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Module - I
INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Introduction

In many of engineering problems that involve process of area evaluation at some stage in
their solution this process is called integration; the summing together of all the parts that make up
a given area. The area under the graph is called integral the function. We are familiar with the
integration in case of function of single variable i.e integration taken only once. Suppose if there
are two or three independent variables, then we have to take integration two times or three times
such integrals respectively double and triple integrals. In this module we will learn about multiple
integrals which are natural extension definite integrals to the integral of two variables (double
integral) and the integral of three variables (triple integral). Here, we will also see how double and
triple integrals are useful in evaluating area, volume, and centre of gravity.

Topic Learning Objectives:

Upon Completion of this module, student will be able to:

➢ Apply methods of evaluating multiple integrals by recognising the region of integration.

➢ Evaluate integrals by change of order of integration and by changing to polar coordinate
system.
➢ Apply the concepts for computing areas and volume etc., associated with engineering
problems.
➢ Understand the existence of improper integrals- Beta and Gamma functions, multiple
integrals and the mathematical expressions.

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Some important integral formulas:

x n +1 17)  sec h xdx = tanh x

2
 x dx = , if n  −1
n
1)
n +1
18)  cos ech xdx = − coth x
2

1
2)  xdx = log e x dx
= sin −1 ax
19)  a −x2 2
 e dx = e
x x
3)
dx x + x2 + a2
ax 20)  = sinh −1 ax = log
 a dx =
x
4) a2 + x2 a
log e x
dx x + x2 − a2
5)  sin xdx = − cos x 21)  = cosh −1 ax = log
x2 − a 2 a
6)  cos xdx = sin x
dx 1 a+x
7)  tan xdx = − log cos x = log sec x 22)  = log
a−x
a 2 − x 2 2a
8)  cot xdx = log sin x dx 1 −1 x
9)  sec xdx = log(sec x + tan x)
23) a 2 + x 2 a tan a
=
dx 1 x−a
10)  cosecxdx = log(cosecx − cot x) 24)  = log
x −a
2 2 2a x+a
11)  sec xdx = tan x
2
x a 2 − x 2 a 2 −1 x
25)  a − x dx = + sin
2 2
12)  cos ec xdx = − cot x
2
2 2 a
13)  sinh xdx = cosh x x a2 + x2 a2 x
26)  a + x dx =
2 2
+ sinh −1
14)  cosh xdx = sinh x 2 2 a
15)  tanh xdx = log cosh x x x2 − a2 a2 x
27)  x − a dx =
2 2
− cosh −1
16)  coth xdx = log sinh x 2 2 a

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n
Reduction formula for  sin xdx
 (n − 1)(n − 3)............1  if n is even
  n(n − 2)(n − 4)...........2  2
2

0 sin xdx = 
n

(n − 1)(n − 3)............2
 n(n − 2)(n − 4)...........3
 if n is odd
n
Reduction formula for  cos xdx :

 (n − 1)(n − 3)............1  if n is even

  n(n − 2)(n − 4)...........2  2
2

  cosn xdx = 
0  (n − 1)(n − 3)............2
 n(n − 2)(n − 4)...........3
 if n is odd

m n
Reduction formula for  sin x cos xdx
 (m − 1)(m − 3).........(n − 1)(n − 3)..........  if both are even
  (m + n)(m + n − 2)...............................  2
2 
 I m, n =  sin m x cosn xdx = 
0  (m − 1)(m − 3).........(n − 1)(n − 3)......... other wise
 (m + n)(m + n − 2).................................


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MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

Introduction:

• Let z = f(x,y) be defined in a closed and bounded region R of two dimensional space.
By means of a grid of vertical and horizontal lines parallel to the coordinate axes, form a
partition P of R into n rectangular subregions Rk of areas Ak that lie entirely in R as given in
Fig. 3.1.

Fig.1. 1 Partition into rectangular subregions.

• Choose a sample point (x* ,y* ) in each subregion Rk .

• Form the sum ∑nk=1 f(x* ,y* )ΔAk .

Let f be a function of two variables defined on a closed region R of two dimensional space as
shown in Fig. 4.2. Then the double integral over R is given by
∬R f(x,y)dA= lim ∑nk=1 f(x*k ,y*k )ΔAk
||P→0||

If the above limit exists then f is integrable over R and that R is the region of integration. When
f is continuous on R, then f is necessarily integrable over R.

