International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES)

Vol. 14, No. 1, March 2025, pp. 136~144

ISSN: 2089-4864, DOI: 10.11591/ijres.v14.i1.pp136-144  136

Waste incinerator monitoring system based on remote

communication with android interface

Moechammad Sarosa, Septriandi Wirayoga, Ratna Ika Putri, Supriatna Adhisuwignjo

Department of Electrical Engineering, State Polytechnic of Malang, Malang, Indonesia

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: Raya Ngijo Housing, one of the areas in Karangploso in Malang District has
a temporary waste management team that organises the collection of waste
Received Jan 18, 2024 from residents and sends it to the landfill. The process of collecting waste
Revised Jun 24, 2024 from residents is usually at the temporary disposal site (TPS) in the form of
Accepted Aug 12, 2024 moving waste from residential cleaning vehicles and accommodated at the
TPS until collection by the Malang District environmental service container
for disposal to the transferred to landfills (TPA). Problems often occur when
Keywords: the container collection process is delayed for various reasons, so that the
amount of rubbish in the TPS is excessive. One of the solutions made by the
Android cleaning team is to burn excess waste and can be burned using a furnace.
CO2 However, the combustion carried out cannot be ensured perfect combustion
Combustion which is feared by the environmental service. Therefore, a remote
Internet communication-based furnace monitoring system and android application
Thermocouple were made to ensure the perfection of the combustion process so that it
could be monitored by the cleaning team. Parts per million (PPM) carbon
dioxide (CO2) levels of combustion smoke and combustion temperature are
also monitored and controlled in accordance with the safe standards set by
the environmental agency.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Septriandi Wirayoga
Department of Electrical Engineering, State Polytechnic of Malang
Malang, East Java, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
The waste is collected at the neighborhood temporary disposal site (TPS) before being transferred to
landfills (TPA). However, waste containers used for waste transfer from the TPS to the landfill are often
delayed due to several factors that led to the construction of waste incinerators by the cleaning team. It is
hoped that this combustion furnace will be able to reduce the problem of unpleasant odors in the environment
caused by the accumulation of garbage in the TPS [1], [2]. Waste incineration is a necessary solution as one
of the alternatives to overcome the problem of waste volume that always increases every year in each region's
landfills along with population growth, changes in consumption patterns, and people's lifestyles. The issue of
waste accumulation in landfills in residential areas is not only related to environmental cleanliness and
aesthetics, but can cause other problems such as disease. This condition has a negative impact on the
environment and shortens the life of TPS and TPA, which in general in cities in Indonesia have the same
waste management, namely the "collect-transport" method where it is collected first at the TPS and then sent
to the landfill [3], [4].
Incineration is done to treat waste so that its volume and hazards can be reduced, and to capture or
destroy hazardous substances that may be released during combustion. The incineration process can also be
used to obtain energy, minerals, or chemical content from waste. There are various types and sizes of kilns,

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Int J Reconfigurable & Embedded Syst ISSN: 2089-4864  137

as well as combinations of pre- and post-combustion treatments [5], [6]. In addition, there is a relationship
between the design of selectable municipal solid waste, hazardous waste, and incineration sludge waste.
Kilns are usually built for full oxidative combustion with temperatures of 850 °C to 1,400 °C [7], which is
probably the temperature at which calcination and melting processes occur [8]. This was the problem
encountered by the cleaning team from the Malang City environmental agency as there was no evidence that
the combustion temperature had reached the required standard and the escaping gas was polluting the vicinity
of the TPS. So the environmental agency requested remote monitoring of the temperature and combustion
gas particles so that it could ensure the conditions were safe [9].
In reference to article [10], research has addressed the challenge of solid waste management through
incineration, specifically by evaluating the efficiency of temperatures. However, it is noteworthy that the
measurements are confined to the combustion site. Drawing inspiration from advancements in remote
telemonitoring, exemplified in article [11] where the monitoring of remote lockers is seamlessly executed
through web or smartphone interfaces, there is potential for extending such technology to enhance
temperature measurement systems. This prospect is particularly evident in article [12], where a system
designed for high-temperature measurement could be evolved into a robust platform for remote monitoring
applications.
Therefore, monitoring system for outdoor waste burning based on internet of things (IoT) was
created which aims to optimize monitoring of waste combustion in the furnace for the cleaning team and the
environmental service of the City of Malang. In this research, a remote monitoring system has been made
using hardware in the form of sensors and microcontrollers integrated with the internet network [13], [14].
Every data obtained by each sensor will be sent to the cloud using a microcontroller so that it can be accessed
by the android application that has been made for the monitoring system [15]. The communication used in
this research is internet-based from a monitoring device connected to an access point via wireless
communication, so that to do remote monitoring there must be internet around the monitoring system and
android application [16], [17].

