Welcome to Veranda Race

History Class
SSC CGL TIER-2
 . PRE-HISTORIC AGE
INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION
• Istoria - Learning by enquiry
• Father of History - Herodotus
 Old Stone Age (Paleolithic)
Before 10000 BC

Middle Stone Age (Mesolithic)

Pre-Historic 10000 - 6000 BC

Period
New Stone Age (Neolithic)
6000 - 4000 BC

Metal Age (Chalcolithic)

3000 - 1000 BC
Palaeolithic Age-Hunters and Gatherers
• The term Palaeolithic was coined by archaeologist John Lubbock in 1865 and refers to a
pre-historic era distinguished by the development of the first stone tools made of
Quartzite.
• Hence, Palaeolithic men are also called as Quartzite Men.
• The earliest period is called the Palaeolithic. The term is derived from two Greek words,
‘palaeo’, meaning old and ‘lithos’, meaning stone. This period developed in the
Pleistocene period or the Ice Age.
• Paleolithic Culture developed in the Pleistocene period (Ice coverd the earth surface) ³
• Robert Bruce Foote (British geologist and archaeologist) was discovered first Palaeolithic
tool in India
• The main tools used during this period are handaxes, cleavers, Choppers, flakes, burins,
scrapers
• Their tools were made up of hard rock called ‘quartzite’.
• The Lower Palaeolithic Age (500000 - 50000 BC)
• The Middle Palaeolithic Age (50000 - 40000 BC)
• The Upper Palaeolithic Age (40000 -10000 BC)
Mesolithic Age Hunters and Herders (9000 - 4000
BC)
• It was a transitional phase
between the Palaeolithic age and
the Neolithic age.
• Mesolithic period is
technologically characterised by
microliths or small pointed and
sharp stone tools
Neolithic Age Food Producers (4000 -1800
BC)
• Mehrgarh in Baluchistan (Pakistan) is the oldest Neolithic site in
Indian sub-continent (7000 BC).
 J&K
PAKISTHAN

UTTAR PRADESH
BIHAR
GUJARAT

ASSAM
MADHYA PRADESH

KARNATAKA
Chalcolithic Age (1800 -1000 BC)
• These people used copper and bronze to make a range of utilitarian
tools.
• They practiced Jhum cultivation. —
• First metal used by man was Copper
• Indus Valley Civilization started
• Followed by Iron Age
INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION
Early Harappan 3000 – 2600 BC
Mature Harappan 2600 – 1900 BC
Late Harappan 1900 – 1700 BC

Excavations at Mehrgarh - Balochistan in Pakistan

• 1826 - Charles Masson-Harappa
• Amri by Alexander Burnes in 1831
• 1853 - Alexander Cunningham, the first surveyor of ASI (1861)
• 1924 - Sir John Marshall –Coined IVC
Important Sites
• Harappa It is located on the banks of the river Ravi and was the first
Indus site to be discovered and excavated in 1921.
• Charles Masson first visited Harappa near Sahiwal in Punjab, (now in
Pakistan) in 1826-1827 and gave its earliest reference.
• In 1912, J Fleet discovered the Harappan seals, with promoted the
excavations under Sir John Marshall. It was visited by Cunningham in
1853 and 1873.
• The Indus Valley Civilisation was originally called Harappan
Civilisation after the discovery of this site.
• Mohenjodaro It is the largest site of the Harappan Civilisation,
discovered by RD Banerjee in 1922.
• In Sindhi language, the word ‘Mohenjodaro’ means Mound of the
Dead.
• The Great Bath of Mohenjodaro is the most important public place,
measuring 39 feet in length, 23 feet wide and 8 feet deep. It is
located at the centre of the citadel and is remarkable for its beautiful
brickwork.
• Its floor is made of burnt bricks set in gypsum and mortars. The
Great Granary is the largest building, of this civilisation measuring
150 feet in length and 50 feet width. It is located within the citadel.
 Social Life
• Priest king - Mohenjo-Daro
• Dancing Girl - Mohenjo-Daro
• Seals - steatite, copper, terracotta
and ivory
• Terracotta Toys

• 11/15
Social Life
Religious Belief
Worshipped nature - Pipal Tree
Worship of Mother Goddess
Pasupathi Shiva - Yogic posture
Scripts
Right to left mostly
Boustrophedon method
400 to 600 signs

• 13/15
VEDIC CULTURE & JAINISM
AND BUDDHISM
VEDIC AGE1500 BC – 600 BC
• Iron Age – Megalithic
• The word Aryan literally
means of high birth.
• This region is popularly
known as the land of seven
rivers or ‘Sapta Sindhu’
(the Indus, its five
tributaries i.e. Jhelum,
Chenab, Ravi, Beas and
Sutlej and the Saraswati).
 Sources
“Satyameva Jayate” “(Truth alone
triumphs)” is taken from Mundaka
Upanishad.
#Vedas are the oldest literary works of mankind. Vedas
are four in number, they are Rig Veda, Yajurveda,
Samaveda and Atharva Veda. Rig veda is the oldest
veda.
#Vedas are collectively known as Sruti
#Vedangas are collectively known as Smriti
#Vedangas are six in number. They are,
Siksha - Phonetic
Kalpa - Ritual
Vyakarana - Grammar
Nirukta - Etymology
Chhanda - Metrics and
Jyotisha - Astronomy
Rig Veda
• ● It is the oldest text in the world. Also called ‘the first testament of
mankind’.
• ● Collection of hymns, composed around 1700 BC, contains 1028
hymns and 10580 verses divided into 10 mandalas.
• Rig Vedic Hymns sung by priests were called Hotris.
• Rigveda starts with the line ‘Agnimele Purohitam’
• Famous Gayatri Mantra is contained in the Rigveda (It is believed to
have composed by Vishwamitra)
• Sama Veda
• ● Sama Veda derives its roots from ‘saman’, which means melodies. It
is a collection of melodies. The hyms of the Sama Veda were recited
by Udgatri at the Soma sacrifice
• Yajur Veda
• ● Deals with the procedures for the performance of sacrifices. The
beliefs and rituals of non-Aryans are written in it.
• ● Two text of Yajur Veda
• ¡ Shukla (White) Yajur Veda ¡ Krishna (Black) Yajur Veda
•.
• Atharva Veda
• ● It is a book of magical formulae. It contains charms and spells to
ward off evil and disease
• Atharva veda is a collection of spells and incantations. Ayurveda is a
part of Atharva Veda, which deals with medicine.
• The saying, ‘‘War begins in the minds of men’’ is from Atharva Veda.
• Brahmanas
• ● These are the prose commentaries on various vedic hymns. They
explain the Vedas in an orthodox way. They explain the hidden
meaning behind the hymns. They are ritualistic by nature.
• The Aranyakas
• ● The sages dwelling in the forests explained the Vedic scriptures to their
pupils in the form of Aranyakas.
• The Upanishadas
• ● Also called Vedanta, because they denote the last phase of Vedic period
(800-500 BC).
• ● They are spiritual and philosophical in nature.
• ● There are 108 Upanishadas and the period of 800 BC to 500 BC is known
as period of Upanishadas.
• The words ‘Sathyameva Jayate’ have been taken from ‘Mundaka
Upanishad’
Vedangas
• The period after 600 BC is called Sutra period. Vedangas were
compiled during this period. —
• The Vedangas are called Smriti or literature handed down by
tradition, because they are of human origin.
 Rigvedic or Early Vedic Period (1500-1000 BC)
• Tribal kingdoms
• Bharatas
• Matsyas
• Yadus
• Purus
• Purohita - priest
• Senani - commander
• Sparsa - Spy
• Two popular bodies called
• Sabha- Council of Elders.
• Samiti- National Assembly
• Cow was the standard unit of exchange.
• Gold coins like Nishka, Krishna and Satmana were also in use.
• Godhuli was used as a measure of time
• Gavyuti as measure of distance.
• Taxation system was not developed and Bali was a form of
voluntary contribution to the king
LATER VEDIC AGE (1000-600 BC)
Satapatha Brahmana -Aryans occupied upper gangetic Doab.
• Kuru - Parikshat and Janamejaya
• Panchala - Pravahana and Jaivali
• Kasi - Ajatasatru
• Videha - Janaka
• Tribes - Magadha, Anga, Vanga
• The 10th Mandala of Rigveda contain the Purusha Sukta hymn which
tells about the origin of caste
• Varna was the term used for colour of people, which were classified
into four Varnas.
• Brahmins (teachers and priests),
• Kshatriyas (rulers and administrators),
• Vaishyas (Peasants, merchants and bankers),
• Sudras (artisans and labourers)
Important Rituals
● Rajasuya—The king’s influence was
strengthened by rituals. The king performed
this sacrifice, which was supposed to confer
supreme power on him.
● Asvamedha—A king performed the
Asvamedha, which meant unquestioned control
over the area, in which the royal horse ran
uninterrupted.
● Vajapeya—A king performed the Vajapeya or
the chariot race, in which the royal chariot was
made to win the race against his kinsmen.
• Prajapathi - the creator
• Vishnu - the protector
• Rudra - the destroyer
• Pushan, responsible for well being of cattle, became the God of Shudras
• The rise of Buddhism and Jainism was the direct result of these elaborate
sacrifices.
• The two priests who played a major part during the Rig Vedic period were
Vasishta and Visvamitra.
Epics
• #Hinduism has two epics Ramayana and Mahabharata.
• #Mahabharata was written by ‘Vyasa’.Mahabharata is also known as Jayasamhita,
Satasahasri Samhita and the fifth veda.
• #Mahabharata has 1,17,000 hymns in it.
• #Mahabharata is divided into 18 Purvas, an appendix Harivamsa is considered as
19th Purva.
• #12th Purva is the largest and 7th is the smallest.
• #It describes the 18 days battle of Kurukshetra.
• #Valmiki is the author of Ramayana.
• #Ramayana has 24000 hymns and is divided into Seven Skandas (Kandas)
• #Bhagavatgita is included in the Bhishma Purva of Mahabharata. It is divided into
18 chapters and has about 700 hymns
Jainism
• One of the world’s oldest living religions

• Literary sources: Angas - Jain texts- Jain texts were written in the Prakrit language
of Ardhamagadhi.
• 24 tirthankaras

• Kshatriyas by birth

• The first rishabhanath or rishabhadev

• Last - vardhamana Mahavira

• Rig Veda mentions two TirthankarasRishabh and Arishtanem

Vardhamana Mahavira
• Original name - Vardhamana
• 540 - 467 BC
• Parents - Siddharth (Jnatrika clan), Trishala (Lichchavi princess)
• Place of Birth - Kundhagrama near Vaishali, Bihar
• Married Yasoda and gave birth to a daughter Anojja or Priyadarsana
• 13th year of his penance - Kevala Gnana
• Mahavira and Jina
• Followers are called Jains
• Delivered his First Sermon At Pava to eleven disciples known as Ganddharas
• Place of Death - Pavapuri, Bihar
• Tri–rathnas or Three Jewels
• Three - fold path for the attainment of moksha and for the liberation from Karma.
• They are:
• „ Right Faith
• „ Right Knowledge
• „ Right Conduct (observance of five vows)
▪ Ahimsa (non-violence)
▪ Satya (truth)
▪ Asteya (no stealing)
▪ Parigraha (no acquiring property)
▪ Brahmacharya (abstinence)
Split in Jainism
• 200 years after the death of Mahavira
• Great famine in the Ganga valley
• Chandragupta Maurya and Bhadrabahu migrate to Karnataka
• Sthulabahu remained in the North with his followers.
• Sthulabahu - white clothes could be worn
• Thus, split Jainism into two sects:
• Swetambaras: White-clad, Northerners
• Digambaras: Sky-clad (naked), Southerners
Jain Councils
• Gomateshwara statue is situated in Sravana belgola.
• #‘Syad Vada’ is a Jain philosophy of Knowledge.
• #Kharavela of Kalinga gave patronage to Jainism.
• #Mahavir Jayanti and Rakshabandan are the festive occassions of Jainism.
• #Temple on the Mount Abu in Rajasthan is a famous centre of Jain worship
• #Jain Temple at Sravanabelgola in Hassan district in Mysore is known as
‘Kasi of the Jains’.
• #Names of Rishabhadeva and Arishtanemi are also mentioned in the
Rigveda
Buddhism-Gautama Buddha
• Original name - Siddhartha
• 567- 487 BC
• Place of Birth - Lumbini Garden, Nepal, Budha’s birth place is now known as Binla
• Parents - Suddhodana (Sakya clan), Maya devi
• He was brought up by his aunt Mahaprajpati Gautami, hence he got the name ‘Gautama’.
• Married at the age of 16 to yashodhara
• Son - Rahula
• Horse - Kanthaka
• Obtained enlightenment - Buddha
• Place of Death - Kushi Nagar, UP
Teachings of Buddha
• Delivered the first sermon at Sarnath
• Taught his followers Four Noble Truths:
• The world is full of sorrows.
• Desire is the root cause of sorrow.
• The desire if conquered, all sorrows can be removed.
• Desire can be removed by following the Eight Fold Path.
• Three Jewels (Triratnas)
• ● Buddha (the enlightened)
• ● Dhamma (doctrine)
• ● Sangha (order)
• Code of Conduct
• ● Do not covet the property of others
• ● Do not commit violence
• ● Do not use intoxicants
• ● Do not speak a lie
• ● Do not indulge in corrupt practices
Sects of Buddhism
Split In Buddhism

#Vajrayana was a sect of Buddhism which believed in achieving

salvation through Mantras and spells
Buddhist Literature
• ● Mostly written in Pali language.
• ● Tripitakas - Vinaya Pitaka (monastic code), Sutta Pitaka (Buddha’s
Sayings) and Abhidhamma Pitaka (Philosophy of Buddha’s teachings).
• Milindapanho - a dialogue between Milinda (Indo-Greek ruler) and
Nagasena (Buddhist Saint), DipaVamsha and Mahavamsha.
• ● Important Buddhist texts written in Sanskrit-Buddhacharita and
Saundarananda by Ashwagosha; Mahavibhasha shastra by
vasumitra; Madhyamika Karika and Prajnaparimita karika by
Nagarjuna.
• #Upagupta converted Ashoka to Buddhism.
• #Ashvagosha was the first biographer of Buddha who wrote Budhacharitam in
Sanskrit.
• #Vasubandu is known as Second Buddha.
• #Ashoka is known as the Constantine of Buddhism.
• #Bimbisara of Magadha was a contemporary of Buddha.
• #Kanishka who worked to spread Buddhism like Ashoka is known a Second Ashoka.
• #Ashoka sent his son and daughter, Mahendra and Sanghamitra to SriLanka to
spread Buddhism.
• #Sri Buddha is known as the ‘Light of Asia’ He was named as such by Edvin Arnold.
• #Edvin Arnold’s ‘Light of Asia’ was translated into Malayalam by Nalappad
Narayanamenon
• #The Bodhi tree at Gaya was cut down by Sasanka, a Bengal ruler.
• Buddhist Architecture
• ¡ First human statues to be worshipped
• #Buddhist worshipping centre is known as Pagoda..
• ¡ Stone-pillars depicting the life of Buddha at Gaya, Sanchi and
Bharhut.
• ¡ Gandhara art and the beautiful images of the Buddha.
• ¡ Cave architecture in the Barabar hills at Gaya and in Western India
around Nashik.
• ¡ Art pieces of Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda.
Sixteen Mahajanapadas
Mauryan empire
• Buddhist literature - Anguttara Nikaya

• There were four major Mahajanapadas

• „ Magadha in Bihar They were Haryankas of Magadha,

• „ Avanti in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh Pradyotas of Avanti.

• „ Kosala in Eastern Uttar Pradesh the Ikshvakus of Kosala,

• „ Vatsa in Kausambi, Allahabad the Pauravas of Vatsa

• Vatsa - Kausambi near modern Allahabad
• Udayana
• Vatsa was annexed to the Avanti kingdom.
• Avanti - Ujjain
• Pradyota
• Married Vasavadatta (daughter) to Udayana
• Kingdom was taken over by the rulers of Magadha.
• Kosala - Ayodhya
• King Prasenajit
• Matrimonial alliance with Magadha
• Kosala became part of the Magadha
Rise of Magadha
Geographical and strategic advantages
Four dynasties ruled over Magadha Empire
• The Haryanka dynasty
• The Shishunaga dynasty
• The Nanda dynasty
• The Maurya dynasty
The Haryanka Dynasty
• Bimbisara (546 – 494 BC)
• Matrimonial alliances with Lichchhavis, Madra and Kosala

• Contemporary of both Buddha and Mahavira

• Ajatasatru (494 – 462 BC)

• A contemporary of Buddha, convened the first Buddhist Council at Rajagriha.

• Udayin
• The successor of Ajatasatru, laid the foundation of the new capital at Pataliputra
The Shishunaga Dynasty

• Kalasoka

• Shifted the capital from Rajagriha to Pataliputra.

• He convened the second Buddhist Council at Vaishali
The Nanda Dynasty
• 1st empire builders of India
• Mahapadma Nanda
• Title – ekrat
• Hathigumpha inscription of Kharavela - conquest of kalinga by Nandas
• Navanandas (nine Nandas)
• Dhana Nanda - last Nanda ruler
• Overthrown by Chandragupta Maurya
Persian Invasions
• Cyrus - Achaemenian Empire (558 – 530 BC)

• Darius 1 - Grandson of Cyrus (522 – 486 BC)

• Xerxes (465-456 BC)

• The Kharoshti script was brought to India by Persians
• Alexander’s Invasion
• #Alexander was born in 356 BC as the son of King Philip II of
Mascedonia.
• #Epirus or Olympias was Alexanders mother.
• #Aristotle was Alexander’s teacher.
• #He became the king in 336 BC
• #He defeated the Persian ruler Darius III.
• #Alexander founded the city of Alexandria in Egypt
 Greek Invasion
• Alexander’s Invasion - Macedonia

• 327 - 325 BC
• Battle of Hydaspes - 326 BC

• #In 326 BC Alexander defeated Porus (Purushothama) the ruler of Punjab

and Captured Taxila through the battle of Hydaspes on the banks of river
Jhelum. Died on 323 BC
• Chandragupta Maurya overtook
• #Alexander was known as Shehansha in Persia and Sikhandar-I-Asam
in Indo-Pak region.
• #The Last general of Alexander in India was Eudamas.
• #Alexander’s first General in India was Selucus Nikator.
• #Alexander IV succeeded Alexander as the Masedonian King.
• #Alexander’s teacher Aristotle is considered as the father of Politics,
Biology, Taxonomy and the Science of Logic.
 Rise of the Mauryas
• Dhana Nanda was highly unpopular due to his oppressive tax regime
• Alexander’s invasion of North-Western India
• 321 BC - Chandragupta with the help of Kautilya defeated Dhana
Nanda
• 322 BC – 187 BC
• Capital - Pataliputra
Mauryan Empire
• Literary Sources
• ● Arthashashtra of Kautliya (Chanakya or Vishnugupta) Written in Sanskrit by Prime
Minister of Chandragupta Maurya
• Indian Machiavelli’
• Divided into 3 parts
• 1st - king and his council
• 2nd - civil and criminal law
• 3rd - with diplomacy and war
• Visakadatta’s Mudrarakshasa - drama in Sanskrit, deals with the defeat of Nandas
• Megasthenes’s Indica - Mauryan administration
• Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa (Sri Lankan chronicles) Ashoka’s role in spreading of
Buddhism in Sri Lanka.
• Epigraphical Evidences
• ● Ashoka’s Edicts and Inscriptions Ashoka’s edicts were first
deciphered by James Princep in 1837. It was written in Prakrit
language and 3 scripts viz Kharoshthi in North-West, Greek and
Aramaic in West and Brahmi in Eastern India.
Chandragupta Maurya (322 – 298 BC)
• 305 BC - marched against seluecus
nicator
• Megasthenes - sent to the
Mauryan court as Greek
ambassador
• 321 BC captured pataliputra
• Kautilya - known as chanakya or
vishnugupta
• Bhadrabahu - Jain monk, took
chandragupta to sravana belgola
• Embraced Jainism towards the end
of his life
Bindusara (298 – 273 BC)
• Amitragatha – Slayer of enemies
• Mauryan Empire
• Under Bindusara extended up to Mysore
• Deimachus - ambassador from the Syrian king
Antiochus-1
• Appointed his son Asoka as the governor of Ujjain
Ashoka (273 BC-232 BC)
• He was the greatest Mauryan ruler; Governor of Taxila and Ujjain
previously.
• Devanam Piya’ meaning ‘beloved of the Gods’
• A Buddhist text Dipavasma says that he usurped the throne after
killing his 99 brothers, except the youngest one, Tissa in the war of
succession that lasted for four years.
• He fought Kalinga War (261 BC) in the 9th year of his rule.
• He embraced Buddhism under Upagupta.
• He sent his son Mahendra and daughter Sanghamitra to Ceylon as
Buddhist missionaries with a sapling of original pipal tree.
• He inaugurated the Dhammayatras from the 11th year of his reign
by visiting Bodh Gaya; also appointed Dhamma Mahamatras
(officers of righteousness) to spread the message of Dhamma.
• #Ashoka spread Buddhism to SriLanka and Nepal.
• #He is known as the Constantine of Buddhism.
• #In his Kalinga Edict he mentions ‘‘All man are as my children’’
• Brihadratha, the last Mauryan ruler, was assassinated in 184 BC by his
Brahmin Commander in-chief, Pushyamitra Shunga, who established
the Shunga dynasty.
Mauryan Administration
• The state, according to Kautilya, is constituted of the Saptanga or the
seven elements viz
• Svamin (King),
• Amatya (Minister or high officials),
• Janapada (Territory or population);
• Durga (Fort);
• Kosa (Treasury),
• Bala (Army) and
• Mitra (Friend or Ally)
• Central Administration King was the Nucleus, assisted by Mantri Parishad,
which included :
• ¡ Yuvaraj the crown Prince
• ¡ Gopa the Purohit Chief Priest
• ¡ Senapati Commander-in-Chief of Army and other ministers.

• The Chief Justice called the Dharmadhikarina and he presided over the
Supreme Court: There were two types of courts
(i) Dharmasthiya Civil Court, headed by Dharmastha.
(ii) (ii) Kantaksodhan Criminal Court, headed by Pradeshika. Army —
According to Megasthenes, Chandragupta had at his
Edicts of Ashoka
• The 33 Edicts on the pillars as well as boulders and cave walls made
by the Emperor Ashoka
• Mauryan Art and Architecture Mauryan art can be divided into two
• Indigenous Art – Statues of Yakshas and Yakshis
• Royal Art – Palaces and Public buildings – Monolithic Pillars – Rock cut
Architecture – Stupas
• Royal/Court Art
• Royal Palace of Chandragupta Maurya at
Kumharar, Patna (Fa Hien referred it as the
creation of God)
• Pillars represent the masterpiece of Mauryan
sculpture
• ¡ Single lion capital Rampurva and Lauriya
Nandangarh.
• ¡ Four lion capital at Sarnath and Sanchi.
• ¡ Carved elephant at Dhauli and engraved
elephant at Kalsi.
• Stupas - Sanchi and Bharhut
• Rock cut Architecture Rock – Cut Caves
• Barabar and Nagarjuna Hills
• Nagarjuna hills have inscriptions of Dasharatha
Maurya (grand son of Ashoka)
Post Mauryan Period &
Gupta Empire
The Sungas(185 BC-73 BC)
• The last Mauryan emperor, Brihadratha, was assassinated by his own
general, Pushyamitra Sunga, who established his Sunga dynasty in
Magadha.
• Pushyamitra made Pataliputra as his capital.
• He defeated Bactrian king, Dematrius and conducted two Ashvamedha
Yajnas (Chief priest- Patanjali). He is considered to be the prosecutor of
Buddhism.
• Pushyamitra was succeeded by his son Agnimitra. This Agnimitra is said to
be the hero of Kalidasa’s Malavikagnimitra.
• The drama also refers to the victory of Vasumitra, Agnimitra’s son, over the
Greeks on the banks of the Sindhu river.
• Patanjali, the grammarian in Sanskrit, was patronized by Pushyamitra.
The Kanvas
• Kanva was a minor dynasty founded by Vasudeva, who killed the last
Shunga king Devabhuti. Its capital was at Patliputra.
• ● Bhumimitra and Narayana succeeded Vasudeva. All the rulers were
Brahmins.
• ● The last ruler, Susarman, was killed by Andhra king Simuka.
The Satavahana Dynasty (60 BC -225 AD)
• The founder of this empire was Simuka, after the assassination of last
Kanava King Susarman.
• ● Gautamiputra Satakarni (AD 106-130) was the greatest ruler of this
dynasty.
• ● Assumed the title of raja-raja and maharaja.
• His capital was at Paithan or Pratisthan on the banks of the river
Godavari in Aurangabad district.
• In the Nasik eulogy, published by his mother GautamiBalasri,
Gautamiputra Satakarni is described as the destroyer of Sakas,
Yavanas (Greeks) and Pahlavas (Parthians).
• Vasishthiputra Sri Satkarni, the 24th ruler, married the daughter of
Saka Satrap Rudradaman, but was twice defeated by him.
• ● Yajna Sri Satkarni (AD 165-194), the later king of Satavahanas,
‘recovered North Konkan and Malwa from Shaka rulers. His coins
figured ‘ship with double mast’.
• ● Pulamayi III was the last Satavahana ruler, succeeded by Ikshavakus
in the 3rd century BC.
FOREIGN STATES
• The Indo-Greeks
• Bactria and Parthia revolted
• Bactria - Diodotus I and Parthia - Arsaces.
• The most famous Indo-Greek ruler was Menander (165-145 BC) or
Milinda. He had his capital at Sakala
• Menander and Nagasena’s conversation were recorded in the book
Milindapanho or ‘the questions of Milinda.’
• They were the first rulers in India to issue coins attributed to the
kings. They were also first to issue gold coins.(Antochios II)
Sakas (AD 1st to 4th Century)
• The Sakas or the Scythians attacked Bactria and Parthia and captured them
from the Greek rulers
• ● The most famous Shaka ruler in India was Rudradaman (AD 130-150).
• ● He repaired the Sudarshan lake in the semi arid zone of Kathiawar and
issued the first ever longest inscription in Chaste Sanskrit at Junagarh.
• Sudarshana Lake ■ It was constructed by Pushyagupta the Governor of
Saurashtra under Chandragupta Maurya.
• A king of Ujjain, who called himself Vikramaditya defeated Shakas. An era
called the Vikram Samvat is recorded from the event of his victory over the
Shakas i.e. 57 BC.
The Kushanas (AD 1st to 3rd Century)
• The Kushanas (Yuechis or Tochanians) replaced the Greeks and
Parthians. They were nomadic people from steppes of North Central
Asia.
• The Kushanas (Yuechis or Tochanians) replaced the Greeks and
Parthians. They were nomadic people from steppes of North Central
Asia.
• Kushans
• Kushans are also known as Yuch-chis or Tocharians.
• Kushans came to India from North Central Asia.
• First great Kushana king was Kujala Kadphises or Kadphises I.
• The most famous Kushana ruler was Kanishka.
Kanishka (AD 78-101)
• He was also known as Second Ashoka and was the most famous
Kushana ruler. He had two capitals–Purushpur and Mathura
• Kanishka started an era in AD 78, which is now known as Saka era and
is used by Government of India .
• The national calendar based on the Saka Era, with Chaitra as its first
month and a normal year of 365 days was adopted from 22 March
1957 along with the Gregorian calendar for the following official
purposes
• ¡ He patronised the fourth Buddhist Council in Kashmir, where the
doctrine of Mahayana form of the Buddhism was finalised.
• Kanishka patronised the following persons:
• Ashwaghosha (Buddhacharita)
• Nagarjuna (Madhyamik sutra)
• Vasumitra (Chairman of the fourth Buddhist Council)
• Charaka (Charakasamhita).
• #The Gandhara School of Art received royal patronage under the Kushans.
• #Kanishka patronised Mahayana form of Buddhism
• ● The last Kushana ruler was Vasudeva I. This shows that successors of
Kanishka bore typical Indian names as Vasudeva.
• Gandhara School of Art
• It exhibits the influence of Greek and Roman art; patronised by Shakas and Kushanas.
• The school specialised in Buddha and Bodhi-sattva images, stupas and monasteries.
• They used blue schist stone.
• Mathura School of Art - Kushanas
• The majority of creations consisted of nude, seminude figures of female, Yakshinis or
Apsara in an erotic pose.
• Amaravati School of Art - Satavahanas and Ikshvakus.
• Lord Buddha depicted in the form of a Swastika mark.
• Also depicted Buddha in the human form for the first time.
• The ornate bull or ‘Nandiswara’, situated in the Amareswara temple, is also an Amaravati
piece of art.
THE AGE OF THE GUPTAS
• Their period is generally regarded as the Golden Age of Hinduism.
• ● Guptas belonged to the Vaishya caste.
• ● Sri Gupta was the founder of Gupta dynasty.
• Sri Gupta was followed by his son Ghatotkacha and was followed by
his son Chandragupta. Both assumed the title of Maharaja.
Sources
• Archaeological Sources
• Gold, silver and copper coins
• Allahabad Pillar Inscription - Samudragupta
• Mehrauli Iron Pillar Inscription - achievements of
Chandragupta II
• Literary Sources
• Visakhadatta - Devichandraguptam and Mudrarakshasa
• Fahien - Chinese traveller (reign of Chandragupta II)
Chandragupta I (AD 319-335)
• He married the Lichchhavi princess Kumara Devi and issued
Chandragupta I Kumaradevi type gold coins (Dinaras).
• Chandragupta-I is also said to have started a new era Gupta Era,
which starts from 26th February AD 320, the coronation date of
Chandragupta I
• He was the first Gupta king to adopt the title of Maharajadhiraja. He
issued gold coins.
Samudragupta (330-380 AD)
• Napoleon of India by VA Smith
• long inscription in the pillar of Allahabad (Prayag Prasasti)-court
poet Harisena
• Virasen was his Commander- in-Chief during Southern campaign.
Vasubandhu, a famous Buddhist scholar
• Dakshinapatha expedition
• Restorer of the asvamedha sacrifice
• Called as Kaviraja
• Ardent follower of Vaishnavism
Chandragupta II (AD 380-415)
• Chandragupta II, the younger brother of Ramagupta,
• Also known as Vikramaditya
• Mehrauli Iron Pillar Inscription
• Fahien - a Buddhist scholar from China
• Assembled the greatest writers and artists
• Navaratna [Nine Jewels]
ASTRONOMER
• Kumaragupta (AD 415-455)
• He founded the Nalanda University.
• the empire was invaded by the Turko-Mongol tribe, the Hunas
• Skandagupta (AD 455-467)
• ● He repulsed the ferocious Hunas attacks twice. The heroic feat
entitled him the title Vikramaditya (also mentioned in the Bhitari
Pillar Inscription).
• ● During his period Sudarshana lake was repaired and its
embankments were rebuilt.
• Vishnu Gupta 540 to 550 AD
Gupta Art & Architecture-Golden Age of
Ancient India.
• Ajanta paintings and paintings at Bagh (Madhya Pradesh) are of this time. They
belong to the Buddhist Art.
• Architecture
• Ajanta and Ellora (Maharashtra), Bagh (Madhya Pradesh) and Udaygiri (Odisha)
• Metal statues
• Copper image of the Buddha - Nalanda in Bihar
• Mural paintings - Ajanta, Bagh and Badami
• Nalanda University-Founded by Kumaragupta
• Later under Harsha, the emperor of Kanauj
• Buddhism was the main subject of study.
• Today, it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
• • Out of the 34 Ellora caves, only 12 caves are Buddhist, while three
are Jain, and 15 are Hindu.
• They built a large number of high stupas in Sarnath (Uttar Pradesh),
Ratnagiri (Orissa), and Mirpur Khan (Sindh
Kalidasa
Famous dramas - Sakunthala and
Malavikagnimitra
Well-known epics - Raghuvamsa and
Kumarasambhava
Lyrics - Ritusamhara and Meghaduta
Astronomy (Science)
• Aryabhatta, the great mathematician wrote Aryabhatiyam and Surya Siddhanta.
He placed the value of first line number and the use of zero (‘0’).
• Varahamihira wrote Panchsiddhantika and Brihadsamhita. He said the Moon
moves round the Earth and Earth together with the Moon, move round the Sun.
• Brahmagupta was a great mathematician. He hinted the law of gravitation in
Brahma Siddhanta.
• Vagabhatta was a distinguished physician.
• Dhanvantri was famous for the knowledge of Ayurveda.
• Charaka was a medical scientist. Susruta was the first Indian to explain the
process of surgery
• Palakapya wrote Hastyagarveda, a treatise on the disease of elephants.
• Bhaskara wrote Mahabhaskarya and Laghu Bhaskarya.
THE HARSHA PERIOD
• Harsha belonged to Pushyabhuti dynasty, which ruled from
Thaneswar. Pushyabhutis were the feudatories of Guptas, but had
assumed independence after Hunas’ invasion.
• ● Prabhakar Vardhana (AD 580-605) was its first important ruler
succeeded by Rajyavardhan (AD 605-606).
• Harshavardhan (AD 606-647)
• ● Harsha, also known as Siladitya, ascended the throne in AD 606 and
from this year, Harsha Era began.
• ● Harsha made Kannauj his capital.
• Harsha defeated Dhruvasena II, the Maitraka ruler of Vallabhi.
• ● Harsha was defeated in Deccan by Pulakesin-II, the Chalukyan king
of Vatapi. Harsha’s administration became more feudal and
decentralised.
• The Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsang visited India during Harsha period.
• Harsha held two important assemblies - Kannauj assembly (to
popularise Mahayana Buddhism) and Prayaga assembly.
• He used to celebrate a solemn festival at Prayag after every five
years.
• Bana - Harshacharita (first formal biography of a king)
south india and other rulers
Tripartite Struggle
 Poet and their Patrons
Poet Patron Contribution
Amarasimha Chandragupta II —

Ashvaghosa Kanishka Buddha Charitra (a biography of

Buddha), Saundarananda

Banabhatta Harshvardhan Kadambari, Harsha Charita

Bharavi Yasodharman Kiratarjuniyam (about Kirat and

Arjun)

Bhavabhuti Yasovarman Malatimadhava, Mahaviracharita

Dandin Narsimhavarman Dasakumaracarita, Kavyadarsa

Harisena Samudragupta II Prayag Prashasti on Allahabad
Pillar inscription
Jayadev — Geet Govinda (Krishna and
Radha)
Jinasena Amoghavarsha Harivamsa Purana
Kalidasa Chandragupta II Kumarasambhava, Raghuvamsa,
Meghdoota, Ritusambara. His
plays are Abhijnana Shakuntalam,
Vikramorvashi, and
Malvikaganimithram.
Magha King Varmalata Sisupalavadha (about the killing
of Shishupal)
Rajashekhar Mahindrapala Kavyamimamsa, and
Karpuramanjari (written to please
his wife in Sauraseni Prakrit).
Ravikirti Pulkesin II Aihole inscription
Shudraka — Mrichchakatikam
Thiruvalluvar — Thirukkural (Tamil epic)
Vishakhadatta Harshavardhan Mudra Rakshas and
Devichandraguptam
 Dynasties of India
Indian Dynasties Founder Capital
Timeline

Haryanka dynasty (544-413 BCE) Bimbisara Rajgir (Girivraja)

Shishunaga dynasty (413-345 BCE) Shishunaga (Girivraja)

Nanda dynasty (343-321 BCE) Mahapadma Nanda Pataliputra

Maurya Empire (321 BC- 185 BC) Chandragupta Maurya Pataliputra

Sigal
Indo-Scythians Kingdom
150 BCE–400 CE Maues alias Moga Taxila
(The Shaka)
Mathura

The Sunga Dynasty 185 BC- 75 BC Pushyamitra Sunga Pataliputra

The Kanva Dynasty 75 BC- 30 BC Vasudeva Pataliputra

1st century BCE–2nd Pratishthana

The Satavahanas Simuka
century CE Amaravati
 Poompuhar, Uraiyur,
Tiruvarur,
The Chola Dynasty 300s BCE–1279 CE Vijayalaya Pazhayarai, Thanjavur
Gangaikonda
Cholapuram

Korkai
4th century BCE–1345 Madurai
Pandyan Dynasty -
AD Tenkasi
Tirunelveli

Mahodayapuram
3rd century BCE–12th
Chera Dynasty Vanavaramban Quilon
century CE
Karuvur

Pallava Dynasty 275 CE–897 CE Simhavishnu Kanchipuram

Chalukya Dynasty 543–753 Pulakesi I Badami

• 2500-1500 BC: Indus Valley Civilisation.
• 2000-1500: Aryans arrive from central Asia.
• 1500-1000: The Early Vedic Age – Rigveda.
• 1000-500: Later Vedic Period - Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda,
Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Samhitas, early Upanishads and Sutras.
• 563-483 : Gautama Buddha – born at Lumbini (Nepal); attainment of
knowledge – Bodh Gaya (Bihar); first sermon – Sarnath, near Varanasi (UP);
Nirvana – Kusinagar (Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh).
• 540-468 : Mahavira – born at Kundagrama near Vaishali (Bihar) and nirvana at
Pavapuri (Patna, Bihar).
• 492-460 : Rule of Ajatasatru, son of Bimbisara, king of Magadha.
• 364-321 : Rule of Nandas of Magadha
• 326 : Invasion of India by Alexander Battle of Hydaspes.
• 322-298 : Reign of Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Mauryan dynasty.
• 273-232 : Reign of Ashoka , son of Bindusara
• 261 : Kalinga war.
• 257 : Asoka's conversion to Budhism by Upagupta.
• 250 : Third Buddhist council at Pataliputra
• AD begins
• 90 : Sakas invade India.
• 58 : The Vikrama Samvat (vikram era) introduced by King Vikramaditya of Ujjain.
• 20-46 AD : Gondophernes, the king of IndoParthians.
• 78 : Accession of Kanishka, The Saka era begins
• 100-300 : The Sangam Age in south India.
• 50 BC-250 AD : Satavahana dynasty in the Deccan.
• 320-335 : Reign of Chandragupta-I.
• 335-380 : Reign of Samudragupta known as Indian Napoleon.
• 380-414 : Reign of Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya).
• 405-411 : The visit of the Chinese pilgrim Fa-hien to India.
• 500-527 : Rule of Huns over North India.
• 606-647 : Harsha Vardhana of Kanauj. Hiuen-Tsang visited India (AD 630-644).
• 500-757 : First Chalukya dynasty of Vatapi
• 630 : Harsha's clash with PulakesinII
• 973-1190 : Chalukya dynasty of Kalyani
• 760-1142 : Palas of Eastern India.
• 985-1014 : Reign of Rajaraja, the Great. Starts a great land survey (AD 1000).
• 1014-1044 : Reign of Rajendra Chola. Naval campaign against Sri Vijaya kingdom.
• 788-820 : Sankaracharya and his philosophy of Advaita.
• 712 : Arabs occupy Sindh.
• 871-1173 : Imperial cholas of Tanjore.
• 916-1203 : Construction of Khajuraho Temples.
Medieval India
THE RAJPUTS
• They emerged as a powerful force in Northern India in AD 9th and
10th centuries.
• ● Origin : Four of the Rajput clans claim to have descendant from a
mythical figure that
• arose out of a sacrificial fire pit near Mount Abu, i.e. of Agnikula
origin. They are
• — Chauhans of East Rajasthan.
• — Pratihara Pariharas of South Rajasthan.
• — Chalukyas/Solankis of Kathiawar.
• — Parmars/Pawars of Malwa
• The two main clans of Rajputs are
• ● Surya Vansha (Sun family)
• ● Chandra Vansha (Moon family)
• Architectural Works
• ● Kandariya Mahadeva temple at Khajuraho, built by Chandellas of Bundelkhand
• (AD 1000).
• ● Dilwara temple at Mount Abu (West Indian style of architecture) built by Siddharaja
• Solanki of Gujarat.
• ● Angkorvat Temple at Cambodia built by Suryavarman II. It is dedicated to Lord
• Vishnu and built on Dravidian model.
• ● Sun Temple at Konark (Orissa).
• ● Lingaraja Temple at Bhubaneshwar (Orissa).
• Literary Works
• ● Kathasaritasagar by Somadeva.
• ● Vikramdeva Charita by Bilhana (biography of Chalukya King Vikramdeva VI).
• ● Rajtarangini of Kalhana (history of Kashmir).
• ● Gita Govinda of Jayadeva (in Sanskrit).
• ● Chachanama The history of Sind.
 The Chauhans (956 – 1192 AD)
• Founded by Simharaji
• Founder of the city of Ajmer
• The last of Chauhan - Prithiviraj Chauhan
• He defeated Muhammad Ghori in the first battle of Tarain fought in 1191.
• However, he was defeated and killed in the second battle of Tarain in
1192.

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Advent of Islam
• Religious faith originated at Mecca in Arabia.
• The founder of Islam - Prophet Muhammad
• The followers of Islam were called Muslims.
• An Islamic state ruled by a single religious and political leader, was known
as ‘Caliphate’.
• Caliph means a representative of the Prophet Muhammad.
• Two early Caliphates were ‘Umayyads’ and ‘Abbasids’

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The Arab Conquest of Sind

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The Arab Conquest of Sind
• Muhammad Bin Qasim
• 712 AD invaded Sind
• The commander of the Umayyad kingdom
• Defeated Dahir, the ruler of Sind and killed him in a well-contested
battle.
• His capital Aror was captured.
• Extended his conquest further into Multan
• Recalled by Caliph

• 09/14
 Mahmud of Ghazni (997 -1030 AD)

• Ascended the throne in 998 AD

• He was plunderer and destroyer of temples and made 17
visits to India
• He defeated Jaipal and Anandpal of Shahi dynasty in
1001 and 1009 respect
• Plunder of Somnath temple in 1025 AD during his 16th
expedition
• Patronised Firdausi (Shah namah), Al beruni (kitab-i-hind)
• Died in 1030 AD

• 10/14
• The famous Persian poet Firdausi who wrote ‘Shahnama’ (The Book
of Kings) lived in his court.
• Alberuni, an Arab Historian, who wrote Tarikh-ul-Hind (Reality of
Hindustan), accompanied Muhammed Ghazni to India.
• Al-Firdausi is known as ‘Indian Homer’, ‘Persian Homer’, or ‘The
Immortal Homer of the East’
 Muhammad Ghori (1149 – 1206 AD)

• Vassal of Ghazni but became independent after the death of Mahmud

• Wanted to capture and rule India
• 1175 captured Multan
• 1186 captured Punjab

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 The Battle of Tarain (1191 – 1192 AD)

• 1st Battle of Tarain – 1191 AD

• Prithiviraj Chauhan - Formed a confederacy of Hindu princes of North
India
• Defeated Muhammad near Delhi in 1191 AD
• 2nd Battle of Tarain – 1192 AD
• Prithiviraj was captured and killed.
• The first Muslim kingdom was thus firmly established in India at
Ajmer and a new era in the history of India began.

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DELHI SULTANATE
• There were five dynasties under Delhi Sultanate
• 1. The Slave Dynasty–(1206 – 1290 AD) It had maximum number of
Sultans: 10
• 2. Khalji - (1290-1320) Ruled for the shortest Period
• 3. Tuglaks - (1320-1414 AD) Ruled for the longest period
• 4. Sayyids - (1414-1451)
• 5. The Lodis - (1451-1526 AD) It had least number of Sultans: 3
• The first three were Turks. Sayyids were Perisians and the Lodis were
Afghans
 Slave Dynasty (1206 – 1290 AD)

• After Ghori’s death in 1206

• His slave Qutb-ud-din-Aibak proclaimed himself ruler of the Turkish
territories in India
• Also known as Mamluk or Ilbari dynasty, Arabic word meaning ‘‘slave’’

• 05/16
 Qutb-ud-din Aibak (1206-1210)
• Sold to Sultan Muhammad Ghori
• Sultan elevated him to the rank of viceroy
• Muhammad Bin Bhakthiyar Khalji, a Turkish general from Afghanistan assisted him in
conquering Bihar and Bengal.
• Capital-lahore
• Destroyed the glorious Buddhist University of Nalanda in Bihar with Muhammad Bin
Bhakthiyar Khalji
• Laid the foundation of Qutb Minar
• For his generosity, he was given the title of Lakh Baksh.
• He constructed two mosques Quwwat-ul-Islam at Delhi and Adhai Din ka Jhopra at Ajmer
• Aibak was great patron of learning, and patronised writers like Hasan-ulNizami, author of Taj-
ul-Massir and Fakhruddin, author of Tarikh-I Mubarak-Shah
• Died in 1210 in Lahore in an accident while playing chaugan (Horse polo)

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Iltutmish (1211-1236 AD)
• Shams-ud-din Iltutmish slave of Qutb-ud-din Aibak
• Son-in law of Qutb-ud-din Aibak
• He made Delhi the capital in place of Lahore
• Defeated Aram shah and became Sultan
• Shifted his capital from Lahore to Delhi
• He constituted a corp of 40 loyal slave Amins, known as Turkan-i-
Chahalgani or ChaliIltutmish granted iqtas (land) to members of his army.
• He started Iqta system in Delhi Sultanate
• He introduced the Silver Tanka and Copper Jital.
• Completed the construction of the Qutb-Minar. • 07/16
Iltutmish (1211-1236 AD)
• Threat of Mongols under Chengiz Khan loomed
• Chengiz Khan, the leader of the Mongols, started invading Central Asia.
• He defeated Jalaluddin Mangabarni, the ruler of Kwarizam
• Mongol policy
• He nominated his daughter Raziya as his successor
• Sufi saints came to India during his reign
• Minhaj-us-Siraj, Taj-ud-din
• He is called the father of Tomb Building (built Sultan Garhi in Delhi).
• Iltutmish died in April 1236
• 08/16
Raziya (1236-1240)
• She was the first and the last Muslim woman ruler of Medieval India
• Support of Amirs of Delhi seized the throne of Delhi Sultanate
• Altunia, the governor of Bhatinda revolted against her.
• Altunia killed Yakuth and took Raziya prisoner.
• Turkish nobles put Bahram, another son of Iltutmish on the throne.
• Raziya Marrried her captor Altunia and proceeded to Delhi.
• She was defeated and killed
• Paved the way for the ascendancy of the Forty

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Balban (1266 -1287 AD)
• Ghiyasuddin Balban also known as Ulugh Khan.
• Served as Naib or regent to Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud
• Realised the threat to throne was from the nobles called the Forty
• Sultan was God’s shadow on earth
• He took up the title of Zil-i-Ilahi (Shadow of God)
• Prostration and kissing the Sultan’s feet (Paibos), Sijda
• Introduced the Persian festival of Nauroz
• Separate military department - diwan-i-arz
• He was a patron of Persian literature, and showed special favour to Amir
Khusro.
• Balban died in 1287 • 10/16
 The Khalji Dynasty (1290-1320)

• Jalaluddin Khalji(Malik Firoz) (1290 – 1296 AD) – founder

• Nephew and son-in-law - Ala-ud-din khalji
• Was appointed governor of Kara
• Was murdered by Ala-ud-din Khalji

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Alauddin Khalji (1296-1316 AD)

• 12/16
 Sack of Chittor (1303 AD)
• It was the powerful state in Rajasthan.
• The siege lasted for several months. In 1303
Alauddin stormed the Chittor fort.
• Raja Ratan Singh
• The Rajput women including Rani Padmini
performed jauhar.
• This Padmini episode was graphically mentioned in
the book Padmavath written by Jayasi

• 13/16
• He introduced the system of Dagh or branding the horses and Chehra or
detailed description of each soldier.
• The post of special official called Mustakharaj was created for the purpose of
collection of revenue.
• Alauddin is credited to have built many forts, and the most important of them is
Alai Fort.
• He also constructed the Alai Darwaja, the entrance gate of the Qutub Minar.
• He also built the palace of thousand pillars called ‘Hazar Situn,’ Hauz Khas and
Jamait Khana Mosque and built his capital at Siri.
• He adopted the title Sikandar-i-Sahni or Second Alexander.
• He established the market control department under a minister called diwan-i-
riyasat.
• #Amir Khusru was the court poet of Alauddin
• #Amir Khusru is known as the ‘Parrot of India’
• #He is considered as the father of Urdu language and the inventor of
Sitar.
• #Laila Majnu and Tughlaq Nama are the famous works of Amir
Khusru.

• #Mubarak shah khilji was the last ruler of the khilji Dynasty.
 The Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1414 AD)

• Nasiruddin Shah (AD 1320) killed Mubarak Shah and himself was
killed by Ghazi Malik the Governor of Dipalpur.
• Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (1320–1325 AD) - Founder
• Laid the foundation for Tughlaqabad near Delhi
• Sent his son Jauna Khan to re-establish authority at Warangal
and Madurai
• Jauna Khan killed his father and ascended the throne with
title Muhammad-bin-Tughluq in 1325.

• 04/12
Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1325-1351 AD)

• Jauna Khan
• Stood for the administrative and political unity of India
• Known for his failures
• Ambitious projects of Mohammad bin Tughlaq:
• Taxation in the doab Ganges and Yamuna rivers(1326)
• Transfer of capital Delhi to Devagiri (1327)
• Introduction of token currency 1329)
• The Khurasan Expedition (1329)
• Qarachil Expedition (1330)
• New department of agriculture called Diwan-i-kohi
• Ibn Batuta from Morocco came to Delhi in 1334.
• 05/12
 Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351-1388 AD)

• Khan-i-Jahan Maqbal, a Telugu Brahmin was converted as wazir (prime minister)

• Had to face the problem of preventing the disintegration of the Delhi Sultanate
• Various taxes imposed on people:
• Kharaj - 1/10th of produce of land
• Zakat - 2.5% tax on property by Muslims
• Jaziya - Tax on non-muslims
• Khams - 1/6th of war booty
• Diwan-i-Khairat was created to take care of orphans and widows.
• Diwan-i-Bandagon was created as the department for slaves.
• He made Jaziya a separate tax and he imposed this tax upon the Brahmans for the first time
in the history of Sultanate
• Last Tughlaq ruler - Nasir-ud-din Muhammad Shah (1394-1412 AD)

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Jaziya tax history
• Qutb-ud-din Aibak imposed jizya for the first time.
• Firoz Shah Tughlaq made Jaziya a separate tax and he imposed this
tax upon the Brahmans for the first time in the history of Sultanate.
• In 1579, the third Mughal emperor Akbar abolished the jizya.
• In 1679, Aurangzeb decided to re-impose jizya on non-Muslim
subjects
• After the death of Aurangzeb Jahandar Shah abolished Jazia tax.
1712–1713.
Timur’s Invasion
• Central Asia
• Head of Chagatai Turks and the ruler of Mongols
• Blood relationship with the 12th century great Mongol ruler Chengiz Khan
• Ransacked Delhi without any opposition
• Sultan Nasir-ud-din fled Delhi.
• Nominated Khizr khan to rule over Punjab and returned to Central Asia
• Ruled till 1412

• 07/12
 Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451)

• Timur appointed Khizr Khan as governor of Multan.

• He captured Delhi and founded the Sayyid dynasty in 1414.
• Rulers
• Khizr Khan (1414-1421)
• Mubarak Shah (1421-1434) - Mubarakbad city on the banks of the
river Yamuna.
• Muhammad Shah (1434-1445) - lost to Bahlul Lodi
• Alam Shah (1445-1451) - abdicated his throne to Bahlul Lodi

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 Lodis (1451-1526)
• Bahlul Lodi (1451-1489 AD) - founder of Lodi
Dynasty (First Afghan Dynasty)
• Revived sultanate to an extent
• Annexed entire Sharqi Kingdom
• Sikandar Lodi (1489-1517 AD)
• Greatest of the three Lodis
• Built new city called Agra and made his capital
• Religiously intolerant, damaged many temples

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 Ibrahim Lodi (1517-1526 AD)

• Stubborn and intolerant

• Insulted his nobles openly
• His own uncle, Alauddin revolted.
• Daulat Khan Lodi, the governor of the Punjab
• Invited Babur ruler of Kabul to invade India
• First battle of Panipat (1526)
• Babur marched against Delhi and defeated and killed Ibrahim Lodi.

• 10/12
Vijayanagar and Bahmani
Kingdoms
RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS
 VIJAYANAGARA KINGDOM (AD 1336-1580)
• Founder
• Sangama brothers - Harihara and Bukka
• At Vijayanagara (present day Hampi)
• 1336 to 1672
• Four dynasties
• Sangama (1336 - 1485)
• Saluva - (1485 - 1505)
• Tuluva (1505 - 1565) and
• Aravidu (1565 - 1672)
• Adopted emblem of Chalukyas - Varaha (boar)
Sources
Krishnadevaraya’s Amukthamalyada
Gangadevi’s Maduravijayam
Allasani Peddanna’s Manucharitam
Foreign Travellers
The Moroccan traveler - Ibn Battuta
Venetian traveler - Nicolo de Conti
Persian traveler - Abdur Razzak
Portuguese traveler - Domingo Paes and Nuniz
VIJAYANAGARA KINGDOM (AD 1336-1580)
• The Sangamas (AD 1336-1485)
• Vijayanagara Kingdom and the city was founded by Harihara I and
Bukka.
• The Saluvas (AD 1486-1505)
• Saluva Narsimha was the (AD 1486-91), founder of the dynasty, native
of the Kalyam region
• The Tuluvas (AD 1505-1570)
• Vira Narsimha (AD 1505-09) Killed Immadi of Saluva dynasty and
established the Tuluva dynasty. He was the son of Narsa Nayaka.
Krishnadevaraya (AD 1509-29)
• Bahmani kingdom was replaced by Deccan Sultanates.
• Battle of Diwani - Muslim armies were defeated decisively
• Captured Raichur Doab - Sultan of Bijapur, Ismail Adil Shah
• Prataparudra, the Gajapati ruler of Odisha negotiated for peace and
offered to marry off his daughter to him
• Friendly relations with Albuquerque (Portuguese)
• Army officers - Poligars or Nayakars
• Vaishnavaite, but respected all religions
• Great patron of literature and art, so he was known as Andhra Bhoja
• Telugu work - Amukthamalyadha
• Sanskrit works - Jambavati Kalyanam and Ushaparinayam
• Eight eminent scholars known as Ashtadiggajas were at his royal
court.
• Sadasiva (1543-76) was the last ruler of the dynasty.
• Battle of Talikota (AD 1565) Between the alliance of Ahmednagar,
Bijapur, Golkonda and Bidar at one side and Sadasiva on the other
side. Sadasiva was defeated.
• Vijayanagara Architecture
• ● Important temples are Vithalswami and Hazara temples at Hampi,
Varadraja and Ekambarnatha temples at Kanchipuram, and Parvati
temples at Chidambaram.
BAHMANI KINGDOM
• ● The Bahmani kingdom of Deccan was founded by Hasan Gangu,
whose original name was Ismail Mukh.
• The capital was Gulbarga.
• Hasan Gangu took the title of Alauddin Hasan Bahaman Shah (AD
1347-58) became the first king of Bahmani in AD 1347.
• Muhammad Shah I - raided Golconda fort
• Ahmad Wali Shah - shifted the capital from Gulbarga to Bidar.
• Muhammad Shah III - extended from Goa to Bombay in west and
on the east, it extended from Kakinada to the mouth of the river
Krishna
• Mahmud Gawan - Persian merchant became chief minister under
Muhammad Shah
• The last ruler of Bahmani kingdom was Kalim Ullah Shah (AD 1524-
27).
• After the break-up of Bahmani kingdom, five Muslim separate states were formed as follow :
1. Nizam Shahis of Ahmednagar founder-Ahmed Nizam Shah, later annexed by Shahjahan.
2. . Adilshahis of Bijapur (1490-1686) founded by Yusuf Adil Shah. It was annexed by Aurangazeb.
Greatest ruler of the kingdom was Ibrahim Adil Shah. He introduced Dakhini in place of Persian
language. Another ruler Muhammad Adil Shah built the Gol Gumbaz.
3. Imad Shahis of Berar (1490-1574) founded by Fateullah Khan Immad-ul-Mulk with Daulatabad
as capital. Later, it was conquered and annexed by one of the Nizam Shahi rulers of
Ahmednagar.
4. Qutub Shahis of Golconda (1518-1687) founded by Quli Qutub Shah. He built the famous
Golconda fort and made it his capital. ● Muhammad Quli Qutab Shah was the greatest of all.
He founded the city of Hyderabad. ● He built the famous Charminar. Most important port of
Qutub Shahi kingdom was Masulipatnam. The kingdom was annexed by Aurangzeb (1687).
5. Barid Shahis of Bidar (1528-1619) founded by Ali Barid. Annexed by Adil Shahis of Bijapur
The Mughal Empire
THE MUGHAL EMPIRE
#Zahiruddin Muhammed Babur (1526 - 1530)
#Naziruddin Mirza Muhammed Humayun (1530 - 40 & 1555 - 1556)
• 1526 to 1857 #Jalaluddin Muhammed Akbar - (1556 - 1605)
#Nuruddin Muhammed Jahangir (1605 - 1627)
• Great Mughals 1526 -1707 #Shahabuddin Muhammed Shah Jahan (1628 - 1658)
#Muhiyuddin Muhammed Aurangazeb Alamgir (1658 - 1707)
• Later Mughals 1707-1857
Babur(AD 1526-1530)
• Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur
(Defender of Faith)
• Babur was the first ruler to entitle himself ‘Badshah’
• Timur on his father’s side and Changez Khan on his mother’s side.
• Babur was born in Farghana in Turkey on 14 Feb. 1483 as the som of Umer Sheik Mirza ad Qulik
Nigarkhanum
• His family belonged to the Chagtai section of the Turkish race and were commonly known as
Mughals.
• Originally ruled over Ferghana (Afghanistan).
• He was invited to attack India by Daulat Khan Lodhi, Subedar of Punjab, Alam Khan Lodhi, uncle
of Ibrahim Lodhi.
• He wrote Tuzuk-i-Babari or Babarnama in Turkish. It was translated into Persian by Abdul
Rahim Khan-i-Khanan and in English by Madam Bebridge.
• Babur was born in Farghana in Turkey on 14 Feb. 1483 as the som of Umer Sheik Mirza ad Qulik
Nigarkhanum
Battle of Ghaghra.
Humayun (AD 1530 - 40 and 1555 -56)
• He was the son of Babur and Maham Anaga begum.
• Babur had divided his empire among the three brothers of
Humayun
• Kamran - Kabul and Kandahar
• Askari - Sambhal
• Hindal - Alwar
SHERSHAH SURI EMPIRE (1540-55)
• His real name was Farid
• He was born in Hissar Firosa.
• He was the founder of Sur empire.
• He usurped the throne as ‘Hazarat-i-Ala’.
• Battle of Chausa In 1539, he captured Chausa from Humayun. He
assumed the title of Shershah as emperor.
• Battle of Kannauj He also annexed Kannauj after defeating
Humayun.
• He also issued coins and Khutba was read in his name.
Administration
• Shershah divided his whole empire into 47 divisions called Sarkars
and further into smaller Parganas.
• Pargana, composed of number of villages and was under the charge
of Shiqdar, who looked after the law, the order and general
administration of the Pargana.
• The Amil or Munsif looked after the collection of land revenue in
the Pargana.
• Civil cases - Amin
• Criminal cases -Qazi or Mini-i-Adal.
• Land was measured using the Sikandari-gaz ; one-third of the average produce was fixed as tax.
• The peasant was given a Patta and Qabuliyat, which fixed the peasants rights and taxes.
• He introduced silver rupiya.
• He built Purana Qila, along with Grand-Trunk.
• #Shershah constructed the Grand Trunk Road from Sohargaon to Attock (Calcutta to Amritsar)
• #He introduced the National Highway concept for the first time in India.
• #Now the Grand Trunk Road is known as Shershah Suri Marg. Its part from Delhi to Amritsar is known as
National Highway -1.
• Sher Shah’s Chief architect Aliwal Khan constructed the tomb of Hasan Khan, the father of Shah
• Malik-Muhammad Jayasi wrote Padmavat (Hindi) during his reign.
• Tarikh-i-Shershahi was written by Abbas Khan Sarwani, his court historian.

• The last Sur ruler was Sikkandar Shah Sur. Who was defeated by Humayun in 1555 by the battle of
Sirhindh.
Humayun (1555-1556)
• 1540 - married Hamida Banu Begum
• Stayed in Amorkot, a Hindu kingdom ruled by Rana Prasad
• 1542 - Akbar was born
• Defeated his brothers, Kamran and Askari
• 1555 - defeated the Afghans and recovered the Mughal throne
• 1556 - died after falling from library staircase
• Humayun’s biography Humayun Namah was written by Humayun’s sister Gulbadan
Begum.
• In 1533 Humayun built the city of Dinpana (world refuge) in Delhi.
• Humayun’s tomb is situated in Delhi (first building in India having double domes)
• Humayun tomb is known as predecessor of Tajmahal, because Taj was modelled after
this, also known as a dormitory of the house of Timur. Mirak Mirza Ghias is its
architect.
 Akbar (AD 1556 -1605)
• Akbar was 14 years old when he was crowned at Kalanaur in 1556.
• Bairam Khan represented him in the Second Battle of Panipat in AD
1556 against Muhammad Adil Shah Sur’s Wazir, Hemu. Akbar
defeated Hemu and reoccupied Delhi and Agra.
Important Aspects of Akbar’s Rule
• He abolished the Jaziya and pilgrimage tax, and the forcible conversion of
prisoners of war.
• He believed in Sulh-i-Kul, that is peace for all.
• In 1562 Akbar married Joda Bhai, the daughter of Raja Bharmal of Amber
• In 1564, he abolished the religious tax Jaziya.
• In 1572 he captured Gujarat and in memory of that he built a new capital city
Fathepur sikri (city of Victory) near Agra.
• Buland Darwaza is the gate way of Fathepur Sikri, built by Akbar.
• He built an Ibadat Khana at Fatehpur Sikri to discuss religious matters.
• To curb the dominance of the UlemaIn 1579 he issued the Infallibility Decree , a
new Khutba written by Faizi and proclaimed Mahzarnamah in 1579, which
made him the final interpreter of Islamic law (Mujtahid Iman-i-Adil)
• In 1585 Ralph Fitch the first English man to reach India, reached
Akbar’s court.
• Ralph Fitch is known as pioneer English man or torch bearer
Englishman.
• Abul Fazal wrote ‘Akbarnamah’, the appendix of which was called Ain-i-
Akbari.
• His land revenue system was known as Todarmal Bandobast or Zabti
system.
• Mansabdari System was another feature of administration during Akbar’s
• Abul Fazal wrote ‘Akbarnamah’, the appendix of which was called Ain-i-
Akbari.
• His land revenue system was known as Todarmal Bandobast or Zabti
system.
• Mansabdari System was another feature of administration during Akbar’s
reign to organise the nobility as well as the army.eign to organise the
nobility as well as the army.
• #Akbar was the Mughal Emperor when the English East India
Company was being founded in 1600 December 31.
• #Akbar died in 1605.
• #His tomb is situated at Sikhandra near Agra.
• #Akbar was an illiterate person, but he was a patron of men of
eminence. He maintained a Scholastic Assembly in his court. They
included the following personalities.
Jahangir (AD 1605-1627)
• Prince Salim, assumed the title of Nuruddin Muhammad Jahangir and
ascended the throne.
• He conquered Ahmednagar in 1617 under prince Khurram, who was
rewarded with the title Shah Jahan.
• The eldest son of Jahangir, Khusro revolted against him, but was
suppressed.
• Khusro received patronage of Guru Arjun Dev (5th Sikh Guru). Guru Arjun
Dev was executed for his blessings to the rebel prince.
• Jahangir’s wife Nurjahan (daughter of Itamad-daulah) exercised
tremendous influence over the state affairs. She was made the official
Badshah Begum.
• In 1609, Jahangir received William Hawkins, an envoy of King James I of
England, who reached India to obtain trade concession.
• In 1615 Sir Thomas Roe reached the court of Jahangir as the first
ambassador of James I of England in the court of Jahangir. As a result of
his efforts first English factory was established at Surat in Gujarat. He
wrote his autobiography, Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri in Persian
• Period of Jahangir is considered as the Golden Age of Mughal Painting.
Jahangir himself was a painter. Ustad Mansur and Abul Hassan were
famous painters in the court of Jahangir.
• Jahangir built Shalimar and Nishant Gardens in Srinagar.
• Jahangir wrote his autobiography Tuzukh -iJahangiri in Persian language.
• Jahangir died in 1627 and was cremated at Shahdhara in Lahore.
Shahjahan (1628-1658)
• Prince Khurram succeeded as Shah Jahan (King of the World)
• In AD 1612, he got married to Arjamand Bano Begum (known as
Mumtaz Mahal),
• He conquered Ahmednagar, in 1633 which was under Fateh Khan. —
Other Deccan states like Bijapur, Golconda, Khandesh, Berar,
Telangana and Daulatabad came under Mughal rule.
• Aurangzeb was appointed the first Viceroy of Deccan
• He was imprisoned by his son Aurangzeb in Agra fort and died in
captivity in AD 1658. He was buried at Taj Mahal (Agra) besides
hisloving wife.
• Shah Jahan’s period is considered as the Golden Age of Mughal Architecture
and Shah Jahan is known as the Prince of Builders.
• In 1631 he started the construction of Tajmahal in memory of his wife and
completed in 1653. It issituated on the banks of Yamuna river in Uttar Pradesh.
Ustad Ahmad Lahoria Turkish/ Persian was its architect
• In 1638 Shah Jahan built his new capital Shah Jahanabad in Delhi and shifted
the capital from Agra to there.
• In 1639 he started the construction of Red fort in Delhi on the model of
Agrafort built by Akbar. Its construction was completed in 1648.
• In 1656 ShahJahan constructed the Juma Masjid in Delhi. It is the biggest masjid
in India. First masjid in India was constructed at Kodungallur in Kerala
(Cheraman Palli) in 644 AD by Malik Ibn Dinar.
• The Diwani-Am, Diwan-i-Khas and the Moti Masjid are situated inside the Red
fort. The Mothi Masjid in Agra was constructed by ShahJahan
• The famous Peacock Throne was built by Shah Jahan. It was abducted
from here by Nadirsha in 1739 during his Indian invasion (Persian
conqueror). Now it is kept at the London Tower Museum, Britain.
• #French travellers Bernier and Tavernier and Italian traveller Manucci
visited India during ShahJahan’s period.
War of Succession
• Among his four sons
• Dara Shikoh (crown prince)
• Shuja (governor of Bengal)
• Aurangazeb (governor of Deccan)
• Murad Baksh (governor of Malwa and Gujarat)
• Aurangazeb emerged victorious
Aurangzeb (AD 1658-1707)
• He took the title of ‘Alamgir’ upon his coronation in 1659.
• He
• In 1679, reimposed Jaziya.
• Muhtasib (regulation of moral conduct) were appointed. was called
a Zinda pir or the ‘living saint.’
• Aurangzeb compiled the Fatwa-i- Alamgiri.
• ‘Bibi ka Maqbara’, similar to Taj Mahal in Aurangabad.
• In 1675, he ordered the arrest and execution of the ninth Sikh Guru,
Guru Tegh Bhadur.
• In 1679 Aurangzeb constructed the tomb of his only wife Rubiad Daurani
at Aurangabad in Maharashtra. It is known as Bibi ka Makabara. It is
otherwise known as Mini Tajmahal as it was the blind imitation of
Tajmahal.
• In the same year he reimpossed Jasya upon all the non Muslims, which
was earlier abolished by Akbar.
• Aurangazeb called Shivaji a ‘mountain rat’ and gave him the title Raja
because of his guerilla tactics.
• In 1660 he entrusted Shaisthakhan to defeat Shivaji.
• Later in 1665 the treaty of Purandar was signed between Maharaja
Jaisingh of Amber and Shivaji Jaisingh was deputed by Aurangazeb.
• Aurangazeb died in 1707 February 20,at Ahmednagar. Aurangazeb’s tomb
is situated at Daulatabad in Maharashtra.
Central Administration
• Wazir : The Prime Minister.
• Diwan : His responsibility were in three fields : Executive, revenue and
finance.
• Mir Bakshi He was the head of the military department, similar to that of
Ariz-i-mamalik, under Delhi Sultanate.
• Mir Saman or Khan Saman Incharge of the royal households, like building,
roads, gardens etc.
• Sadr-us-Sudur Incharge of religious matters, religious endowments and
charities.
• Chief Qazi Head of the Judiciary department after the king.
• Barids Intelligence officers.
• Mustaufi Auditor-GeneraL
Provincial Administration
• Subedar - Head of the province (governor).
• Fauzdar - Administrative head of the Sarkar.
• Amil/Amalguzar - Collecting revenues and patrolling the roads.
• Kotwal - Duty was to maintain law and order in sarkar besides, trial of
criminal cases and regulations of prices.
• Pargana or Taluka
• Siqdar- Administrative head of the Pargana.
• Amin/Qanungo - They were revenue officials.
• Village or Gram
• Lambardar - Village Headmen
• Patwari - Village Accountant
• Mansabdari system (1595-96) showed a noble’s civil and miltary
capacity.
• Twin ranks Zat and Sawar were alloted.
• The Zat - noble’s personal status
• Sawar - the actual number of horsemen he was expected to maintain.
Land Revenue System
• Land was classified into four types
(i) Polaj Continuously cultivated and very fertile.
(ii) Parauti Left fallow for a year or two to recover productivity.
(iii) Chachar Left fallow for 3/4 years. (
(iv) Banjar Uncultivated for 5 years or more and infertile land.
Art
• Paintings
• Humayun
• Brought with him two painters – Mir Sayyid Ali and Abdal Samad
• Akbar
• Baswan, Miskina and Daswant
• Jahangir
• Abul Hasan, Bishan Das, Madhu, Anant, Manohar, Govardhan and Ustad Mansur
•
• Music
• Tansen of Gwalior
• Poets
• Tulsidas - wrote the Hindi version of the Ramayana, the Ramcharitmanas
Later Mughal Emperor Time Period
Bahadur Shah I 1707 – 1712 CE
Jahandar Shah 1712 – 1713 CE
Furrukhsiyar 1713 – 1719 CE
• LATER MUGHALS
Rafi Ul-Darjat 1719 CE
Rafi Ud-Daulat 1719 CE
Muhammad Ibrahim 1720 CE
Muhammad Shah 1719 – 1748 CE
Ahmad Shah Bahadur 1748 – 1754 CE
Alamgir II 1754 – 1759 CE
Shah Jahan III 1759 – 1760 CE
Shah Alam II 1760 – 1806 CE
Akbar Shah II 1806 – 1837 CE
Bahadur Shah II 1837 – 1857 CE
Rise of Marathas
Shivaji (1674-80)
• Shivaji belonged to the Bhonsle Clan of Marathas.
• Shivaji’s father Shahji Bhonsle was a military commander
under Nizam Shahi ruler of Ahmednagar.
• Shivaji was born to Jijabai in the hill fortress of Shivner.
• Dadaji Kondadev gave him training in civil and military
administration.
• Guru Ramdas, his spiritual teacher
Son of Shivaji, Sambhaji (1680-89) succeeded the
throne.

Sambhaji was executed by Aurangzeb and his infant son,

Shahu, was taken captive by Aurangzeb.

Sambhaji was succeeded by Rajaram in 1689.

Rajaram (1689-1700) was killed in 1700 by Aurangzeb.

His widow Tarabai put her infant son, Shivaji II, on the
throne

Shahu, the grandson of Shivaji and son of Sambhaji was

released by Bahadur Shah.

Shahu emerged victorious in the Battle of Khed, with

the help of Balaji Vishwanath.
 Revenue System
• Based on - Malik Amber of
Ahmadnagar
• Lands measured by rod called kathi
• Revenue officials called karkuns
• Chauth - 1/4th of the land revenue
paid to the Marathas
• Sardeshmukhi - an additional levy of
1/10 on those lands which the
Marathas claimed hereditary rights
THE PESHWAS (AD 1713–1818)
• Balaji Viswanath (1713–1720)

• Shahu honoured him with title of ‘Sena Karte’ in 1708, and made him
his Peshwa in 1713.
• Baji Rao (1720-1740)
• Eldest son of Balaji Viswanath
• System of confederacy among the Maratha chiefs
• The Prominent Maratha families
• Peshwa at Pune
• Gaikwad at Baroda
• Bhonsle at Nagpur
• Holkar at Indore
• Shinde or Scindhia at Gwalior
• Balaji Baji Rao (Nana Sahib) (1740-1761)

• In an agreement with the Mughal emperor (Ahmed Shah), the Peshwa

agreed to protect the Mughal empire from internal and external enemies
in return for the Chauth
• In the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761, between Maratha and Ahmed Shah
Abdali, Viswas Rao, the son of Nana Sahib died.
• Peshwa Madhav Rao I (1761-1762)
• Balaji Baji Rao was succeded by his younger son Madhav Rao I.
Raghunath Rao, the eldest surviving member of Peshwa family, became
regent to the young Peshwa and de-facto ruler of the state.
• After the death of Madhav Rao, Peshwaship had lost its all power.
Foreign Invasions
• Nadir Shah
• Nadir Shah of Persia captured Qandhar and eyed the Afghanistan
territory on the Mughal border. The Mughal Subedar Nasir Khan
without posing any resistance, he fled from Afghanistan
• Nadir Shah entered Punjab through Peshawar. He met the royal
Mughal army at Karnal on 13th February in 1739.
• Ahmed Shah Abdali
• Ahmed Shah Abdali, the successor of Nadir Shah launched his first
invasion at Punjab in AD 1748. It was followed by another invasion in
AD 1749, in which he defeated Moin-ul-Mulk, the Governor of
Punjab. —
• A fierce battle was fought on 14th January, 1761 between the
Ahmed Shah Abdali and Marathas at Panipat. After initial success in
what is known as the Third Battle of Panipat, the Marathas suffered a
crushing defeat.
• LATER PESHWAS
• ● Narayan Rao (1772-73)
• ● Sawai Madhav Rao (1773-95)
• ● Baji Rao II (1795-1818)
Sikh Movement
• The Sikh religion was founded by saint Guru Nanak in the medieval
period. It started as a minor religion but developed into a prominent
one over the centuries.
• The ten recognised living Gurus in the Nanak line were –
 Guru Nanak (c. 1469 – 1539 CE)
• He was the founder of Sikhism. He was born in Talwandi near Lahore.
• He preached – God is supreme, all-powerful, formless, fearless, universal, self-existent, everlasting, creator
of all things, the eternal and absolute truth. He rejected the authority of the Vedas.
• He was against casteism and rituals like bathing in holy water. He advocated equality of all human beings
irrespective of caste, gender, etc.
• He encouraged people to live a life of honesty, truth and kindness. He advised people to give up falsehood,
selfishness and hypocrisy. He guided people to follow the principles of conduct and worship; sach (truth),
halal (lawful earning), khair (wishing well for others), niyat (right intentions) and service to the Lord.
• His philosophy consists of three basic elements – a leading charismatic personality (the Guru), ideology
(Shabad) and organisation (Sangat).
• He denounced idol worship and rejected the theory of incarnation.
• He introduced the concept of langar (community kitchen).
• He conceptualised God as Nirguna (attributeless) and Nirankar (formless).
• His main teachings can be summed up as:
• Faith in one true Lord.
• Worship of the name.
• The necessity of the Guru in the worship of the name.
• Guru Angad (c. 1539 – 1552 CE)
• Guru Amar Das (c. 1552 – 1574 CE)
• He asked Akbar to abolish the pilgrims tax (toll tax) for non-Muslims while
crossing Yamuna and Ganges rivers.
• He preached against the sati system of Hindu society, encouraged widow
remarriage and asked the women to discard the purdah (veil worn by
women).
• Guru Ramdas (c. 1574 – 1581 CE)
• The Mughal emperor Akbar granted him a plot of land where
the Harmandir Sahib was later constructed.
• He laid the foundation stone of Chak Ramdas of Ramdas Pur, now called
Amritsar.
• Guru Arjun Dev (c. 1581 – 1606 CE)
• He compiled the Adi Granth, i.e.Guru Granth Sahib and installed it at Sri Harmandir
Sahib.
• He completed the construction of Taran, Amritsar and Kartarpur.
• He is considered the first martyr of the Sikh religion as he was executed by Jahangir for
helping his rebellious son, Khusrau.
• Guru Har Govind (c. 1606 – 1644 CE)
• He fought against rulers Jahangir and Shah Jahan and defeated a Mughal army at
Sangrama.
• He was titled “Sachcha Padshah”.
• He transformed Sikhs into a militant community, established the Akal Takht and fortified
Amritsar.
• He was the proprietor of the concept of miri and piri (keeping two knives).
• Guru Har Rai (c. 1644 – 1661 CE)
• He gave shelter to Dara Shikoh, brother of Aurangzeb who was his
rival to the throne, and thus was persecuted by Aurangzeb.
• Guru Har Kishan (c. 1661 – 1664 CE)
• He became the youngest Guru in Sikhism who succeeded his father
Guru Har Rai at the young age of five.
• Guru Tegh Bahadur (c. 1665 – 1675 CE)
• He appointed Banda Bahadur as the military leader of the Sikhs.
• He is credited with spreading Sikhism to Bihar and Assam.
• He was executed by Aurangzeb, as he revolted against him. He was beheaded before the public in Delhi’s
Chandni Chowk in c. 1675 CE. The Sis Ganj Sahib Gurudwara stands at the site of his martyrdom today.
• Guru Gobind Singh (c. 1675 – 1708 CE)
• Last Sikh Guru who was born in Patna and organised the Sikhs as community warriors and called
them Khalsa in c. 1699 CE.
• Guru Gobind Singh started some practices which were to be followed by Sikhs in order to create a sense of
unity among the Sikhs. These were: initiation through baptism by the double-edged sword, wearing uncut
hair, carrying arms and adopting the epithet Singh as part of the name.
• He compiled the supplementary Granth of Deswan Padshan Ka Granth.
• He selected five persons known as the Panj Pyare (the five beloved), and requested them to administer
the pahul (amrit chakha) to him.
• He passed the Guruship of the Sikhs to the Guru Granth Sahib. He died of complications from stab wounds
inflicted by an Afghan, believed to have been sent by the Mughal governor, Wazir Khan.
Saluva
MODERN INDIA
ADVENT OF THE EUROPEANS
 Timeline
• Portugese - 1498, Goa
• Dutch -1602, Pulicat/Nagapattinam
• English - 1608, Calcutta
• Danish - 1661, Tranquebar/Serambur
• French - 1664, Pondicherry
Portuguese
• Vasco da Gama reached the port of Calicut on 17 May 1498.
• Received by Zamorin, the ruler of Calicut
• 1500 - Pedro Alvarez Cabral
• 1502 - Vasco da Gama second trip
• Stations - Calicut, Cannanore and Cochin
• Cochin (1502) was the initial capital of the Portuguese in India, later
on replaced by Goa.
• ● Francisco Almeida
• The first Governor of Portuguese in India was Francisco Almeida
(1505-09). He introduced ‘The Policy of Blue Water’.
• ● Alfonso d’ Albuquerque
• arrived in India in 1503 and became Governor of the Portuguese in
India in 1509. He captured Goa from the ruler of Bijapur in 1510 and
introduced the policy of Imperialism.
• ● Nino-da-Cunha (1529-1538)
• transferred the capital from Cochin to Goa in 1530. He acquired Diu
and Bassein from Bahadur Shah of Gujarat (1534).
• First Portuguese factory was established at Calicut.
• Western coast
• Goa, Daman, Diu, Salsette, Bassein, Chaul and Bombay
• Bengal coast
• Hooghly
• Madras coast
• Santhome
• Only Goa, Diu and Daman remained with them until 1961
Dutch
• Dutch East India Company - 1602
• Founded their first factory in Masulipatnam - 1605
• Established its supremacy in the Spice Islands
• Captured Nagapatinam near Madras from the Portuguese and made
it as their capital
• Battle of Bedera in 1759 - lost to British
• Major Settlements - Masulipatam (1605), Pulicat (1610), Surat
(1616), Bimilipatam (1641), Karaikal (1645), Chinsura (1653),
Kasimbazar, Baranagore, Patna, Balasore, Nagapattinam (all in 1658)
and Cochin (1663)
English
• John Mildenhall-land route to trade with Indian merchants in 1599.
• Jahangir issued a farman to Captain Hawkins (1609) permitting him to
establish a factory at Surat. First factory was built at Surat (1613).
• Sir Thomas Roe visited Jahangir’s court (1615) as an ambassador of
king James I to seek permission to trade in India.
• Surat was replaced by Bombay acquired from Charles-II on lease as
the headquarters on the West coast in 1687.
• In 1639, obtained Madras from Raja of Chandragiri with permission
to build a fortified factory, which was named Fort St George.
• In 1690, Job Charnock, established a factory at Sutanati and the
Zamindari of three villages Sutanati, Kalikata and Govindpur were
acquired by the British (1698). These three villages grew as city of
Calcutta
• The factory at Sutanati was fortified and named Fort William in
1700.
• In 1717, John Surman obtained royal farman from Mughal emperor
Farrukhsiyar. This farman is also called the Magna Carta of the
British rule in India as it gave large concessions to the company.
Danes
• ● The Danes arrived in India in 1616. They established settlement at
Tranqueber (Tamil Nadu) in 1620 and Serampore (Bengal) in 1676.
Serampore was their headquarters.
• ● They were forced to sell their settlements to the British in 1854.
French
• ● The French East India Company was formed in 1664 by Colbert
under state patronage during the reign of Louis XIV.
• ● The first French factory was established at Surat by Francois Caron
in 1668 and second at Masulipatnam in 1669.
• ● They occupied Mahe, Yanam and Karaikal.
• ● The foundation of Pondicherry was laid in 1673, which afterwards
became their capital. They also developed a factory at Chandernagar.
• ● The Governors, Lenoir and Dumas revived the French power in
India between 1720-42 and the Anglo-French conflict started with the
arrival of Governor Dupleix in 1742.
INDEPENDENT STATES
• BENGAL
• ● Murshid Quli Khan (1717-27) He was made Governor of Bengal (1717)
and Orissa (1719). He transferred capital of Bengal from Dacca to
Murshidabad.
• ● Shuja-ud-din (1727-39) He was granted Governorship of Bihar by Mughal
emperor Muhammad Shah Rangeela.
• ● Sarfaraz Khan (1739-40) Alivardi Khan deposed and killed Shuja-ud- din’s
son, Sarfaraz Khan and made himself Nawab.
• ● Alivardi Khan (1746) Bribed Muhammad Shah Rangeela and legalised his
position by receiving a farman from him. He prevented the English and
French fortifications at Calcutta and Chandranagar respectively.
AWADH
• Founded by Saadat Khan Burhan-ul-Mulk. Emperor Muhammad Shah
appointed him as Governor of Awadh in AD 1722.
• Committed suicide in 1739 and was succeeded by his nephew Safdar
Jung.
HYDERABAD
• ● Founded by Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jahan in AD 1724. His original
name was Chin Qilich Khan but emperor Farrukhsiyar conferred on
him the titles of ‘Khan-i-Duran’ and later ‘Nizam-ul-Mulk’
• ‘Nawab of Carnatic’
• Saadautullah Khan of Carnatic made his nephew Dost Ali as his
successor at Carnatic without the approval of Nizam. This caused
rivalry between Carnatic and Hyderabad.
• Hyderabad remained independent until it became a part of
Independent India. The Nizam provided assistance to the British
during the 1857 Revolt.
• Under the farman of 1717
• Dastaks were misused for private trade by Company’s servants
• Fortified Calcutta without the Nawab’s permission
• Asylum to enemies of the Nawab - Mir Jafar

• In 1756, Siraj-ud-Daula seized the English factory at Kasimbazar and marched to

Calcutta and occupied Fort William
• Black hole tragedy took place-(1756)
• Small dungeon room in the Fort William in Calcutta
• Held 146 British Prisoners of war for one night
• 123 of the prisoners found dead because of suffocation.
• Treaty of Alinagar was signed on 2nd January, 1757.
Battle of Plassey - 23 June 1757
• Robert Clive + Mir Jafar
• Siraj-ud-Daula + French allies
• Nawab of Bengal and his French allies were defeated
• Collapse of Bengal
• Made Mir Jafar Nawab of Bengal
• Mir Jafar (1757-60)
• ● Mir Jafar was the first Nawab of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa under the
British rule in India.
• ● He granted free trade right to the Company in Bengal, Bihar and
Orissa.
• ● In 1760, Mir Jafar was replaced by his son-in-law, Mir Qasim.
• Mir Qasim (1760-64)
• Mir Qasim soon revolted as he was angry with the British for misusing
dastaks
Battle of Buxar22nd October, 1764.
• The combined armies of
• Mir Qasim - Bengal
• Shah Alam II - Mughals
• Suja-ud-Daula - Nawab of Awadh
• Hector Munro - EIC
• Defeated all of them
• Treaty of Allahabad
• Mir Jafar was again put on the throne by the Britishers.
• On Mir Jafar’s death, his son Nizam-ud-daula was placed on the
throne and he signed a treaty on 20th February, 1765, by which the
Nawab had to disband most of his army and to administer Bengal
through a deputy subedar nominated by the company.
• ● Robert Clive became the first Governor of Bengal in 1765.
Treaty of Allahabad (August, 1765)
• ● English got the Diwani rights (right to collect revenue) of Bengal,
Bihar and Orissa) and gave 26 lakhs.
• ● The Dual Government of Bengal was established in 1765, wherein
the company got the right to collect revenue but the Nizamat right
(duty of administration) was with the Nawab.
• ● Warren Hastings ended the Dual System of Government in 1772.
 Major wars
Tribal movements & Socio religious reform Movements
Robert Clive

Eyre Coote
Warren Hastings

Warren Hastings

Cornwallis

Wellesley

Lord Wellesley

Lord Hastings
Auckland

Lord Lytton

Chemlsford
REVOLT OF 1857
REVOLT OF 1857
• Immediate Cause
• greased cartridges
• 1856, the government decided to replace the old fashioned muskets by
the Enfield rifles.

• In order to load the Enfield rifle, the greased wrapping paper of the
cartridge had to be bitten off by the soldier.

• Greased cartridges contained the fat of cows and pigs.

The Outbreak of the Revolt
• By 9 March 1857, the Sepoys of the 19th Bengal Native Infantry at
Behrampur
• Refused to accept the greased cartridges.
• A court martial was done and the regiment was disarmed
• On 29 March 1857 at Barrackpur (near Kolkata)
• Mangal Pandey, a young Sepoy from Bengal Regiment
• Refused to use the greased cartridge, and shot down his sergeant.
• He was arrested, tried and executed
• After the event of Barrackpore
• 10th May, 1857 General Bakht Khan who was posted in Meerut
• Along with the contingent of troops from Meerut and Bareily
• Marched to Delhi shouting Delhi Chalo
• Bahadur Shah Zafar as the leader of the revolt
• Revolt spread to different parts of India from Delhi, i.e. Jhansi,
Kanpur, Lucknow, Bareily, Awadh, Assam, Bihar, etc.
Kunwar Singh
 British Officials who suppressed
Places of Revolt Indian Leaders
the revolt

Delhi Bahadur Shah II John Nicholson

Lucknow Begum Hazrat Mahal Henry Lawrence

Kanpur Nana Saheb Sir Colin Campbell

Jhansi & Gwalior Lakshmi Bai & Tantia Tope General Hugh Rose

Bareilly Khan Bahadur Khan Sir Colin Campbell

Allahabad and Banaras Maulvi Liyakat Ali Colonel Oncell

Bihar Kunwar Singh William Taylor

Tribal Uprisings in the 18th and 19th Centuries
• a) Non-Frontier Tribe: These tribes make up 89% of the overall tribal
population. The non-frontier tribes were mostly restricted to Andhra,
West-Central India, and central India. Khonds, Savara, Santhal,
Munda, Oraon, Koya, Kol, Gond and Bhil were a few of the tribes
that took part in the movements. These tribes’ uprisings were quite
violent and included several significant uprisings.
• b) Frontier Tribes: These are the inhabitants of Nagaland, Arunachal
Pradesh, Meghalaya, Assam, Manipur, Mizoram, and Tripura, seven
of the frontier states in the northeast.
BHAKTI MOVEMENT

• It was a religious reform Bhakti movement during medieval times

which emphasized single-minded intense devotion to God.
• Bhakti movement was based on the doctrine that the relationship
between god and man is through love and worship rather than
through performing any ritual or religious ceremonies.
• The origin of Bhakti movement is traced in Vedas, but it’s real
development took place after the 7th
• It was initiated by Shaiva Nayanars & Vaishnavite Alwars in south
India, later spread to all regions.
 NAYANARS ALVARS
Devotees of Shiva Devotees of Vishnu
Thirumarai – Compilation of hymns of Nayanars by the
highest priest of Raja RajaCholaI, Nambiyandar Nambi.
Divya Prabandha– Compilation of the hymns of the
The details of the lives and of the saints are
Alvars saints – poets.
described in the work ‘Tevaram’ which is also
called the Dravida Veda.
Imp saints –
Imp saints –
•Andal (only female Alwar saint who is referred to
•Tiru Neelakanta,
as the ‘Meera of the South’)
•Meiporul,
•Thirumazhisai Alvar
•Viral Minda,
•Thiruppaan Alvar
•Amaraneedi,
•Nammalwar
•Karaikkal Ammaiyar (woman)
•Kulasekara
• The Bhakti movement saints were divided into two schools depending
on the way they imagined God:
•Believe invisible formless god, without attributes.
•Nirguna bhakta’s poetry was Jnana-shrayi or had roots in knowledge.
•Nirgun Saints:
Nirgun
1.Guru Nanak
2.Ravidas
3.Kabir

•Believe God with form & attributes.

•Saguna bhakta’s poetry was Prema-shrayi, or with roots in love.[
•Saguna Saints:
Saguna
1.Tulsidas
2.Surdas
3.Meerabai
 VEDANTA SAINTS CONTRIBUTION OF THE BHAKTI MOVEMENT
•Birth- Kelara, Death- Uttarakhand (Kedarnath)
•Guru – Govinda Bhagavath pada
•Integrated the essence of Buddhism in Hindu thought and
interpreted the ancient Vedic religion
•Consolidated the doctrine of Advaita Vedant (Non-
Dualism)- God & created world is one and The individual
Shankaracharya (788 – 820 AD
soul is not different from Brahman.
•Organizer of the Dashanami monastic order and unified the
Shanmata tradition of worship.
•Brhat-Sankara-Vijaya by Citsukha is the oldest biography of
Adi Shankara

•Birth – Tamilandu
•Guru – yadav preksha
•Propagator of Vishishtadvaita Vedanta or qualified
monism – There exists a plurality and distinction between
Ramanujarcharya (1017-1137 A.D)
Ātman (soul) & Brahman (metaphysical, ultimate reality).
•Exponents of the Sri Vaishnavism tradition within Hinduism
•Literary works: Vedartha Sangraham, Sri Bhashyam, Gita
Bhashyam
 •He was a critic of Adi Shankara’s Advaita
Vedanta and
Ramanuja’s Vishishtadvaita Vedanta
teachings.
Madhvarchaya (1238-1319 AD) •He preached “Dvaita” or dualism, where
divinity was separate from the human
conscience/soul.
•Liberation- only through the grace of God
•Book – Anuvyakhyana.
 •He was a follower of the Bhakti movement, particularly under the influence of
Ramanuja.
•Founder of Sant-parampara (literally, the tradition of Bhakti movement
saints) in north India.
Ramanada
•Substitute the worship of Rama in place of Krishna.
(14-15th
•He has 12 disciples – “Avadhutas”.
century)
•Disciple(s): Kabir, Ravidas, Bhagat Pipa, Sukhanand, sena & sadhana.
•Literary works: Gyan-lila and Yog-cintamani (Hindi), Vaisnava Mata Bhajan
Bhaskara and Ramarcanapaddhati (Sanskrit).
•His verse is mentioned in Guru Granth Sahib.
•Disciple of the Bhakti movement, Ramananda
•He was the first to reconcile Hinduism and Islam.
•He was a Nirguna saint within the Bhakti movement and openly criticized
the orthodox ideas of major religions like Hinduism and Islam.
Kabir Das
•Denounced idol-worship, fastings, pilgrimages and religious superstitious
(1440-1510 AD)
beliefs, bathing in holy rivers, formal worship like nama.
•His poems are called “Banis” (utterances) or ‘Dohe’. His works are
compiled in the famous book “Bijak”.
•Kabir says: “Ram Rahim are the same”.
 •Birth – Talwandi Village & Death Kartarpur ( Both are in Pakistan)
•Founder of Sikh religion & the first Guru of ten Sikh Gurus.
Initially worked as an Accountant.
•Preached middle path & need of Guru for liberation.
•He composed hymnes and sang along with the help of an
instrument called ”Rabab” played by his attendant “Mardana”.
Guru Nanak Dev •Traveled across Asia including Mecca & Baghdad and spread the
(1469-1538 AD) message of “Ik Onkar” – One God.
•Opposes idol worship, pilgrimage and caste system, and
emphasized purity of character and conduct.
•Called God as “Waheguru” that is shapeless, timeless,
omnipresent & invisible (Nirgun Bhakti movement)
•He started Guru-Ka-langer (Community Kitchen)
•He promoted “Tauhid-e-wazidi”
 •One of the chief founding-proponents of South Indian classical music
Purandar Das
(Carnatic Music).
(1483-1564)
•He is often quoted as Karnataka Sangeeta Pitamaha
•Disciple of Kabir
Dadu Dayal
•He was a supporter of Hindu-Muslim unity
(1544-1603 AD)
•His followers were called Dadu Panthis

•Founder of modern Vaishnavism in Bengal.

•He was a Saguna and popularized “Kirtans” (religious songs) as a
form of worshiping God.
•Popularized the chanting of “Hare Rama, Hare Krishna”.
•He made famous the practice of worshiping Radha and Krishna
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu together. He gave the “Achintya Bheda-Abheda” philosophy.
(1486-1533 AD) •Didn’t reject scriptures or idol worship called god as Hari.
•He wrote “Siksastakam”, a text in Sanskrit, where he elaborated his
philosophy.
•He is the inspiration behind the world
renowned ISKCON (International Society for Krishna Consciousness)
that was founded in the 20th century.
 •Spread the Bhakti movement cult in Assam
•Translated Ramayana & Mahabharata into Assamese
•He started the Bhakti movement (Neo-Vaishnavite movement). He believed in the worship
Shankaradeva of ‘Ekasarana’ (One God) in the form of Krishna.
(1499-1569 AD) •He is also called Krishna by different names like Hari, Narayan and Rama.
•His most famous work is “Kirtana Ghosha”, written in a simple language understood by the
masses.
•He wrote in Assamese and Brajavali (mixture of Maithili and Assamese).

•Exponent of Krishna cult

Vallabhacharya •Founded philosophy of “Shuddhadvaita” (Pure Non dualism) and his philosophy is
(1479-1531 AD) known as ‘Pushti Marg’.
•He worshiped Krishna under the title “Srinathji“

•He was a famous saint from Chhattisgarh and he established

Guru Ghasidas the “Satnami Community” there.
(1756-1836 AD) •He strongly believed in equality and criticized the oppressive caste system.
•He was a monotheist and was against idol worship.
 •Disciple of Vallabhacharya
Surdas •He wrote “Sursagar” and “Sursurvali”.
(1483-1563 AD) •Showed intense devotion to Radha and Krishna
•Regarded as the outstanding devotional poet in Brajbhasha

•Staunch devotee of Lord Krishna

Mirabai
•Composed number of songs and poems in honour of Krishna.
(1498-1546 AD)
•She composed ‘bhajans’ (short religious songs) which are sung even today.

Haridas
•A great musician saint who sang the glories of Lord Vishnu
(1478-1573 AD)
•Depicted Rama as the incarnation
Tulsidas
•Wrote “Ramcharitmanas”
(1532-1623 AD)
•He was Varkari
•Disciple of Visoba Khechar
•He was a devotee of Vittoba (Vishnu)
Namdeva
•Opposed Caste system
(1270-1350AD)
•Only Nirguna saint in Maharashtra.
•He belongs to Varkari tradition.
 •He was the founder of the Bhakti Movement in Maharashtra in the 13th century.
•Wrote “Dnyaneshwari“, a commentary on the Bhagavad-Gita.
•His other work is “Amrutanubhav “ on Yoga and philosophy.
Dnyanesvar
•He was a worshiper of Vithoba (Vitthala) who is considered a manifestation of
(1275-1296 AD)
Vishnu.
•He was a follower of Nath Yogi Tradition. He also drew inspiration from the
Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita.

Eknath •Wrote commentary on verses of the Bhagavad-Gita

(1533-1599) •Devotee of Vithoba. He criticized the Caste distinctions.

•Contemporary of Maratha king Shivaji

Tukaram •Devotee of Vithal
(1598-1650) •He founded the Varkari sect
•His teachings are contained in Abhangas.
Ram Das •Author of “Dasbodh”
(1608-1681) •His teachings inspired Shivaji to establish an independent kingdom in Maharashtra.
VERNACULAR LITERATURE:

Hindi Kabir, Surdas, Tulsidas, etc.

Marathi Jnanadeva, Namdev, Eknath, etc.

Bengali Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and Chandidas

Rajasthani (Braj) Meerabai, Bihari, etc.