Area: When f(x,y)=1 on 𝑅, then lim ∑nk=1 ΔAk simply gives the area A of the region, that is,
||P→0||
A= ∬R dA

Note: dA= dxdy is called as area element.

Fig. 1.2 Double integral.

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Volume: If f(x,y)≥0 on R, then as shown in figure, the product f(x* ,y* )ΔAk can be interpreted as
the volume of a rectangular prism of height f(x* ,y* ) and base of area ΔAk . The summation of
volumes ∑nk=1 f(x* ,y* )ΔAk is an approximation to the volume V of the solid above the region R
and below the surface z=f(x,y). The limit of this sum as ||P||→0, if it exists, gives the exact
volume of this solid; that is, if f is nonnegative on R, then

V= ∬ f(x,y) dA
R
Properties of Double Integrals:

Let f and g be functions of two variables that are integrable over a region R. Then

(i) ∬R kf(x,y) dA = k ∬R f(x,y) dA, where k is a constant

(ii) ∬R [f(x,y) ± g(x,y)] dA = ∬R f(x,y) dA ± ∬R g(x,y) dA
(iii) ∬R f(x,y) dA = ∬R1 f(x,y) dA+ ∬R2 f(x,y) dA,
where R1 and R2 are subregions of R that do not overlap and R=R1 ∪R2 as given in Fig. 4.3.

Fig.1. 3 Non overlapping subregions R1 and R2 .

Evaluation of double Integrals:

Regions of Type I and II

R:a ≤ x ≤ b, g1 (x) ≤ y ≤ g2 (x), where the boundary functions g1 and g2 are continuous, is called
a region of Type I as shown in Fig. 4.4.

Fig. 1.4 Type I region.

g (x)
Since the partial integral ∫g 2(x) f(x,y)dy is a function of x alone, integrate the resulting function
1
with respect to x. If 𝑓 is continuous on a region of Type I, integral of f over the region is
b g (x) b g (x)
∫a ∫g 2(x) f(x,y)dy dx= ∫a [∫g 2(x) f(x,y)dy] dx.
1 1

The partial integral with respect to y gives a function of x, which is then integrated in the usual

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manner from x=a to x=b. The end result of both integrations will be a real number.

R:c ≤ y ≤ d, h1 (y) ≤ x ≤ h2 (y), where the boundary functions h1 and h2 are continuous, is
called a region of Type II as shown in Fig. 4.5.

Fig.1. 5 Type II region.

h (y)
Since the partial integral ∫h 2(y) f(x,y)dx is a function of 𝑦 alone, integrate the resulting function
1
with respect to 𝑦. If f is continuous on a region of Type II, we define an iterated integral off over
the region by
d h2 (y) d h2 (y)
∫c ∫h (y) f(x,y)dx dy= ∫c [∫h (y) f(x,y)dx] dy.
1 1
The partial integral with respect to x gives a function of y, which is then integrated in the usual
manner from y=c to y=d. The end result of both integrations will be a real number.

Problems:
4 5
1. Evaluate ∫1 ∫3 x2 y dy dx
Solution: Here it is given that the order of integration is first w.r.t. to y and then w.r.t. x.
Therefore the limits for 𝑥 are 𝑥: 1 → 4 and that of 𝑦 are 𝑦: 3 → 5. As the limits for both x and y
are constants, they repressent straight lines parallel to cordinate axes and the region bounded by
them is a rectangle.

4 5 4 5
∴ ∫1 ∫3 x2 y dy dx = ∫x=1 x2 ( ∫y=3 y dy) dx
4 y2
= ∫x=1 x2 ( 2 ) |5y=3 dx
4 x3 4
= ∫x=1 8x2 dx=8 | =168.
3 1

1 √x
2. Evaluate ∫0 ∫x xy dy dx
Solution: Here it is given that one of the limits are variables i.e., x→√x therefore the order
integration is first w.r.t. to y and then w.r.t. x. Limit of integration are given by y:x→√x and
x:0→1

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√x
1 √x 1 √x 1 y2 1 1
∫0 ∫x xy dy dx = ∫x=0 ( ∫y=x y dy) dx= ∫x=0 x ( 2 ) dx = 2 ∫x=0 (x2 -x3 ) dx
x

1
1 𝑥3 𝑥4 1
=2(3 − ) = 24 .
4 0

1 √1-y2
3. ∫0 ∫0 x3 y dx dy
Solution: Here the limit of integration are given by y :0→1 and x:0→√1-y2
√1-y2
1 √1-y2 1 √1-y2 1 𝑥4 1 1
∫0 ∫0 x3 y dx dy= ∫0 y ( ∫0 x3 dx) dy = ∫0 y ( 4 ) dy= 4 ∫0 (y+y5 -2y3 ) dy
0
1
1 𝑦2 𝑦6 𝑦4 1
=4( 2 + −2 ) = 24 .
6 4 0

π cosθ
4. Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 r sinθ dr dθ
Solution: Here the limit of integration are given by r:0→cosθ and r:0→π

cosθ
π cosθ π cosθ π 𝑟2
∫0 ∫0 r sinθ dr dθ = ∫0 sinθ ( ∫0 r dr) dθ= ∫0 sinθ ( 2 ) dθ
0
1 π
= 2 ∫0 sinθ cos2 θ dθ
using the substitution cosθ=t→-sinθ dθ=dt, we get
1 -1 1 t3 1
= 2 ∫1 t2 dt=- 2 3 1-1= 3 .

-x2
∞ ∞ 1
5. Show that ∫0 ∫y x e y dx dy= 2
Solution: Here the limit of integration are given by y:0→∞ and x:y→∞
-x2 -x2 -x2
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ y 2x ∞ y
∫0 ∫y xe y dx dy= ∫0 [ ∫y (- 2 e y (- y )) dx] dy= ∫0 (- 2 e ) dy y

∞ y -y 1 𝑦𝑒 −𝑦 ∞ ∞ e-y 1 𝑒 −𝑦 ∞ 1
= ∫0 e dy= [2 ] - ∫0 - -1 dy= [2 ] =2.
2 −1 0 −1 0

dx dy
6. Evaluate ∬R over the space R:0≤x≤1, 0≤y≤1, 0≤x, y≤1.
x+y+1
Solution: Here the limit of integration are given by y:0→1 and x:0→1
dx dy 1 1 dx 1
∬R x+y+1 = ∫0 ( ∫0 x+y+1) dy= ∫0 log(x+y+1)10 dy
1
= ∫0 (log(y+2)-log(y+1)) dy
=[(y+2)log(y+2)-(y+2)-(y+1)log(y+1)+(y+1)]10
27
=log (16) .

7. Evaluate ∬R (x2 +y2 ) dx dy where R is the triangle bounded by the lines y=0, y=x and x=1
as given in Fig. 4.6.
Solution:
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Fig. 1.6 Triangular region.

Here the minimum value of x is 0 and maximum value is 1. Therefore x varies from 0 to 1,
and y varies from the line 0 to the line y=x as shown in the figure. i.e. x:0→1 and y:0→x
1 x
∬R (x2 +y2 ) dx dy = ∫x=0 ∫y=0 (x2 +y2 ) dy dx
x
1 x 1 y3
= ∫0 ( ∫0 (x2 +y2 )dy)dx= ∫0 (x2 y+ 3 ) dx
0
1
1 x3 1 4x3 4 𝑥4 1
= ∫0 (x3 + 3 ) dx= ∫0 3 dx= 3 [ 4 ] = 3 .
0

8. Evaluate ∬A xy dx dy where A is area bounded by the circle x2 +y2 =a2 in the first quadrant
as shown in Fig. 4.7.
Solution:

Fig. 1.7 Circular region.

Here the minimum value of x is 0 and maximum value is a. Therefore x varies from 0 to a,
and y varies from the line 0 to the circle x2 +y2 =a2 →y=√a2 -x2 as shown in the figure. i.e.
x:0→a and y:0→√a2 -x2 .
√a2 -x2
a √a2 -x2 a √a2 -x2 a 𝑦2
∬A xy dx dy= ∫0 ∫0 xy dy dx= ∫0 x ( ∫0 y dy) dx= ∫0 x [ 2 ] dx
0
a
1 a 1 x2 x4 a4
= 2 ∫0 (a2 x-x3 ) dx= 2 [a2 - 4] = 8 .
2 0

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Exercise:
Evaluate the following integral
ln8 lny
1. ∫1 ∫0 ex + y dx dy
2 𝑥 dy dx
2. ∫1 ∫0 x2 +y2
1 √1+𝑥2 dy dx
3. ∫0 ∫0 1+x2 +y2

Answers:
𝜋 𝜋
1. 8 ln8 – 16 + e 2. log2 3. log(1+√2)
4 4

Change of order of integration:

Reversing the Order of Integration: A problem may become easier when the order of
integration is changed or reversed. Also, some integrals that may be impossible to evaluate using
one order of integration can perhaps be evaluated using the reverse order of integration.

Problems:
a a x
1. Change the order of integration in ∫0 ∫y x2 +y2 dx dy and hence evaluate.
Solution:

Fig. 1.8 Triangular region.

From the limits of integration, it is clear that the region of integration is bounded by x=y, x=a y=0
and y=a. Thus from Fig 4.8, the region of integration is ΔOAB and is divided into horizontal
strips. For changing the order of integration, we divide the region of integration into verticle strips.
The new limits of integration becomes y:0→x and x:0→a
a a x a x x a 1 y 𝑥 a π
∫0 ∫y dx dy = ∫0 ∫o dy dx= ∫0 (x x tan-1 x) dx= ∫0 dx
x2 +y2 x2 +y2 0 4
𝜋 𝑎 πa
= [ 4 x] = .
0 4

a 2√ax
2. Change the order of integration in ∫0 ∫0 x2 dy dx and hence evaluate.
Solution:

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Fig 1.9 Parabolic curve.

After changing the order of integration, limit of integration can be obtained from Fig 4.9 as
follows:
y2
y:0→2a and x: 4a →a

a 2√ax 2a a 2a a 2a
2
𝑥3 a3 y72
∫ ∫ x dy dx = ∫ ∫ x dx dy= ∫ [ ] 2 dy= ∫ [ - ] dy
3 y 3 192a3
0 0 0 y2 0 4a 0
4a
2a
a3 y6 4 4
= [ y- ] = a.
3 192a3 ×7 0 7

∞ ∞ e-y
3. Change the order of integration in ∫0 ∫x dy dx and hence evaluate.
y
Solution: After changing the order of integration, limit of integration are given by y:0→∞ and
x:0→y from Fig. 4.10

Fig 1.10 Symmetric line y=x.

∞ ∞ e-y ∞ y e-y ∞ e-y ∞

∫0 ∫x dy dx= ∫0 ∫0 dx dy= ∫0 [𝑥]y0 dy= ∫0 e-y dy=[-e-y ]∞
0 =1.
y y y

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1 2− x
x
4. Change the order of integration and hence evaluate the integral   y
dxdy
0 x
Solution: The region of integration is the shaded portion shown in the Fig 4.11 below
Y
y=x
x=0

B
y=1 A (1,1)
M
X
0 y=2-x

Fig 1.11 Triangular region

To get the limits for x first, we need to divide the shaded area into two parts AMB and AMO where x
values are 0 to 2-y and 0 to y respectively. The respective y values are 1 to 2 and 0 to 1.
The given integral is now

1 y 2 2− y
x x
=   y
dxdy +   y
dxdy
y −0 x −0 y −1 x − 0

1 2
y 2 y 
=  dy + 
 + − 2 dy = 2 ln 2 -1.
y −1
2 y 2 
y −0

Exercise:
Evaluate the following integrals by changing the order of integration.
∞ x 𝑥 2⁄
1. ∫0 ∫0 𝑥e- 𝑦 dy dx
a √𝑥⁄𝑎
2. ∫0 ∫𝑥⁄ (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ) dy dx
𝑎

Answers:
𝑎2 𝑎
1. ½ 2. + 20
28

Change of variables:
In some instances a double integral ∬R f(x,y)dA that is difficult or even impossible to evaluate
using rectangular coordinates may be readily evaluated when a change of variables is used.
An approximation choice of coordinates quite often facilitates the evaluation of a double integral.
By changing the variables a given integral can be transformed into a simpler integral involving the
new variables.

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1. 𝒖𝒗-plane: In a double integral, let the variables (x,y) be changed to the new variables (u,v)
by the transformation. x=ϕ(u,v) and y=ψ(u,v), where ϕ(u,v) and ψ(u,v) are continuous and have
continuous first order derivatives in some region Ruv ' in the uv-plane which corresponds to the
region Rxy in the xy-plane. Then
∬R f(x,y) dx dy= ∬R ' f(ϕ(u,v),ψ(u,v)) |J| du dv
xy uv
∂(x,y)
where J= ∂(u,v) ,(≠0) is the Jacobian of the transformation from (x,y) to (u,v) coordinates.
2. In Polar coordinates: If x=rcosθ and y=rsinθ with r2 =x2 +y2 then
∬Rxy f(x,y) dx dy= ∬Rrθ ' f(rcosθ,rsinθ) r dr dθ
∂(x,y)
where J= ∂(r,θ) =r.

Problems:
∞ ∞ 2 2
1. Transform to polar coordinates and hence evaluate ∫0 ∫0 e-(x +y ) dx dy.
Solution: In polar form, we have x=rcosθ, y=rsinθ x2 +y2 =r2 and dxdy=|J|drdθ with |J|=r.
Since 𝑥, 𝑦 varies from 0 to ∞, 𝑟 also varies from 0 to ∞. In the first quadrant θ varies form 0
to π/2.
∞ ∞ 2 2 π/2 ∞ 2
∴ ∫0 ∫0 e-(x +y ) dx dy= ∫θ=0 ∫r=0 e-r r dr dθ
dt
put r2 =t⇒rdr= 2
π/2 ∞ 2 π/2 ∞ e-e
-t
π/2 1 π/2 1 π/2 π
∴ ∫θ=0 ∫r=0 e-r r dr dθ= ∫θ=0 ∫t=0 dt dθ= ∫0 [-e-t ]∞
0 dθ= 2 ∫0 dθ= [2 θ] =4.
2 0

a √a2 -x2
2. Evaluate ∫-a ∫0 √x2 +y2 dy dx by changing to polar coordinates.
Solution: In polar form, x=rcosθ, y=rsinθ, x2 +y2 =r2
and dxdy=|J|drdθ with |J|=r.
a
a √a2 -x2 π a π a r3
∴ ∫-a ∫0 √x2 +y2 dy dx = ∫θ=-π ∫r=0 r2 dr dθ= ∫θ=-π dθ× ∫r=0 r2 dr=[θ]π-π -ππ× [ 3 ]
0
2πa3
= .
3
a a
x
3. Change to polar coordinates and hence evaluate 
0 y x2 + y2
dxdy

Solution: The region of integration is as shown in Fig 12 below

Y
x=y

y=a

X
0 y=0 x=a

Fig 1.12 Bounded triangular region

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We see that  ranges from 0 to /4 in the shaded region. R ranges from 0 to x = a i.e., a sec .
The given integral

4 a sec
=  
0 0
r cos2  drd

4
a2 a2 
=  sec d = ln ( sec + tan  ) 0 4
0
2 2

=
a2
2
ln ( 2 +1 .)

Exercise:
Evaluate the following integrals by changing to polar coordinates.

a a
x2
1. 
0 y x2 + y 2
dx dy .

x2 − y 2
4a y
2.  
0 y2
x2 + y 2
dx dy .
4a

Answers:
a3  5
1. log(1 + 2) , 2. 8a2 ( − )
3 2 3

Area enclosed by plane curves:

Evaluation of area:
Note: 1. In the Cartesian system, area of the region R =  dxdy .
R

2. In the polar coordinate system, area of the region R =  rdrd .

R

Problems:

x2 y2
1. Find the area bounded by one quadrant of the ellipse + =1
a2 b2
Solution: In Fig. 4.13, the given region x varies from 0 to a and for each x, y varies from 0 to
1/2
x2
a point on the ellipse. i.e., y=b (1- a2 ) .

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Fig 1.13 Area bounded by one quadrant of the ellipse

1/2
x2 1/2
a b(1- 2 ) a x2 b a
a
∴A = ∫x=0 ∫y=0 dy dx= ∫0 [b (1- a2 ) ] dx= a ∫0 √a2 -x2 dx
a
a2 -1 x
b x√a2 -x2 sin b a2 π π
2 a
=a[ + ] = a [ 2 2] = 4 ab.
2 2
0
π
Note: It follows that the whole area bounded by the ellipse is 4× 4 ab=πab.

2. Find the area between the parabolas y 2 = 4ax and x2 = 4ay.

Solution:
4a √4ay 4a y2 4a y2
A = ∫0 ∫y2 dx dy= ∫0 x 4a √4aydy= ∫0 [√4ay- 4a] dy
4a
4a
√4ay3/2 y3 16 2
=[ - 4a(3)] a= a.
3/2 0 3

3. Find the area bounded by the circle x2 + y2 = a2 and the line x + y in the first quadrant.
Solution: In the given region x varies from 0 to a and y varies from x + y to x2 + y2 = a2
from Fig. 14.

Fig 1.14 Area bounded by circle and line.

a √a2 -x2 a √ 2 2 a
A = ∫0 ∫a-x dy dx= ∫0 [x]a-xa -x dx= ∫0 [√a2 -x2 -(a-x)] dx
2 a
x a -1 x x2 a2
= [2 √a2 -x2 + 2 sin (a) -ax+ 2 ] = 4 (2π-1).
0

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4. Find the area between the parabola y = 4x - x2 and the line y = x, using double
integration.
Solution: The required area is A=  dxdy . From Fig. 15, we can determine the limits of the
R
integrations and evaluate A as,
(2,4) y=x

(3,3)

Fig 1.15 Area between parabola and line

3 4x − x 2
 dxdy =  (3x − x )dx
3
A= 
2

x −0 y − x x −0

3
3 x3  9
=  x2 −  = .
0 
2 3  2

5. Find the area which is inside the cardioid 𝑟 = 2(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) and outside the circle r = 2.
Solution: Since r = 2 is a circle centred at the origin and of radius 2.
𝜋⁄ 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝐴 = ∫−𝜋⁄2 ∫2 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
2
𝜋⁄ 𝑟 2 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= 2 ∫0 2 [ 2 ] 𝑑𝜃
2
𝜋⁄
= 4 ∫0 2(2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 ⁄2
= 4 [2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 2 + ]
4 0
=𝜋+8

Exercise:
1. Find the area enclosed by y2 = 2x and the line y = x, using double integration.
2. Find the area included by the Lemniscate 𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 by double integral.
3. Find the area enclosed by the curve 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) and lying above the initial line

3𝜋𝑎2
Answers: 1. 2/3 2. a23 3. 4

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Problems on volume (Using double integration only)

1. A circular hole of radius b is made centrally through a sphere of radius a, find the volume of the
remaining portion of the sphere.
Solution: Let the centre of the sphere be taken as the origin and axis of the hole be taken as the
 zdxdy,
z-axis. Then the volume of the upper half of the hole is R

where
z = a 2 − x 2 − y 2 and R is the orthogonal projection of the surface for the hollow portion
z = a 2 − x 2 − y 2 in the xy-plane, that is, R is x2 + y2 = b2 . Hence, the volume of the circular
hole is
V1 = 2  a 2 − x2 − y 2 dxdy.
x2 + y 2 =b2

Using the polar co-ordinates, we obtain


2 b
 b
 1 2 2 3/2 
b

V1 = 2    a − r rdrd  = 4  a − r rdr = 4 − (a − r ) 
2 2 2 2

0 0  0  3 0
4 3
= [a − (a2 − b2 )3/2 ].
3
4 3
a V2 =
Since the volume of the sphere is 3 , hence the volume V of the remaining portion is
4 3 4 3 4 2 2 3/2
V = V2 − V1 = a − [a − (a2 − b2 )3/2 ] = (a − b ) .
3 3 3

2. Find the volume bounded by the xy-plane, the paraboloid 2z = x2 + y2 and the cylinder
x2 + y 2 = 4 .
1
Solution: It is clear that z = ( x2 + y2 ) is to be evaluated over the quadrant of the circle
2
x2 + y2 = 4 in the first quadrant for which x varies from 0 to 2 and y varies from 0 to 4 − x2 .
Therefore, the required volume V is
4− x2 4− x2 4− x2
2 2
1 2 2
1 y3 
V =4  zdydx =4   ( x + y 2 )dydx =4  x 2 y +  dx
x =0 y =0 x =0 y =0 2 0 2 3 0
 2 2 3/2   
2 2
1 1
= 2  x 4 − x + (4 − x ) dx = 2  x 2 4 − x 2 + (4 − x 2 )3/2 dx
2

0  0 
3 3
2
 3x 2 + 4 − x 2  2
2  2x + 4 
2
= 2 4− x  2
dx = 2 4 − x  dx
0  3  0  3 
22 −4 2 2

3 0  
= 4 − x 2 [−2(4 − x2 ) + 12] dx = (4 − x 2 3/2
) dx + 8 4 − x2 dx
3 0 0

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
Put x = 2sin  , dx = 2cos , when x = 0, = 0 and when x = 2, = ,
2
2
−4
 /2  x 4 − x 2 4 −1 x 
V =  (4 − 4sin  ) 2cos  d + 8  + sin 
2 3/2