2. RESEARCH METHOD
To get the results of the research that has been completed there are several stages that must be
done [18]. The first stage is an understanding of waste storage and combustion. The second stage is about the
use of sensors for gas particle measurement. The third stage is about the use of high temperature combustion
detection sensors, namely K-type thermocouples. Then the fourth stage of understanding about remote
communication via the internet. The fifth stage is the creation of a system block diagram and its
implementation. The last stage analyzes the system that has been made. In the analysis process there are
3 things that will be measured, namely the gas particle sensor accuracy test, the high temperature sensor
accuracy test, and the overall system test [19].

2.1. Waste on district area

Waste is an item left over from human activities, daily activities, or natural processes. Waste
management is very important as the next step after waste is formed, with the aim of reducing the
accumulation of waste that can cause various problems [20]. Waste management includes systematic,
comprehensive, and sustainable activities that include waste reduction and handling. This process needs to be
carried out in a comprehensive and integrated manner from the source of waste to the end of the process, in
order to provide economic benefits, health for the community, environmental safety, and change people's
behavior. Thus, improper waste handling and processing can cause environmental diseases and disrupt daily
life [21].
One of the other options for dealing with plastic waste in landfills is to burn it. However, there are
growing concerns regarding the potential release of harmful chemicals into the atmosphere during the
process. For example, smoke from burning plastic can release halogenated additives and polyvinyl chloride,
as well as furans, dioxins, and polychlorinated biphenyls can also be emitted. This can lead to air pollution,
as these substances can vaporize and be released directly into the air, posing risks to both human health and
the environment [22]. Additionally, the combustion of plastics can damage the combustion heaters of flue
systems, further contributing to environmental harm.
The purpose of incinerating garbage is to reduce its amount and dangers while also destroying or
capturing any hazardous materials that might be released during burning. Energy, minerals, or chemical
compounds from garbage can also be obtained through the incineration process. Kilns come in a variety of
sizes and shapes, and can be customized with a combination of pre- and post-firing treatments to choose
from. Furthermore, there is a connection among hazardous waste, incinerator sludge waste, and chosen
municipal solid waste design [23]. 850 °C to 1,400 °C is the typical temperature range for kiln construction,

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138  ISSN: 2089-4864

which is most likely the temperature at which calcination and melting processes take place. The result from
incinerating garbage shown on Table 1.

Table 1. Common operational situations for waste-to-energy conversion technologies through

thermochemical and biological processes
Technology Temperature (Celcius) Heating rate (Celcius/s) Residence time Typical product distribution
Incineration 800-1,200 Variable Variable BottomAsh>FlyAsh>Slag>Gases
Fast pyrolysis 400-500 10-200 30-1,500 ms BioOil>Gases>BioChar
Slow pyrolysis 300-700 0.1-1 10-100 min BioChar>BioOil>Gases
Intermediate pyrolysis 500-600 2-10 10-20 $ BioOil>BioChar>Gases
Flash pyrolysis 800-1,000 1,000 0.5 s BioOil>Gases>BioChar
Liquefaction 250-450 0.05-5 1-40 min BioOil>Tar
Gasification 700-1,000 Variable 30-90 min Syngas>BioChar
Anaerobic digestion 35-37 None Days Methane>Othergases>BioSludge
Composting 25-55 - 1-2 months Humus>Nutrients>Minerals

