zero slope at x=5x = 5x=5, indicating that it is at its peak (local
maximum).
 ● g(x)g(x)g(x) has a positive slope of 222, showing a constant increase in weight with
length.

The calculated slopes are:

● Slope of CDCDCD (on f(x)f(x)f(x)): 000.

● Slope of EFEFEF (on g(x)g(x)g(x)): 222.

Explanation:

● The slope 000 for CDCDCD indicates that the function f(x)f(x)f(x) is flat (neither
increasing nor decreasing) between points CCC and DDD.
● The slope 222 for EFEFEF shows a consistent positive rate of change for
g(x)g(x)g(x), meaning the weight increases uniformly with length between points
EEE and FFF.

Task 4: Local Extrema Analysis

1. Local Extrema:

● Local Maxima: Points where the function reaches a peak relative to its immediate
surroundings.
○ From the graph, the local maxima occur at points A(−11,3)A(-
11, 3)A(−11,3), C(−6,5)C(-6, 5)C(−6,5), E(1.5,1)E(1.5,
1)E(1.5,1), and G(7.85,3)G(7.85, 3)G(7.85,3).
● Local Minima: Points where the function reaches a trough relative to its
surroundings.
○ The local minima occur at points B(−8,−2)B(-8, -2)B(−8,−2),
D(−3,−4)D(-3, -4)D(−3,−4), F(4.7,−3)F(4.7, -3)F(4.7,−3), and
H(11,−2)H(11, -2)H(11,−2).
2. Difference Between Local Extrema and Global Max/Min:

● Local Extrema: These are points where the function has a maximum or minimum
value relative to the points in its immediate vicinity.
○ Example: At C(−6,5)C(-6, 5)C(−6,5), the value of 5 is higher
than the values near it, making it a local maximum.
● Global Maximum and Minimum: These are the absolute highest and lowest points
on the entire graph.
○ From the graph, the global maximum is at C(−6,5)C(-6, 5)C(−6,5),
and the global minimum is at D(−3,−4)D(-3, -4)D(−3,−4).

3. Intervals of Increase and Decrease:

● Increasing Intervals (where the slope is positive):

(−12,−11)(-12, -11)(−12,−11): From (−12,−1)(-12, -1)(−12,−1) to

(−11,3)(-11, 3)(−11,3).

(−9,−6)(-9, -6)(−9,−6): From B(−8,−2)B(-8, -2)B(−8,−2) to C(−6,5)C(-6,

5)C(−6,5).

(−4,1.5)(-4, 1.5)(−4,1.5): From D(−3,−4)D(-3, -4)D(−3,−4) to

E(1.5,1)E(1.5, 1)E(1.5,1).

(5,7.85)(5, 7.85)(5,7.85): From F(4.7,−3)F(4.7, -3)F(4.7,−3) to

G(7.85,3)G(7.85, 3)G(7.85,3).

● Decreasing Intervals (where the slope is negative):

(−11,−9)(-11, -9)(−11,−9): From A(−11,3)A(-11, 3)A(−11,3) to

B(−8,−2)B(-8, -2)B(−8,−2).

(−6,−4)(-6, -4)(−6,−4): From C(−6,5)C(-6, 5)C(−6,5) to D(−3,−4)D(-3, -

4)D(−3,−4).

(1.5,5)(1.5, 5)(1.5,5): From E(1.5,1)E(1.5, 1)E(1.5,1) to F(4.7,−3)F(4.7, -

3)F(4.7,−3).

(7.85,11)(7.85, 11)(7.85,11): From G(7.85,3)G(7.85, 3)G(7.85,3) to

H(11,−2)H(11, -2)H(11,−2).
Task 5 Solution:

(i) Representing the Taxation Rules as a Piecewise Function

The taxation system can be written as a piecewise function, T(I)T(I)T(I), where III represents
the individual's income:

T(I)={0.10I,if 0≤I≤2200,220+0.185(I−2200),if 2200<I≤8945,220+1242.825+0.30(I−8945),if

I>8945.T(I) = \begin{cases} 0.10I, & \text{if } 0 \leq I \leq 2200, \\ 220 + 0.185(I - 2200),
& \text{if } 2200 < I \leq 8945, \\ 220 + 1242.825 + 0.30(I - 8945), & \text{if } I > 8945. \
end{cases}T(I)=⎩⎨⎧0.10I,220+0.185(I−2200),220+1242.825+0.30(I−8945),if 0≤I≤2200,if
2200<I≤8945,if I>8945.

Explanation:

1. First slab (up to $2200): Tax is calculated at 10% of income: 0.10I0.10I0.10I.

2. Second slab ($2200 to $8945): The first $2200 is taxed at 10% (i.e., $220), and the
remaining income is taxed at 18.5%.
3. Third slab (above $8945): The first $2200 is taxed at 10% (i.e., $220), the income
between $2200 and $8945 is taxed at 18.5% (i.e., $1242.825), and the remaining
income above $8945 is taxed at 30%.

(ii) Tax Calculations for Specific Incomes

Let’s calculate the tax for incomes in each slab.

1. Income = $2000 (First Slab)

Since I=2000≤2200I = 2000 \leq 2200I=2000≤2200, tax is calculated as:

T(2000)=0.10(2000)=200.T(2000) = 0.10(2000) =
200.T(2000)=0.10(2000)=200.

2. Income = $6000 (Second Slab)

Since 2200<I=6000≤89452200 < I = 6000 \leq

89452200<I=6000≤8945, tax is calculated as:
T(6000)=220+0.185(6000−2200).T(6000) = 220 + 0.185(6000 -
2200).T(6000)=220+0.185(6000−2200). Simplifying:
T(6000)=220+0.185(3800)=220+703=923.T(6000) = 220 + 0.185(3800)
= 220 + 703 = 923.T(6000)=220+0.185(3800)=220+703=923.

3. Income = $12,000 (Third Slab)

Since I=12,000>8945I = 12,000 > 8945I=12,000>8945, tax is calculated

as: T(12000)=220+1242.825+0.30(12000−8945).T(12000) = 220 +
1242.825 + 0.30(12000 -
8945).T(12000)=220+1242.825+0.30(12000−8945). Simplifying:
T(12000)=220+1242.825+0.30(3055)=220+1242.825+916.5=2379.325.
T(12000) = 220 + 1242.825 + 0.30(3055) = 220 + 1242.825 + 916.5 =
2379.325.T(12000)=220+1242.825+0.30(3055)=220+1242.825+916.5=
2379.325.

Final Results:

1. Income = $2000: Tax = $200.

2. Income = $6000: Tax = $923.
3. Income = $12,000: Tax = $2379.33 (approximately).
References

1. Stitz, C., & Zeager, J. (2013). College Algebra. Stitz Zeager Open Source
Mathematics. Retrieved from https://stitz-zeager.com/szca07042013.pdf
2. Villarez, J. (2020, July 19). How to graph functions in Geogebra software [Video].
YouTube. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com
3. Yoshiwara, K. (2020). Modeling, Functions, and Graphs. American Institute of
Mathematics. Retrieved from https://yoshiwarabooks.org/mfg/colophon-1.html