3 0  2 2 2 
0
 /2
−4 −4 3 1 
=  8  2  cos 4  d + 8(0 + 2sin −1 1 − 0) = 16   + 8 = 4 .
3 0 3 4 2 2
3. Find the volume under the plane z = x + y and above the area cut from the first quadrant by
the ellipse 4x2 + 9 y2 = 36 .
Solution: The section of the ellipse 4x2 + 9 y2 = 36 in the xy-plane is 4x2 + 9 y2 = 36 . Now,
z = x + y is to be evaluated over the quadrant of the ellipse 4x2 + 9 y2 = 36 in the first quadrant
2
for which x varies from 0 to 3 and y varies from 0 to 9 − x2 .
3
Therefore the required volume V is,
2 2
9− x2 9− x2
3 3 3 3
V =  zdxdy =   ( x + y )dxdy
0 y =0 0 y =0
2
9− x2

3
y2  3  2
3
1 4 
=   xy +  dx =   x 9 − x 2 +  (9 − x 2 ) dx
0 2 0 0 3 2 9 
3
 1  2 
3
2 x3 
=  −    (−2 x)(9 − x 2 )1/2 dx +  9 x − 
 2  3  0 9 3 0
3
 1   (9 − x )  2  2
( )
2 3/2
2
=  −   + ( 27 − 9 ) =  −  0 − 9 + (18) = 10.
3/2

 3   3 / 2 0 9  9 9

Evaluation of triple integrals:

For the purpose of evaluating the ∭R f(x,y,z)dv over the region R can be expressed as an
iterated integral or repeated integral in the form
b h(x) ϕx,y
∭R f(x,y,z)dx dy dz= ∫a [∫g(x) {∫ψx,y f(x,y,z)dz} dy] dx
The above integral indicates three successive integrations to be performed in the following order
first w.r.t z keeping x and y as constants, then w.r.t y keeping x as constant and finally w.r.t to
x.

Note:

1. When an integration is performed w.r.t. a variable, that variable is eliminated completely from
the remaining integral.
2. If the limits are not constants then integration should be in the order in which dx, dy, dz is
given in the integral.
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3. Evaluation of the integral may be performed in any order if all the limits are constants.
4. If f(x,y,z)=1 then the triple integral gives the volume of the region.

One of the silmple application of triple integral is to find the volume of the solid. The volume
element is dV = dx dy dz (length× breadth× height), summation of all volume elements gives the
volume of a solid.
i,e V= ∭R dx dy dz

Problems:
1 1 1
1. Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 (x+y+z)dx dy dz.
Solution:
1 1 1 1 1 1
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 (x+y+z)dx dy dz = ∫0 ∫0 [∫0 (x+y+z)dx] dy dz
1 1 1 1
= ∫0 ∫0 [x2 /2+yx+zx]1z=0 dy dz= ∫0 ∫0 [1/2+y+z] dy dz
1 1
= ∫0 [1/2y+y2 /2+zy]1y=0 dz= ∫0 [1+z] dz
=[z+z2 /2]10 =3/2
1 2 2
2. Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 x2 yzdx dy dz.
Solution:
1 2 2
I = ∫0 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 ∫0 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ∫0 x2 𝑑𝑥
1 2 2
𝑧2 𝑦2 𝑥3
= (2) (2) (3)
0 0 0

=7/3
1 1-x 1-x-y 1
3. Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 (x+y+z+1)3
dz dy dx.
Solution:
1 1-x 1-x-y 1 1 1-x 1-x-y 1
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 (x+y+z+1)3
dz dy dx = ∫0 ∫0 [∫0 (x+y+z+1)3
dz] dy dx
1 1 1 1-x-y
= ∫0 ∫0 [−2(𝑥+𝑦+𝑧+1)2 ] dy dx
z=0
1 1 1-x 1 1
= -2 ∫0 ∫0 [4 - (x+y+1)2] dy dx
1 1 𝑦 1 1-x
= ∫0 [ + ] dx
-2 4 𝑥+𝑦+1 y=0
1 1 1-x 1 1
= -2 ∫0 [ 4 + 2 - 1+x] dx
1
1 (1-x)2 x
= -2 [- + 2 -log(1+x)]
8 x=0
1 5 log2 5
= -2 [8 -log2] = - 16 .
2
a π/2 π/2 2
4. Evaluate ∫r=0 ∫0 ∫0 r sinθ dϕ dθ dr

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Solution:

a π/2 π/2 2 a π/2 π/2 2

∫r=0 ∫0 ∫0 r sinθ dϕ dθ dr = ∫r=0 ∫0 ∫0 r sinθ dϕ dθ dr
a π/2 π/2
= ∫r=0 r2 dr ∫θ=0 sinθ dθ ∫ϕ=0 dϕ ∵ all the limits of integration are constant
a
r3 π/2 πa
3
= [ 3 ] ×[-cosθ]π/20 ×[ϕ] 0 = .
0 6
1 √1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
5. Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 xyz dz dy dx.
Solution:
1 √1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
I = ∫0 ∫0 [∫0 xyz dz] dy dx
√1−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
1 √1−𝑥 2 𝑧2
= ∫0 ∫0 𝑥𝑦 [ 2 ] dy dx
z=0
1 1 √1−𝑥 2
= 2 ∫0 ∫0 𝑥𝑦[1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ] dy dx
1 1 1 2
= 2 ∫0 𝑥 4 [2𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 4 ]√1−𝑥
0 dy dx
1 1
= 8 ∫0 [𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥] dx

1
= 48 .