2.2. Sensor gas MQ

The MQ sensor is a gas sensor used in devices to detect carbon monoxide (CO) gas in various
situations, both in everyday life, in industry, and in motor vehicles [24]. The MQ gas sensor has high
sensitivity to CO is stable, and has a long lifespan. This sensor uses a heater with a 5 V AC/DC power supply
and a 5 VDC circuit power supply. The effective measurement range of CO gas is 20 to 2,000 ppm. This
research will use the MQ-7 sensor which has the ability to detect residual combustion. Figure 1 shows the
sensitivity value of the MQ-7 to other gases. The sensitivity of the MQ-7 sensor affects the precision level of
the gas reading. Sensor sensitivity refers to how responsive the sensor is to a particular gas. The higher the
sensitivity, the smaller the gas concentration that can be detected [25]. However, too high sensitivity can also
result in the sensor becoming more susceptible to interference from other gases in the surrounding
environment.
Figure 2 shows the circuit of the MQ-7 used. This circuit works by heating the sensor element,
which in turn responds to the presence of CO gas with a change in resistance. This change is then measured
and processed by the microcontroller to obtain the level of CO gas concentration in the environment. To find
out the relationship between components and detection, it is described in (1):

−1.53 𝑦
𝑥= √100 (1)

Figure 1. MQ-7 sensivity graphic Figure 2. MQ-7 sensor circuit

After obtaining the x value, proceed to (2) where y is the desired air quality standard (in ppm):

𝑅𝑠 = ( 𝑉𝑐 ∗ 𝑅𝐿 / 𝑉𝑅𝐿 ) – 𝑅𝐿 (2)

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Int J Reconfigurable & Embedded Syst ISSN: 2089-4864  139

in this context, 𝑅𝑠 is the sensor resistance, 𝑉𝑐 is the sensor input voltage, 𝑅𝐿 is the load resistance of the
circuit, and 𝑉𝑅𝐿 is the circuit output voltage. After calculating with the previous two equations, the next step
is to calculate the value of 𝑅𝑜, which is the comparison resistance for normal clean air conditions used as a
reference in (3).

𝑅𝑜 = 𝑥/𝑅𝑠 (3)

2.3. Max 6675 thermocouple

The K-type thermocouple data is digitalized and used to provide cold-junction compensation, which
forms the basis of the MAX 6675 [26]. The output data is compatible with common microcontroller serial
peripheral interface (SPI) communication and has a resolution of 12 bits. By transforming the outcomes of
reading 12-bit data, data may be read. The cold end of the MAX6675 can only monitor temperatures between
-20 and +85. The MAX6675 can detect temperature variations in other areas of the device with accuracy
even if there are variations at the cold end. With cold-junction correction, the MAX6675 can adjust for
variations in the surrounding temperature. Using a temperature diode sensor, the apparatus transforms the
actual ambient temperature into voltage. The MAX6675 monitors the voltage from the sensing diode and the
thermocouple output in order to do actual measurements [27]. When the temperature of the cold-junction
thermocouple and the MAX6675 are same, the MAX6675 operates at its best. This is to prevent putting other
heat-producing parts in close proximity to MAX6675. To measure temperature with a K-type thermocouple,
the voltage change is about 41 µV per °C, using a characteristic approximation, which can use (4):

𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 = (41µ𝑉 / °C) 5 (𝑇𝑅 – 𝑇𝐴𝑀𝐵) (4)

where 𝑇𝐴𝑀𝐵 is the ambient temperature (°C), 𝑇𝑅 is the remote junction temperature (°C), and 𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 is the
thermocouple voutput (µV). There are several temperature ranges and material kinds for thermocouples.
Type K thermocouples are one example of an operating temperature range that may be produced by
combining several types of metal conductors. Nickel and chromium make up the positive side (thermocouple
grade) of type K thermocouples, whereas nickel and aluminum make up the negative side (extension grade).
Due to its tendency to be less expensive, this kind of thermocouple is frequently employed for common
applications. available between 0 °C and +1,100 °C in temperature.

2.4. Internet of things

The IoT system seen in Figure 3 consists of various functional blocks that facilitate various
functions in the system, such as sensing, identifying, actuation, communications, and management [28]. IoT
systems are based on devices that perform sensing, actuation, control, and monitoring activities. IoT devices
can communicate with other connected devices and applications, collect data from other devices, and process
data either locally or by sending data to a centralized server or cloud-based application for processing. IoT
devices can also perform some tasks locally and others within the IoT infrastructure according to constraints
such as space, time, memory, processing capability, communication latency, speed, and deadlines. IoT
devices can have various interfaces to communicate with other devices, both wired and wireless. These
include I/O interfaces for sensors, internet connectivity interfaces, memory and storage interfaces, and
audio/video interfaces. IoT devices come in many types, such as wearable sensors, smartwatches, light
emitting diode (LED) lights, cars, and industrial machinery. Almost all IoT devices generate data in various
forms that, when processed by data analysis systems, provide useful clues and information to guide further
actions, both locally and remotely.

Figure 3. IoT
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140  ISSN: 2089-4864

For example, sensor data generated by soil moisture monitoring devices in a garden, when
processed, can help determine the optimal watering schedule. The communication block in IoT is responsible
for communication between devices and remote servers. IoT communication protocols generally operate at
the data link layer, network layer, transport layer, application layer, and audio/video link. Data obtained from
soil moisture monitoring devices in the garden can be used to establish an optimal watering schedule.
Communication between devices and remote servers is done through communication blocks, with IoT
communication protocols generally operating at the data link, network, transport, and application layers [29].

2.5. System block diagram

In the research that has been done, the system block diagram shown in Figure 4 is a description of
the system that has been used to achieve the desired data in this article. In Figure 4, it can be seen that there
are 3 nodes used to monitor the waste incinerator which measures 150×150×200 cm. The description of node
1 represents the description of nodes 2 and 3. From each node, there are 2 types of measurement sensors used
in the system are used, each is an MQ-7 sensor and MAX 6675 sensor (K-type thermocouple) connected to
the ESP32 microcontroller. The MQ-7 sensor functions to detecting compressed air on carbon that arises
from residual combustion. The MAX 6675 (thermocouple K-type) sensors are used to measure the heat or
combustion temperature in units of degrees centigrade in the furnace utilizing long iron steel. When the air
content is very bad as a result of burning waste, namely 50 ppm, buzzer will activate to alert the on-site
personnel. The 16×2 liquid crystal display (LCD) is used to display the values generated by the sensors
during the process. After the sensors detect the values, the information will be forwarded to the
microcontroller and then sent to the cloud database via the internet network. This process can be done when
the microcontroller is connected to a wireless network to an access point that has a service provider. After the
data is successfully entered into the cloud database, the android application on the smartphone can retrieve
data from the cloud database to be displayed on the smartphone device. This data retrieval is done to monitor
whether the combustion has been carried out with the right temperature both from the environmental agency
and from the garbage burning workers. From this data it is hoped that both parties will be able to maintain the
quality of the environment around the garbage burning site.

Figure 4. System block diagram for monitoring

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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The following is the implementation of the hardware schematic per detection node that has been
assembled into a module as shown in Figure 5. The components consist of the ESP8266 microcontroller,
MQ-7, MAX6675 sensor, and 16×2 LCD connected together with jumper cables according to the designed
pins. In the initial phase of this study, we conducted a sensitivity analysis of the MQ-7 sensor to CO gas. This
involved comparing the gas measurements obtained from the sensor with those from a CO detector. The
results are detailed in Table 2, displays the excellent capabilities of the MQ-7 sensor seamlessly integrated
into the microcontroller program. Notably, the sensor demonstrated accuracy ranging from a minimum of
97.81% to a maximum of 100%. These accuracy values were determined using the gas type with the lowest
concentration among the five tested variants, and each gas type underwent three repetitions for robust
assessment [30].

Figure 5. Implementation system

Table 2. MQ-7 sensor accuracy

Sensor detection (ppm) CO detector detection (ppm)
No. Accuration (%)
Results in three iterations Average Results in three iterations Average
1 69 60.67 68 59.67 98.32
67 66
46 45
2 66 61.00 67 61.00 100.00
57 56
60 60
3 31 57.00 29 57.00 100.00
45 46
95 96
4 76 46.00 75 46.00 100.00
25 27
37 36
5 96 62.33 95 61.00 97.81
58 57
33 31
Average accuration 99.23

The second measurement pertains to assessing the temperature measurement accuracy of the
MAX6675 sensor. This evaluation involved a comparative analysis, where we tested the sensor's ability to
read temperature against the readings obtained from a factory-calibrated K-type thermocouple thermometer.
The results of these accuracy tests are detailed in Table 3. A glance at the table reveals the MAX6675
sensor's remarkable temperature measurement accuracy, consistently yielding high values. Across ten
measurements, the sensor exhibited an accuracy spectrum, with the lowest value recorded at 96.60% and the
highest at 99.02%.

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142  ISSN: 2089-4864

Table 3. Thermocouple meter accuration result

No. Sensor value (ᵒC) Thermocouple meter (ᵒC) Accuration (%)
1 155 157 98.73
2 200 197 98.48
3 167 163 97.55
4 165 163 98.77
5 152 147 96.60
6 133 131 98.47
7 101 102 99.02
8 194 190 97.89
9 115 117 98.29
10 203 200 98.50
Average value 98.23

The last test is about sending data from the system to the cloud database [31], which will be presented
in Table 4. From Table 4, it can be seen that out of 10 measurements, all data in the application was
successfully updated, with a success rate of 100%. In the 10 measurement, it was found that the system also
worked well by providing an alert update when the gas particles exceeded the predetermined threshold of
50 ppm.

Table 4. System test result

Temperature
No Send stats CO value (ppm) Status condition
combustion chamber (°C)
1 Success update 7 28 Safety
2 Success update 10 29 Safety
3 Success update 14 29 Safety
4 Success update 15 29 Safety
5 Success update 20 29 Safety
6 Success update 21 29 Safety
7 Success update 25 29 Safety
8 Success update 30 29 Safety
9 Success update 35 29 Safety
10 Success update 52 31 Danger

4. CONCLUSION
The system's conclusion highlights its effective functionality. Initially, the seamless delivery of
output data from the sensor to the cloud database, subsequently presented via the application, ensures reliable
real-time monitoring via a smartphone. Calibration testing of the CO gas detection sensor was conducted by
collecting data from 5 measurement points every 5 minutes. The calibration results showed an impressive
average, with a success rate exceeding 90%. Similarly, the temperature sensor test, with 10 data points
gathered every 6 minutes, yielded an average calibration result surpassing 95%.
These robust calibration outcomes underscore the system's accuracy and reliability. Beyond
technical achievements, the research holds significance as a valuable resource for monitoring waste
incineration, providing a potential solution to mitigate waste accumulation in temporary and final landfills
worldwide, with a particular focus on Indonesia. The versatility of this research positions it as a credible
reference for waste management strategies, especially in Indonesian regions employing waste burning
practices. The potential implementation of these findings in waste management practices across Indonesia
further solidifies the research's practical relevance and positive impact on environmental sustainability.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by the Malang State Polytechnic campus through DIPA 2022 funds, the
Trust [grant numbers SP DIPA – 023.18.2.677606/2022].

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Waste incinerator monitoring system based on remote communication with … (Moechammad Sarosa)
144  ISSN: 2089-4864

BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Moechammad Sarosa received the bachelor’s degree from Universite De Nancy

I, France, in 1990, and the master’s and Ph.D. degrees from the Department of Electrical
Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology, in 2002 and 2007, respectively. He is currently
a Lecturer and a Professor in computer science and in electrical engineering with the State
Polytechnic of Malang. His research interests include information communication technology,
artificial intelligence, mobile computing, embedded systems, and the internet of things. He can
be contacted at email: [email protected].

Septriandi Wirayoga received bachelor in bachelor of electrical engineering,

Department of Engineering, Faculty at Universitas Brawijaya on 2014. He is working as junior
lecturer in Department of Electrical Engineering at Politeknik Negeri Malang. He focuses on
the field of antenna microstrip, signaling communication, and microcontroller. He can be
contacted at email: [email protected].

Ratna Ika Putri received the B.E. and M.E. degree in electrical engineering from
Brawijaya University, East Java Indonesia in 1994 and 2006. She has got teaching experience
nearly 12 years. Currently a Lecturer of Department Electronics at Malang State Politechnic,
East Java, Indonesia. Her current research interest in control, power electronics, and AI
technique. She is a member of IAENG. She can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

.
Supriatna Adhisuwignjo received the S.T. and M.T. degrees in electrical
engineering from the University of Brawijaya Malang, in 1998 and 2007. He has been a
Lecturer of electrical engineering with the State Polytechnic of Malang, since 2000. He is
currently the director, of the State Polytechnic of Malang, Indonesia. He has authored or
coauthored more than 10 research, 7 publication journal, and one book. His research interests
include the applications of artificial intelligence, fuzzy logic, interface system, image
processing, artificial neural networks, and control. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Int J Reconfigurable & Embedded Syst, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 2025: 136-144