Punjabi Guru Nanak

Assamese Sankaradeva
SUFI MOVEMENT:

• In the beginning of 12 AD, some religious people in Persia turned to

asceticism due to the increasing materialism of the Caliphate. They
came to be called the ‘Sufis’.
• In India, Sufi movement began in 1300 A.D & came to South India in
the 15th century.
• Sufism is the mystical arm of Islam. Sufis represent the inner side of
the Islam creed (tasawwuf).
• Sufism(tasawwuf) is the name given to mysticism in Islam.
 STAGE PERIOD CHARACTER
Also called the age of Golden
1st Stage: Khanqah 10th century
Mysticism
When Sufism was being
2nd Stage: Tariqa 11-14th century institutionalized and traditions and
symbols started being attached to it.
The stage when Sufism became a
3rd Stage: Tarifa 15th century onwards
popular movement.
SUFISM AND MUSIC:

• Sufism encourages music as a way of deepening one’s relation with God,

remembering God by zikr (reciting name) sama or performance of mystical
music.
• Sufis too composed poems and a rich literature in prose, including anecdotes and
fables, The most notable writer of this period was Amir Khusrau the follower
of Nizamuddin Auliya.
• Sufi saints are credited with the invention of sitar and tabla.
• It contributed to the evolution of classical music. Khayal style owes a lot to
sufism.
• Amir Khusro was a disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya. He gives a unique form
to sama.
• Khusrow is sometimes referred to as the “Parrot of India”. His songs are sung in
several dargahs across the country. Khusrow is regarded as the “Father of
Qawwali”.
 •Founder -Kwaja Abdul Chisti.
•Originated in Persia and Central Asia.
•Moinuddin Chishti introduced the Chisti order in India.
•Baba Farid (Farīduddīn Ganjshakar) was a disciple of Moinuddin & his
Chisti
poems included in Guru granth sahib.
•Nizamuddin Auliya was called sidh/perfect due to yogi breathing exercises.
•Sama was mostly associated with Chisti.
•Belong to Ba sharia.
•Founder – Shaikh Shihabuddin Surhavardi.
•Main centre was Multan.
•Saints of this order were also rich and held important government positions.
Suhravardi
•Associated with Delhi Sultanate.
•A famous saint is Bahauddin Zachariah.
•Belong to Ba-sharia
•Founder – Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari
•Khwaja pir mohammad introduced Nakshabadi order in India during Akbar
reign.
Nakshabadi
•Orthodox Sect.
•Mujaddid opposed Shia, philosophy of Wahadat-ul-Shahdud , wrote ‘Red-i-
Khafid’ arrested by Jhangir
Social and Religious Reform Movements
• Reformist - These movements responded with the time and
scientific temper of the modern era.
• Revivalist - These movements started reviving ancient Indian
traditions and thoughts.
 Raja Rammohun Roy
• Raja Ram Mohan Roy - Bengal
• Raja Ram Mohan Roy is known as the father of Modern India,
‘Herald of New Age’, ‘Bridge between Past and Future. ‘First
Modern Man in India’ Father of Indian Renaissance, Pathfinder
of his Century etc.
• Atmiya Sabha (1815)
• Human dignity, opposed idolatry and criticized such social evils
• 1820 - ‘Precepts of Jesus’
• Supported the efforts of William Bentinck for abolition of sati
• Condemned polygamy and other forms of subjugation of
women.
• 1828 - founded Brahmo Samaj
• 1829 - the custom of sati was formally abolished
• 1843 - carried forward by Devendranath Tagore (Tatvabodhini
Sabha, Tatvabodhini Patrika Magazine).
• Appointed Kesab Chandra Sen
• Split in Brahmo Samaj - 1865
• Brahmo Samaj of India - Kesab Chandra Sen
• Adi Brahmo Samaj - Devendranath Tagore
Prarthana Samaj - 1867
• Atmaram Pandurang
• Off-shoot of Brahmo Samaj
• Reform movement within Hinduism
• Justice M.G.Ranade & R.G. Bhandarkar joined in 1870.
• Denounced idolatry, priestly domination, caste rigidities & preferred
monotheism.
• Inter-dining, intermarriage, widow remarriage and uplift of women
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar (1820-1891)
• Reformer in Bengal
• Principal of the Sanskrit College (in 1851)
• Opened Sanskrit college to non-Brahmin students as well
• He voiced encouraging widow remarriage in 1855
• Against child-marriage
• All his life, he campaigned against polygamy
• Organized thirty five girls schools in bengal
• First age of consent was included in the Indian Penal Code, which
was enacted in 1860
Arya Samaj - 1875
• Founded by Swami Dayananda Sarasvathi
• ‘Go back to Vedas’
• Both reformist/revivalist
• Lahore became the epicentre
• Opposed a ritual ridden Hindu religion
Ramakrishna Mission
• A humanitarian organisation
• Founded - Sri Rama Krishna Paramahamsa’s Chief disciple Swami
Vivekananda in 1897
• Swami Vivekananda
• Original name – Narendranath Dutta
• He emerged as the preacher of neo-Hinduism.
• Parliament of Religions held at Chicago in 1893
Theosophical Society
• Founders - Madame H.P. Blavatsky (1831–1891) and Colonel H.S
Olcott (1832-1907)
• Founded in the USA in 1875
• Later shifted to India at Adyar, Chennai in 1886
• Universal brotherhood of man
• Revival and strengthening of the ancient religion of Hinduism,
Zoroastrianism and Buddhism
Jyotiba Phule and Savitribai Phule
 Satyashodhak Samaj - Pune in 1873
 Movement against the upper caste domination
 Main aims of the movement:
 Social service
 Spread of education among women and lower caste people
 Complete abolition of the caste system

 Name of the book written by Mahatma Jyotiba Phule, is Gulamgiri. It was

written in 1873 by Jyotirao Govindrao Phule or Mahatma Jyotiba Phule.
Self-Respect Movement -1925
• E.V.Ramaswamy fondly known as Periyar
• Right to lead life with dignity and self-respect
• Vaikom Satyagraha
• Abolition of the evil social practices and protection of women rights.
• Establishment and maintenance of homes for orphans and widow and
opening of educational institutions for them
•GOVERNER GENERAL OF
BENGAL
Warren Hastings (1772-85)
• ● He became Governor of Bengal in 1772 and first Governor-General of Bengal in
1774, through the Regulating Act of 1773.
• ● He abolished the dual system of administration.
• ● Divided Bengal into districts and appointed collectors and other revenue
officials.
• ● Established India’s first Supreme Court in Calcutta. 1774
• ● He founded Asiatic Society of Bengal with William Jones in 1784 and wrote
introduction to the first English translation of the Gita by Charles Wilkins.
• Father Of judicial reforms
• ● Started Diwani and Faujdari adalats and the district level Sadar diwani and
Nizmat adalats (appellate courts).
• ● He redefined Hindu and Muslim laws. A translation of code in Sanskrit
appeared under the title ‘Code of Gentoo laws’.
• ● First Anglo-Maratha War occurred during his period, which ended with
Treaty of Salbai (1776-82).
• ● Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-84), ended with Treaty of Mangalore.
• ● Rohilla War in 1774.
• ● Pitts India Act, 1784 and Edmund Burke Bill, 1783 was passed.
• ● Deprived zamindar of their judicial powers. Maintenance of records was
made compulsory.
• ● Impeachment proceedings started against him in Britain on the charges
of taking bribes. After a trial of 7 years, he was finally acquitted.
Lord Cornwallis (1786-1793)
• ● First person to codify laws (1793). The code separated the revenue
administration from the administration of justice.
• ● He started the Permanent Settlement of Bengal.
• ● He created the post of District Judge. He is known as Father of Civil
Services in India.
• Third Anglo-Mysore War and the Treaty of Seringapatnam.
• ● He undertook police reforms.
• ● Reform of the Judiciary (1793) setting up courts at different levels
and separation of revenue administration from Judicial
administration.
Cornwallis Code
• Cornwallis Code was introduced in 1793 with following features.
• It was based on the concept of separation of powers.
• The Collector was the head of the revenue administration and
divested him of all the judicial and magisterial powers.
• District judge was appointed as the head of the judiciary at the
district level. A gradation of civil courts was set-up.
• The distinction between revenue and civil cases abolished
Sir John Shore (1793-1798)
• ● He played an important role in planning the Permanent Settlement.
• ● He introduced First Charter Act (1793).
• ● He was famous for his policy of non-interference.
• ● Battle of Kharla between Nizam and Marathas (1759).
Lord Wellesley (1798-1803)
• ● Introduced the system of Subsidiary Alliance.
Madras presidency was formed during his tenure.
• ● In Fourth Anglo-Mysore War 1799, Tipu Sultan
died.
• ● First subsidiary treaty with Nizam of Hyderabad.
• ● Second Anglo-Maratha War.
• ● In 1800, he set-up Fort William College in Calcutta.
He was famous as Bengal Tiger. He brought the
Censorship of Press Act, 1799
 Subsidiary Alliance
• ■ The subsidiary alliance system was used by Wellesley to bring Indian
states within the orbit of British political power.
• ■ Under this system, the ruler of the allying Indian state was compelled to
accept the Permanent Stationing of a British force within his territory and
to pay a subsidy for its maintenance. British promised that they will not
interfere in the internal affairs but this was a promise they seldom kept.
• ■ It disarmed the Indian states and threw British protectorate over them.
• ■ First to accept subsidiary alliance was Nizam of Hyderabad 1798, the
second was the Nawab of Awadh, 1801.
• ■ The Peshwa, the Bhonsle, the Scindhia and Rajputs of Jodhpur, Jaipur
accepted the subsidiary alliance.
• Sir George Barlow (1805-07)
• ● Vellore mutiny (1806, by soldiers).
• ● Second Anglo-Maratha War ended.
• Lord Minto I (1807-1813)
• ● Treaty of Amritsar (1809) with Ranjit Singh.
• ● The Charter Act of 1813 ended the monopoly of East India
Company in India.
Lord Hastings (1813-23)
• ● Adopted the policy of intervention and war.
• ● Anglo-Nepal War (1813-23).
• ● Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-18).
• ● Introduced the Ryotwari settlement in Madras by Thomas Munro,
the Governor.
• ● Treaty of Sangli with Gorkhas (1816).
• ● Treaty of Poona (1817) with the the Peshwa.
• ● Suppression of Pindaris (1817-1818).
Lord Amherst (1823-28)
• ● First Anglo Burmese War (1824-26), signed Treaty of Gandaboo
• ● Acquisition of Malaya Peninsula and Bharatpur (1826).
•Governor-General of India
Lord William Bentinck 1828-1835
• First Governor-General of India (Charter Act of 1833 made
Governor-General of Bengal as Governor-General of India.)
• Abolition of Sati 1829

• Suppression of infanticide and child sacrifices.

• English Education Act of 1835

• Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata

• Sir Charles Metcalfe
• (1835-36)
• Passed the famous Press Law, which liberated the press in India.
• He is known as the liberator of press.

• Lord Auckland (1836-42)

• ● First Afghan War (1836-42).
• ● Death of Ranjit Singh (1839).
• Lord Ellenborough (1842-44)
• ● Brought an end to the Afghan War (1842).
• ● Abolished Slavery
• ● Sind was annexed by Charles Napier. He was appointed as First
Governor of Sind.
• Lord Hardinge (1844-48)
• ● First Anglo-Sikh War and the Treaty of Lahore.
Lord Dalhousie (1848-56)
• ● Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-49) and annexation of Punjab.
• ● Abolished titles and pensions.
• ● Widow Remarriage Act (1856).
• ● Introduced Doctrine of Lapse.
• ● Woods Educational Despatch of 1854.
• ● Introduction of the Railway, Telegraph and the Postal System in
1853.
• 1st Railway line connecting Bombay and Thane 1853
•
• ● Establishment of a separate Public Works Department in every
province.
• ● An Engineering College was established at Roorkee.
• ● Planned to open universities in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras on
the model of Universities of London.
• ● Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852).
• ● Santhal uprisings (1855-56).
• ● Charter Act of 1853.
VICEROYS OF INDIA
Lord Canning (1856-1862)
• ● Revolt of 1857.
• ● Universities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras were opened in 1857.
• ● He was last Governor-General appointed by the East India Company
and the first Viceroy.
• ● Passed the Government of India Act of 1858, which ended the rule
of the East India Company.
• ● The Doctrine of Lapse was withdrawn.
• The Indian Penal Code (1859) was passed.
• Income tax was introduced for the first time in 1858.
Lord Canning (1856-1862)
• ● Revolt of 1857.
• ● Universities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras were opened in 1857.
• ● He was last Governor-General appointed by the East India Company
and the first Viceroy.
• ● Passed the Government of India Act of 1858, which ended the rule
of the East India Company.
• ● The Doctrine of Lapse was withdrawn.
• The Indian Penal Code (1859) was passed.
• Income tax was introduced for the first time in 1858.
• ● The Indigo riots in Bengal.
• ● The Indian Councils Act of 1861 was passed, which proved to be a
landmark in the constitutional history of India.
• ● Indian High Court Act, (1861). Under this act, High Courts were
opened in 1865.
• ● Bombay and Madras founded in 1857.
• ASI-1861-Alexander Cunnignham
• Sir John Lawrence (1864-69)
• ● High Courts were established at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras in
1865.
• War with Bhutan in 1865.
• ● The Punjab Tenancy Act, was passed.
Lord Mayo (1869-72)
• ● Introduction of financial decentralisation in India and made the first
Provincial Settlement in 1870.
• ● He established the Department of Agriculture and Commerce.
• ● He organised the Statistical Survey of India. In 1872, the first Census
was done in India.
• He established the Rajkot College in Kathiawar and Mayo College at
Ajmer.
• He was the only Viceroy to be murdered in office by a convict in the
Andaman in 1872. SHER ALI
Lord Lytton (1876-80)
• ● Most unpopular Viceroy of India.
• ● Arranged the Grand Darbar in Delhi (in 1877), when the country
was suffering from severe famine.
• ● Passed the Royal Title Act, (1876) and Queen Victoria was declared
as Kaiser-i-Hind.
• ● He passed Arms Act, (1878) the infamous Vernacular Press Act,
(1878) and lowered the maximum age of ICS from 21 to 19 years.
• ● Second Anglo-Afgan War 1878-80.
• ● 1st Famine Commission under Starchy was appointed by him in
1878.
Lord Ripon (1880-1884)
• ● He was appointed by the Liberal Party under Gladstone.
• Repealed the Vernacular Press Act in 1882.
• ● The first Factory Act, came in 1881 (Improve the labour condition). In
rural areas, Local Boards were set-up in 1889, Madras Local Board Act, was
passed. He was famously known as “Father of Local Self Government”.
• ● First Official Census in India (1881).
• ● Famine code was adopted (1883).
• ● Appointed Hunter Commission for Educational reforms in 1882.
• ● Ilbeqrt Bill Controversy (1883-84), which empowered Indian Judges to
inquire into European cases.
• ● Foundation of Punjab University
Lord Dufferin (1884-88)
• ● Third Anglo-Burmese War and annexation of Burma (1885).
• ● Formation of Indian National Congress (INC) in 1885.
• ● Bengal Tenacy Act, in 1885.
• ● Dufferin called the Indian National Congress as ‘microscopic
minority’.
Lord Lansdowne (1888-94)
• ● Factory Act, of 1891.
• ● Indian Council Act, of 1892.
• ● Civil Services were classified- Imperial, Provincial and Subordinate
services.
• ● In 1891, Age of Consent Act, under which marriage of girl below 12
years was prohibited.
• ● Appointment of Durand Commission in 1893 to define the line
between British India and Afghanistan.
• Lord Elgin II (1894-1899)
• ● The Santhal uprising of 1899.
• ● Munda uprising of 1899.
• ● Lyall Commission appointed after famine.
• ● Assassination of two British officials by the Chapekar brothers in
1897.
• ● Plague spread in Bombay
Political organization & INC
Sessions
Bengal
• Bangabhasaha Prakasika Sabha 1836
• Associates of Raja Ram Mohan Roy
• • Promotion of Bengali education and build public opinion
• • Demanded for freedom of press; entry of Indians to higher offices; etc
• Zamindari Association/ Landholders’ Society 1838 Dwarkanath Tagore
• • To safeguard the interests of landlords.
• • Only legal machinery was used to raise their demands.
• British India Society* 1839 (England) William Adam, Friend of Raja Ram Mohan
Roy
• • To make general public of England familiar with the condition of Indians.
• • Also used legal machinery to raise their demands.
• The Bengal British India Society 1843 George Thomson.
• • To present the actual condition of people of British India.
• British Indian Association (1851/Calcutta): Devendranath Tagore &
Radhakant Deb
• • It is the merger of Zamindari Association and the Bengal British India
Society.
• • raised many demands like separate legislative council, abolition of stamp
duties, etc.
• The East India Association* 1866 (London) Dada Bhai Naoroji
• • Welfare of Indians.
• • To make general public of England familiar with the condition of Indians
• The Indian League 1875 Sisir Kumar Ghosh
• • Instigate the feelings of nationalism.
• The Indian Association of Calcutta (Indian National Association)
1876 Surrendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose
• • To unify public opinion on key political issues.
• • Voice was raised for civil services reform.
• • It was later merged with Indian National Congress.
Bombay
• Bombay Association (Bombay Native Association) 1852 Jagannath
Shankersheth, Sir Jamshedji Bhai, Naoroji Fardonji, Dadabhai Naoroji
• • They used to take up public grievances through constitutional means.

• The Poona Sarvajanik Sabha at Pune 1867 Mahadeva Govind Ranade

• • They fought for legal rights of peasants and farmers.
• • Connected common people with the British Government.
• • B. G. Tilak was also a member of this Sabha.

• The Bombay Presidency Association 1885 Badruddin Tyabji, Pherozshah Mehta

and K. T. Telang
• • It was aimed at opposing Lord Lytton’s policies and the controversial Ilbert Bill.
• Madras Native Association 1849 Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty
• • It was first of such type in Madras.

