Linear Algebra 1b
Linear Algebra 1b
x1 x2 xSolve
Solved Example: 3 0 the following system by Gauss Elimination:
x1 x2 x3 0
10 x2 25 x3 90
20 x1 10 x2 80
x2 can
x1 We
Solution: x3write
0 the system and its augmented matrix side by side:
x1 x2 x3 0
10 x2 25 x3 90 1 −1 1 0
20 x1 10 x2 80 −1 1 −1 0
𝐾= .
0 10 25 90
[ 20 10 0 80 ]
Adding 1 times pivot equation to the 2nd and -20 times pivot equation to the 4th
x2result
equation,x1 the x3 is:0
00
10 x2 25 x3 90 1 −1 1 0
30 x2 20 x3 80 0 0 0 0
𝐾= .
0 10 2 90
[ 0 30 −20 80 ]
x1 x2 x3 0
10 x2 25 x3 90
30 x2 20 x3 80 1 −1 1 0
00 0 10 25 90
𝐾= .
0 30 −20 80
[ 0 0 0 0 ]
x1 x2 3xtimes
Adding 3 0 pivot equation to the 3rd equation, the result is:
10 x2 25 x3 90
1 −1 1 0
95 x3 190
00 0 10 25 90
𝐾= .
0 0 −95 − 190
[ 0 0 0 0 ]
10 x2 25 x3 90 x2 4
x1 x2 x3 0 x1 2
𝑥1 = 2, 𝑥2 = 4, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥3 = 2.
Row switching
A row within the matrix can be switched with another row.
𝑅𝑖 ⟷ 𝑅𝑗
Row multiplication
Each element in a row can be multiplied by a non-zero constant.
𝑘𝑅𝐼 → 𝑅𝑖 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 ≠ 0
Row addition
A row can be replaced by the sum of that row and a multiple of another row.
𝑅𝐼 + 𝑘𝑅𝑗 → 𝑅𝑖 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗
The elementary matrix for any row operation is obtained by executing the operation on an
identity matrix.
All nonzero rows (rows with at least one nonzero element) are above any rows of all
zeroes [All zero rows, if any, belong at the bottom of the matrix]
The leading coefficient (the first nonzero number from the left, also called the pivot)
of a nonzero row is always strictly to the right of the leading coefficient of the row
above it.
All entries in a column below a leading entry are zeroes (implied by the first two
criteria).
1 𝑎1 𝑎2 ⋮ 𝑎3
[0 2 𝑎 4 ⋮ 𝑎 5 ]
0 0 −1 ⋮ 𝑎6
A matrix is in reduced row echelon form (also called row canonical form/Row-Echelon
Normal Form) if it satisfies the additional condition:
Every leading coefficient is 1 and is the only nonzero entry in its column, like in this
example:
1 0 0 ⋮ 𝑏1
[0 1 0 ⋮ 𝑏2 ]
0 0 1 ⋮ 𝑏3
Note that this does not always mean that the left of the matrix will be an identity matrix. For
example, the following matrix is also in reduced row-echelon form: