Introduction

Introduction
Introduction
Study pattern

Study pattern
The course requires a lot of PRACTICE, PRACTICE,
PRACTICE, PRACTICE......
Introduction
Study pattern

Study pattern
The course requires a lot of PRACTICE, PRACTICE,
PRACTICE, PRACTICE......
The course is incremental as such don’t wait for work to pile
up
Introduction
Study pattern

Study pattern
The course requires a lot of PRACTICE, PRACTICE,
PRACTICE, PRACTICE......
The course is incremental as such don’t wait for work to pile
up
Preferably make PRACTICE a daily affair
Introduction
Study pattern

Study pattern
The course requires a lot of PRACTICE, PRACTICE,
PRACTICE, PRACTICE......
The course is incremental as such don’t wait for work to pile
up
Preferably make PRACTICE a daily affair
WARNING : Block studying is not effective — it’s simply an
accident waiting to happen
Introduction
Statistics

statistics
is generally concerned with collection, analysis, description,
presentation and interpretation of data which often leads to
the drawing of conclusions
Introduction
Statistics

statistics
is generally concerned with collection, analysis, description,
presentation and interpretation of data which often leads to
the drawing of conclusions
there are mainly two types namely
Introduction
Statistics

statistics
is generally concerned with collection, analysis, description,
presentation and interpretation of data which often leads to
the drawing of conclusions
there are mainly two types namely
descriptive statistics
Introduction
Statistics

statistics
is generally concerned with collection, analysis, description,
presentation and interpretation of data which often leads to
the drawing of conclusions
there are mainly two types namely
descriptive statistics
inferential statistics
Introduction
Statistics
Descriptive statistics

Descriptive statistics
the part of statistics concerned with description and
summarization of data
Introduction
Statistics
Descriptive statistics

Descriptive statistics
the part of statistics concerned with description and
summarization of data
may involve use of graphs, charts and tables and calculation
of of statistical measures to organise and summarise data
Introduction
Statistics
Inferential statistics

Inferential statistics
the part of statistics concerned with drawing
conclusions/inferences from data
Introduction
Statistics
Inferential statistics

Inferential statistics
the part of statistics concerned with drawing
conclusions/inferences from data
ideally involves drawing conclusions about a population from
a sample, where
Introduction
Statistics
Inferential statistics

Inferential statistics
the part of statistics concerned with drawing
conclusions/inferences from data
ideally involves drawing conclusions about a population from
a sample, where
a population is the total collection of all
elements/individuals/items that we are interested in; and
Introduction
Statistics
Inferential statistics

Inferential statistics
the part of statistics concerned with drawing
conclusions/inferences from data
ideally involves drawing conclusions about a population from
a sample, where
a population is the total collection of all
elements/individuals/items that we are interested in; and
a sample is a subgroup/portion of a population that will be
studied in detail
Introduction
Variable

Variable
a characteristic or property of interest concerning an
individual element of a population or a sample
Introduction
Variable

Variable
a characteristic or property of interest concerning an
individual element of a population or a sample
the name variable is derived from the fact that any particular
characteristic may vary among elements/units of a population
Introduction
Variable

Variable
a characteristic or property of interest concerning an
individual element of a population or a sample
the name variable is derived from the fact that any particular
characteristic may vary among elements/units of a population
examples include height, weight, colour, speed, opinion on
political affairs etc....
Introduction
Variable

Variable
a characteristic or property of interest concerning an
individual element of a population or a sample
the name variable is derived from the fact that any particular
characteristic may vary among elements/units of a population
examples include height, weight, colour, speed, opinion on
political affairs etc....
the value of a variable is called an observation
Introduction
Variable

Variable
a characteristic or property of interest concerning an
individual element of a population or a sample
the name variable is derived from the fact that any particular
characteristic may vary among elements/units of a population
examples include height, weight, colour, speed, opinion on
political affairs etc....
the value of a variable is called an observation
the collection of observations that a variable takes is called a
dataset
Introduction
Variable

Variable
a characteristic or property of interest concerning an
individual element of a population or a sample
the name variable is derived from the fact that any particular
characteristic may vary among elements/units of a population
examples include height, weight, colour, speed, opinion on
political affairs etc....
the value of a variable is called an observation
the collection of observations that a variable takes is called a
dataset
Variables fall into two categories namely; qualitative and
quantitative variables
Introduction
Variable
Qualitative variable

Qualitative variable
describes attributes or a quality
Introduction
Variable
Qualitative variable

Qualitative variable
describes attributes or a quality
numbers may be assigned to a qualitative variable for ease of
entry and analysis but the numbers are simply codes
Introduction
Variable
Qualitative variable

Qualitative variable
describes attributes or a quality
numbers may be assigned to a qualitative variable for ease of
entry and analysis but the numbers are simply codes
examples include colour, gender, tribe, political party
affiliation, religion etc
Introduction
Variable
Quantitative variable

Quantitative variable
can be described by a number for which arithmetic operations
such as averaging makes sense
Introduction
Variable
Quantitative variable

Quantitative variable
can be described by a number for which arithmetic operations
such as averaging makes sense
examples include height, weight, age, number of siblings,
Introduction
Variable
Quantitative variable

Quantitative variable
can be described by a number for which arithmetic operations
such as averaging makes sense
examples include height, weight, age, number of siblings,
Falls into two categories namely; discrete and continuous
Introduction
Variable
Discrete and continuous variables

Discrete and continuous variables

A discrete variable - a quantitative variable whose values are
countable i.e. result from counting
Introduction
Variable
Discrete and continuous variables

Discrete and continuous variables

A discrete variable - a quantitative variable whose values are
countable i.e. result from counting
such as the number of trees in a wood lot, number of clients
Introduction
Variable
Discrete and continuous variables

Discrete and continuous variables

A discrete variable - a quantitative variable whose values are
countable i.e. result from counting
such as the number of trees in a wood lot, number of clients
A continuous variable - a quantitative variable that can take a
value over an interval i.e. it’s never exact
Introduction
Variable
Discrete and continuous variables

Discrete and continuous variables

A discrete variable - a quantitative variable whose values are
countable i.e. result from counting
such as the number of trees in a wood lot, number of clients
A continuous variable - a quantitative variable that can take a
value over an interval i.e. it’s never exact
such as weight, height, speed, time
Introduction
Levels of measurement

Levels of measurement
There are basically four levels namely;
Introduction
Levels of measurement

Levels of measurement
There are basically four levels namely;
Nominal
Introduction
Levels of measurement

Levels of measurement
There are basically four levels namely;
Nominal
Ordinal
Introduction
Levels of measurement

Levels of measurement
There are basically four levels namely;
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Introduction
Levels of measurement

Levels of measurement
There are basically four levels namely;
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Introduction
Levels of measurement
Nominal level

Nominal level of measurement

Applies to data used for identifying categories that have no
natural numeric relationship to each other
Introduction
Levels of measurement
Nominal level

Nominal level of measurement

Applies to data used for identifying categories that have no
natural numeric relationship to each other
Examples include gender, marital status, colour, occupation
status, blood type etc
Introduction
Levels of measurement
Nominal level

Nominal level of measurement

Applies to data used for identifying categories that have no
natural numeric relationship to each other
Examples include gender, marital status, colour, occupation
status, blood type etc
numbers may be used to encode the categories e.g 1= female,
2=male or blood types A, B, AB, O.....
Introduction
Levels of measurement
Nominal level

Nominal level of measurement

Applies to data used for identifying categories that have no
natural numeric relationship to each other
Examples include gender, marital status, colour, occupation
status, blood type etc
numbers may be used to encode the categories e.g 1= female,
2=male or blood types A, B, AB, O.....
this encoding does not indicate any relative superiority...it’s
just there for naming purposess
Introduction
Levels of measurement
Ordinal level

Ordinal level of measurement

Applies to data that can be ordered according to their relative
size or quality
Introduction
Levels of measurement
Ordinal level

Ordinal level of measurement

Applies to data that can be ordered according to their relative
size or quality
for instance services at the cafeteria can be ranked as 1,2,3,
and 4 with 4 being the best and 1 the worst
Introduction
Levels of measurement
Ordinal level

Ordinal level of measurement

Applies to data that can be ordered according to their relative
size or quality
for instance services at the cafeteria can be ranked as 1,2,3,
and 4 with 4 being the best and 1 the worst
or skin tone can be ranked from lightest to darkest
Introduction
Levels of measurement
Ordinal level

Ordinal level of measurement

Applies to data that can be ordered according to their relative
size or quality
for instance services at the cafeteria can be ranked as 1,2,3,
and 4 with 4 being the best and 1 the worst
or skin tone can be ranked from lightest to darkest
the differences between the ranks/data values or mathematical
operations between the ranks/data values is meaningless
Introduction
Levels of measurement
Interval level