• The Madras Mahajan Sabha 1884

• M. Viraraghavachari, B. Subramaniya Aiyer and P. Ananda Charlu

• • It was formed to oppose government policies through peaceful

ways
THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
• The National Conference in 1883, decided to invite prominent public
men and associations to discuss questions on general concern.
• Indian National Union–1884 was formed by AO Hume. The National
Conference and the Indian National Union merged to form the Indian
National Congress in 1885.
• The first meeting of INC was organised by AO Hume at Gokuldas
Tejpal Sanskrit College on 28th December, 1885 in Bombay. AO Hume
was a retired British Civil Servant. Meeting was presided over by
Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee and attended by 72 delegates.
• #The INC was founded in December 28, 1885 at the Gokuldas Tejpal
Sanskrit College, Bombay.
• #72 delegates participated in the first session of the INC.
• #It was founded by A.O. Hume a retired Civil Servant.
• #W.C. Banerjee was the first president of INC.
• Safety Valve Theory British historians argue that Hume’s main
purpose was to provide a safety valve to the growing discontent
among the educated Indians.
THE INDIAN
NATIONAL
MOVEMENT
Indian Independence
• Attlee’s Statement ( 20th February, 1947)
• ● A deadline of 30th June, 1948
• Mountbatten Plan (3rd June, 1947)
• 15th August, 1947.
• Indian Independence Act, 1947
• ● On 18th July, 1947, British Parliament ratified the Mountbatten Plan
as the Independence of India Act,
• On 15th August, 1947, India got independence. India requested
Mountbatten to continue as the Governor-General of India. Jinnah
became the first Governor-General of Pakistan1947.
1918
VICEROYS OF INDIA
Lord Curzon (1899-1905)
• ● Appointed a Police Commission in 1902 under Andrew Frazer.
• ● Universities Commission appointed in 1902, under Thomas Railey.
• Delhi Darbar 1903 King Edaward
• ● Indian Universities Act, passed in 1904.
• ● Famine Commission under Macdonell.
• ● Partition of Bengal (16th October, 1905).
•●
• The risings of the frontier tribes in 1897-98 led him to create the
North-Western Frontier Province.
• ● He passed the Ancient Monuments Protection Act, (1904) to
restore India’s cultural heritage.
• ● Passed the Indian Coinage and Paper Currency Act, (1899) and put
India on a gold standard.
• ● PUSA Agricultural Institute in 1903.
Lord Minto-II (1905-1910)
• ● Swadeshi Movement.
• ● Surat split (split in Congress between the moderates and the
extremists, 1907).
• ● Indian Councils Act, 1909 and Morley-Minto Reforms.
• ● Foundation of Muslim League, 1906.
• ● Newspapers Act, 1908.
Lord Hardinge-II (1910-1916)
• ● Annulment of the Partition of Bengal in 1911.
• ● Bomb was thrown at Hardinge near Chandni Chowk, but escaped
unhurt. BY – Rash Behari Bose
• ● Transfer of capital from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911.
• ● Darbar in Delhi and Coronation of George V in 1911.
• ● In 1912, Bihar and Orissa separated from Bengal and, became a
new state.
• ● Establishment of Hindu Mahasabha by Madan Mohan Malviya
(1915).
• ● Gandhiji came back to India from South Africa (1915).
Lord Chelmsford (1916-21)
• ● Government of India Act, 1919 also known as Montague-Chelmsford
Reforms.
• ● Repressive Rowlatt Act, (1919).
• ● Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (13th April, 1919).
• ● Home Rule Movement both by Tilak and Annie Beasant.
• ● Saddler Commission on Education in 1917.
• ● Appointment of Hunter Commission to look into Jallianwala Bagh
Tragedy.
• ● Chambers of Prince, 1921, established.
• ● Non Co-operation Movement Started, Khilafat movement initiated.
• ● An Indian Sir SP Sinha was appointed as the Governor of Bengal.
Lord Reading (1921-1926)
• ● Rowlatt Act was repealed along with Press Act of 1910.
• ● Holding of simultaneous examination for the ICS in England and India
from 1923. Prince of Wales visited India in November, 1921.
• ● Moplah Rebellion (1921) took place in Kerala.
• ● Chauri-Chaura incident and withdrawal of Non-Coperation Movement.
• ● Formation of Swaraj Party by CR Das and Motilal Nehru (1923).
• ● Communist Party of India founded by MN Roy (1925).
• ● Kakori Train Conspiracy (1925).
• ● Vishwabharati University (1922).
• ● Lee Commission (1924) for public services.
• Young Hilton Committee for currency notes (1926
Lord Irwin (1926-1931)
• ● Simon Commission visited India in 1928.
• ● Deepawali declaration by Lord Irwin (1929).
• ● All India Youth Congress, 1928.
• ● Nehru Report, 1928.
• ● Lahore Session of the Congress, (1929) and Poorna Swaraj
declaration.
• ● First Round Table Conference 1930, Congress boycotted it.
•●
• Civil Disobedience Movement, 1930 started with.
• ● Dandi March (12th March, 1930).
• ● Gandhi-Irwin Pact, 5th March, 1931.
• ● Sharda Act, 1929, under which marriageable age of girls (14 years)
and boys (18 years) was raised.
• ● Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose founded
Independence of India League.
Lord Wellington (1931-1936)
• ● Second and Third Round Table Conferences.
• ● Communal Award by Mcdonald (British PM). Government of India
Act, 1935.
• ● Poona Pact was signed.

• During his period Orissa was separated from Bihar (1936) and a new
province Sind was created (1936), Burma separated from India as well
in 1935..
Lord Linlithgow (1936-43)
• ● First General Election (1936-37) Congress Ministries.
• ● SC Bose president of 51st INC (1938).
• ● Forward Bloc founded in 1939.
• ● Deliverance day by Muslim League 1939.
• ● Lahore Resolution of Muslim League (1940) demand of Pakistan.
• ● August Offer, 1940.
• ● ‘‘Divide & Quit’’ at the Karachi Session (1940). Passing of Quit India
resolution (1942).
• ● In Haripura Session (1939) of Congress, declared Complete
Independence.
• ● Cripps Mission, 1942.
• ● Quit India Movement, 1942.
• ● In 1943, Muslim League celebrated ‘Pakistan day’.
Lord Wavell (1943-47)
• ● CR Formula (Rajaji Formula), 1944.
• ● Wavell Plan and Shimla Conference, 1945.
• ● Cabinet Mission came to India in May, 1946. The Congress and the
Muslim league both rejected its proposals.
• ● Muslim League celebrated 16th August, 1946 as ‘Direct Action Day’.
• ● INA trials and the Naval Mutiny, 1946.
Lord Mountbatten (March to August, 1947)
• ● June third plan.
• ● Last British Viceroy of British India.
• ● First Governor-General of free India.
• ● Boundary commissions under Radcliffe.
• ● Introduction of Indian Independence Bill in the House of Commons.
C Rajagopalachari
• ● Last Governor-General of India.
• ● The only Indian Governor-General to remain in office from 21st
June, 1948 to 25th January, 1950.
 GOVERNOR GENERALS OF BENGAL
1772-1785 Warren Hastings First Governor of Bengal
Regulating Act of 1773
Pitt’s India Act of 1784

The Rohilla War of 1774

The First Maratha War in 1775-82 and the Treaty

of Salbai in 1782

Second Mysore War in 1780-84

Supreme court at Calcutta 1774

Asiatic Society of Bengal 1784
1786-1793 Lord Cornwallis Third Mysore War (1790-92) and

Treaty of Seringapatam (1792)

Cornwallis Code (1793)

Permanent Settlement of Bengal, 1793

1798-1805 Lord Wellesley Introduction of the Subsidiary Alliance System (1798)

Fourth Mysore War (1799)

Second Maratha War (1803-05)

Establishment of Madras presidency

Establishing Fort William College at Calcutta
1813-1823 Lord Hastings The policy of Non-intervention came to an end
third Anglo-Maratha war 1817-1819
Abolition of Peshwaship
Establishment of the Ryotwari system in Madras (By
Thomas Munroe) and Bombay
Mahalwari system in north-western Provinces and
Bombay

1823-1828 Lord Amherst The annexation of Assam leading to the

first Burmese war of 1824,
The mutiny of Barrackpore in 1824
1823-1828 Lord Amherst •First Burmese War (1824-1826)

1828-1835 Lord William Bentinck First Governor-General of India (Charter

Act of 1833 made Governor-General of
Bengal as Governor-General of India.)
Abolition of Sati 1829
Suppression of infanticide and child
sacrifices.
English Education Act of 1835
Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata
(1836- •First Afghan War (1838-42) Lord Auckland (1836-1842)
1842)

(1844- •First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46) Lord Hardinge I (1844-1848)

1848) and the Treaty of Lahore
(1846).
•Social reforms like the
abolition of female infanticide
1849-1856 Lord Dalhousie introduced ‘Doctrine of Lapse‘
Doctrine of Good Governance
Charles Wood Dispatch 1854
Post Office Act, 1854
1st Railway line connecting Bombay and Thane 1853
Established engineering college in Roorkee
Second Anglo-Sikh War 1848-49
First telegraph line
Establishment of the Public Works Department
Abolition of titles and pensions.
Started Competitive examination for Indian Civil
Services
Widow Remarriage Act 1856
Lord Canning 1858-1862 Revolt of 1857
Establishment of three universities at Calcutta, Madras and
Bombay in 1857
Abolition of East India Company and transfer of control to
the Crown by the Government of India Act, 1858
Indian Councils Act of 1861
Lord Lawrence 1864 – 1869 Bhutan War (1865)
Establishment of the High Courts at Calcutta, Bombay and
Madras (1865)
Lord Mayo 1869 – 1872 •First Census in 1872
•Lord Mayo was the only
Governor-General who was killed
in India. He was killed by Sher Ali
Afridi in Port Blair
•Establishment of Statistical
Survey of India
Lord Northbrook 1872 – 1876 •Civil Marriage and Arya Samaj marriage
introduced
•Universal Marriage Act introduced in 1872
•Intercaste Marriage allowed
•Kuka Movement in Punjab
Lord Lytton 1876 – 1880 The Vernacular Press Act (1878)
The Arms Act (1878)
The Second Afghan War (1878-80)
Queen Victoria assumed the title of ‘Kaiser-
i-Hind’ or Queen Empress of India
Lord Ripon 1880 – 1884 Repeal of the Vernacular Press Act (1882)
The first Factory Act (1881)
Government resolution on local self-government
(1882)
The Ilbert Bill controversy (1883-84)
Hunter Commission on education (1882)
Lord Dufferin 1884 – 1888 •III Anglo-‐Burmese war (1885-‐1886)
•Indian National Congress was founded in 1885

Lord Lansdowne 1888 – 1894 Factory Act (1891).

Indian Councils Act (1892).
Setting up of Durand Commission (1893)
Lord Curzon (1899-1905) •Appointment of Police Commission (1902)
•Appointment of Universities Commission
(1902)
•Indian Universities Act (1904).
•Partition of Bengal (1905)
Lord Minto II (1905-1910) •Swadeshi Movements. (1905-11)
•Surat Split of Congress (1907)
•Establishment of Muslim League (1906)
•Morley-Minto Reforms(1909)
Lord Hardinge II (1910-1916) •Annulment of Partition of Bengal (1911)
•Transfer of capital from Calcutta to Delhi
(1911).
•Establishment of the Hindu Mahasabha (1915)
Lord Chelmsford (1916-1921) •Lucknow pact (1916)
•Champaran Satyagraha (1917)
•Montagu’s August Declaration (1917)
•Government of India Act (1919)
•The Rowlatt Act (1919)
•Jallianwalla Bagh massacre (1919)
th
•Launch of Non-Cooperation 1920 4 sep
•Khilafat Movements 1919 -1924

Lord Reading (1921-1926) •Chauri Chaura incident (1922)

•Withdrawal of Non-Cooperation
Movement (1922)
•Establishment of Swaraj Party(1922)
•Kakori train robbery (1925)
Lord Irwin (1926-1931) •Simon Commission to India (1927)
•Harcourt Butler Indian States Commission
(1927)
•Nehru Report (1928)
•Deepavali Declaration (1929)
•Lahore session of the Congress (Purna Swaraj
Resolution) 1929
•Dandi March and the Civil Disobedience
Movement (1930)
•First Round Table Conference (1930)
•Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931)

Lord Willingdon (1931-1936) •Communal Award (1932)

•Second & Third Round Table Conference (1932)
•Poona Pact (1932)
•Government of India Act of 1935
Lord Linlithgow (1936-1944) •Resignation of the Congress ministries after the
outbreak of the Second World War (1939)
•Tripuri Crisis & formation of Forward Bloc
(1939)
•Lahore Resolution of the Muslim League
(demand for a separate state for Muslims) 1940
•‘August Offer’ (1940)
•Formation of the Indian National Army (1941)
•Cripps Mission (1942)
•Quit India Movement (1942)

Lord Wavell (1944-1947) •C. Rajagopalachari’s CR Formula (1944)

•Wavell Plan and the Simla Conference (1942)
•Cabinet Mission (1946)
•Direct Action Day (1946)
•Announcement of end of British rule in India by
Clement Attlee (1947)
Lord Mountbatten (1947-1948) •June Third Plan (1947)
•Redcliff commission (1947)
•India’s Independence (15 August
1947)

Chakravarti Rajagopalachari (1948- •Last Governor-General of India,

1950) before the office, was permanently
abolished in 1950
• 1833–1856- We Met At Ellora & Had Dal-
• William, Metcalfe, Ellenbrough, Hardinge 1, Dalhousie
• 1856–1905- Can El Law May Broke Light Repair Duff Land in Elgin
Curse
• Canning, Elgin 1, Lawrence, Mayo, Brook, Lytton, Rippon, Dufferin,
Lansdwone, Elgin 2, Curzon
• 1905–1947- My Hard Ford Reading Irked Willy, Lilly, Wavy, Monty.-
• Minto 2, Hardinge 2, Chelmsford, Reading, Irwin, Willingdwon,
Linlithgow, Wavells and Mountbatten…
Lord Dufferin 1884 – 1888

Lord Lansdowne 1888 – 1894

Lord Elgin II 1894 – 1899
Lord Curzon 1899 – 1905

Lord Minto II 1905 – 1910

Lord Hardinge II 1910 – 1916

Lord Chelmsford 1916 – 1921

Lord Chelmsford 1916 – 1921

Lord Reading 1921 – 1926

Lord Reading 1921 – 1926

Lord Irwin 1926 – 1931

Lord Irwin 1926 – 1931
Lord Willingdon 1931 – 1936

Lord Linlithgow 1936 – 1944

Lord Linlithgow 1936 – 1944

Lord Wavell 1944 – 1947

Lord Mountbatten 1947-48
Youngest President of the Indian National
Congress.
☛ Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
• He was elected as a president at the age of
35.
 Leaders Nicknames
M K Gandhi Mahatma
Bapu
Father of the nation
Jawaharlal Nehru Chacha Nehru
Subhash Chandra Bose Netaji
Prince of Patriots
Rabindranath Tagore Gurudev
Kaviguru
Bal Gangadhar Tilak Lokamanya
Maratha Kesari
Father of Indian Unrest
Lala Lajpat Rai Punjab Kesari
Dadabhai Naoroji Grand old man of India
Chittaranjan Das Deshbandhu
Maharaja Ranjit Singh Lion of Punjab/ Sher-i-Punjab

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Frontier Gandhi

Badshah Khan/Bacha Khan
Ashutosh Mukherjee Tiger of Bengal/ Banglar Bagh

K. Kelappan Kerala Gandhi

Sarojini Naidu Nightingale of India
Vallabbhai Patel Sardar
Iron man of India
Indian Bismarck
Dr Rajendra Prasad Bihar Gandhi
Desh Ratna
Madan Mohan Malaviya Prince of beggars
Mahamana
Bhagat Singh Shaheed Bhagat Singh
Prince of martyrs
Shahid-e-azam
Bipin Chandra Pal Bengal Tiger
Raja Ram Mohan Roy Father of the Indian Renaissance
Maker of Modern India
Morning Star of India Renaissance
Gopal Hari Deshmukh Lokhitawadi
C Rajagopalachari Rajaji
Sheikh Abdullah Sher-e-Kashmir
Chandra Shekhar Azad Azad
E. V. Ramaswamy Periyar/Thanthai Periyar
Vaikom Veeran
Pazhassi Raja Kerala Simham/Lion of Kerala

Tipu Sultan Tiger of Mysore

Jyotirao Phule Mahatma Phule
Ishwar Chandra Bandyopadhyay Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

Bhikaiji Rustom Cama Madame Cama

Mother of Indian Revolution
Sir Surendranath Banerjee Rashtraguru
Indian Burke
Pherozeshah Mehta Father of Bombay Municipality

B. R. Ambedkar Baba Saheb

Ravishankar Vyas Ravishankar Maharaj
Father of Gujarat

Jayaprakash Narayan Lok Nayak

Charles Freer Andrews Deen Bandhu

Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Desh Priya

Abul Kalam Azad Maulana

Gopinath Bordoloi Lokapriya

Vinayak Narahari Bhave (Vinoba Bhave) Acharya

National Teacher of India
Spiritual Successor of Gandhi

Murlidhar Devidas Amte Baba Amte

C. N. Annadurai Anna
Arignar Anna