Interval level of measurement

Applies to data that can be arranged in some order for which
differences between data values are meaningful however ratios
are not meaningful
Introduction
Levels of measurement
Interval level

Interval level of measurement

Applies to data that can be arranged in some order for which
differences between data values are meaningful however ratios
are not meaningful
examples include time, temperature etc
Introduction
Levels of measurement
Interval level

Interval level of measurement

Applies to data that can be arranged in some order for which
differences between data values are meaningful however ratios
are not meaningful
examples include time, temperature etc
here there is no absolute zero, i.e. the zero does not mean
absence of the characteristic being measured
Introduction
Levels of measurement
Interval level

Interval level of measurement

Applies to data that can be arranged in some order for which
differences between data values are meaningful however ratios
are not meaningful
examples include time, temperature etc
here there is no absolute zero, i.e. the zero does not mean
absence of the characteristic being measured
hence we can not compute ratios e.g. we can’t say 10 am is
twice as long as 5 am
Introduction
Levels of measurement
Ratio level

Ratio level of measurement

Applies to data that can be arranged in some order for which
arithmetical operations are meaningful
Introduction
Levels of measurement
Ratio level

Ratio level of measurement

Applies to data that can be arranged in some order for which
arithmetical operations are meaningful
here there is an absolute zero - zero implies absence of the
characteristic being measured
Introduction
Levels of measurement
Ratio level

Ratio level of measurement

Applies to data that can be arranged in some order for which
arithmetical operations are meaningful
here there is an absolute zero - zero implies absence of the
characteristic being measured
hence we can compute ratios e.g. MK100 is twice as large as
MK50,
Introduction
Levels of measurement
Ratio level

Ratio level of measurement

Applies to data that can be arranged in some order for which
arithmetical operations are meaningful
here there is an absolute zero - zero implies absence of the
characteristic being measured
hence we can compute ratios e.g. MK100 is twice as large as
MK50,
examples include number of calls made in a day etc
Introduction
Levels of measurement
Summation notation

Summation notation
Let the variable x take the values
x1 = 4, x2 = 7, x3 = 17, x4 = 12, ..., x20 = 7
Introduction
Levels of measurement
Summation notation

Summation notation
Let the variable x take the values
x1 = 4, x2 = 7, x3 = 17, x4 = 12, ..., x20 = 7
P
We write the sum x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + ... + x20 as simply x
Introduction
Levels of measurement
Summation notation

Summation notation
Let the variable x take the values
x1 = 4, x2 = 7, x3 = 17, x4 = 12, ..., x20 = 7
P
We write the sum x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + ... + x20 as simply x
For instance let x take the values
x1 = 3, x2 = 0, x3 = 6, x4 = 2, x5 = 2
Introduction
Levels of measurement
Summation notation

Summation notation
Let the variable x take the values
x1 = 4, x2 = 7, x3 = 17, x4 = 12, ..., x20 = 7
P
We write the sum x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + ... + x20 as simply x
For instance let x take the values
x1 = 3, x2 = 0, x3 = 6, x4 = 2, x5 = 2
P
Then x = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 3 + 0 + 6 + 2 + 2 = 13
Introduction
Levels of measurement
Summation notation

Summation notation
Let the variable x take the values
x1 = 4, x2 = 7, x3 = 17, x4 = 12, ..., x20 = 7
P
We write the sum x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + ... + x20 as simply x
For instance let x take the values
x1 = 3, x2 = 0, x3 = 6, x4 = 2, x5 = 2
P
Then x = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 3 + 0 + 6 + 2 + 2 = 13
P 2
x = x12 + x22 + x32 + x42 + x52 = 32 + 02 + 62 + 22 + 22 =
9 + 0 + 36 + 4 + 4 = 53
Introduction
Levels of measurement
Summation notation

Summation notation
Let the variable x take the values
x1 = 4, x2 = 7, x3 = 17, x4 = 12, ..., x20 = 7
P
We write the sum x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + ... + x20 as simply x
For instance let x take the values
x1 = 3, x2 = 0, x3 = 6, x4 = 2, x5 = 2
P
Then x = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 3 + 0 + 6 + 2 + 2 = 13
P 2
x = x12 + x22 + x32 + x42 + x52 = 32 + 02 + 62 + 22 + 22 =
9 + 0 + 36 + 4 + 4 = 53
( x)2 = (x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 )2 = (3 + 0 + 6 + 2 + 2)2 =
P
132 = 169