Exercise:
Evaluate the following integral
a a-x a-x-y
1. ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 (x2 + y2 + z2 )dz dy dx.

a x x+y
2. ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ex + y + z dz dy dx

e logy 𝑒𝑥
3. ∫1 ∫1 ∫1 logz dz dy dx

𝜋 𝑎2 −𝑟2
𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
4. ∫0 ∫0
2
∫0 2 𝑟 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃

Answers:
a5 𝑒 4𝑎 3𝑒 2𝑎 3 1 5𝜋𝑎4
1. 2. − + 𝑒𝑎 − 8 3. 2 (𝑒 2 − 8𝑒 + 13) 4.
20 8 4 128

Improper integral
𝑏
A definite integral ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 is said to be proper (regular) integral if the limits of integration are
finite and the integrand 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous for every value of 𝑥 in the interval 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏. If at

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least one of these conditions violated then the integral is known as an improper integral.
Certain mathematical functions which occur in various contexts have been designated as special
functions. Beta and Gamma functions are two such functions which are defined in the form of
integrals, these are more closely related to improper integrals.

Gamma and Beta functions

Gamma Function:
Introduced by the Swiss mathematician and physicist Leonhard Euler in the 18th century, one of
the founders of pure mathematics. His contributions not only to the subjects of geometry, calculus,
mechanics, and number theory but also developed methods for solving problems in observational
astronomy and demonstrated useful applications of mathematics in technology.


Definition: The improper integral (n ) =  e − x x n −1dx is defined as the gamma function. Here n
0
is a real number called the parameter of the function. (n) exists for all real values of n except 0, -1,
-2., ………..the graph of which is shown in Fig. 4.15 :

(n)
nnnn

n
-4 -3 -2

Fig 1. 16 Gamma function curve

∞ 2
Note: Put 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 and 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑡𝑑𝑡 we get Γ(𝑛) = 2 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡 2𝑛−1 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑛 > 0.
This is the alternative definition of Gamma function.

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Recurrence formula

(n) =  e − x x n−1 dx, n  0
0

   n
 xn −x 
 x
=  e  +  e− x dx, integrating by parts.

n 
0 0 n
xn
Applying the definition of Gamma function and using x → 0 as x → 
e
(n + 1)
(n) = .........................(1)
n

or (n + 1) = n(n ).......... .......( 2)

Note:
(1) (n) is not convergent when n = 0, -1, -2, …….
(2) If (n) is known for 0 < n < 1, then its value for 1 < n < 2 can be found using equation (2)
and its values for -1 < n < 0 can be found using equation (1)
(3) If n is a positive integer, using the recurrence relation and (1) = 1, we get
(n) = (n - 1) (n - 1)
= (n - 1) (n - 2) (n - 2) and so on
= (n - 1) (n - 2) (n - 3) …….. 1
= (n - 1) !
Problems:
1. Compute the following:
5  3   3  1 
(i)    =   + 1 =     .
2  2   2  2 
 1 
  − + 1
 7  2  8 
(ii)  −  = = .
 2   − 7  − 5  − 3  − 1  105
 2  2  2  2 
    
(iii)  (8) = 7!

1
2. Prove that   =  .
 2

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
Solution: By definition, (n ) =  e− x x n −1dx
0

=  e −t t 2n−1 dt u sin g x = t 2
2

0
 2
(n ) = 2  e− x x 2n −1dx
0
 2
= 2  e − y y 2n −1dy
0
 
1 2 2
   =  e− x dx =  e− y dy
 2 0 0
2   − x 2 + y 2 
  1 
   = 4 e 
  2 

dxdy
0 0
Transforming to polar coordinates with , , we get

2 
  1  2

 e (2r )drd
−r 2

 2   = 2
    =0 r =0


 e  d ,
2 
= −r 2
 -  2re-r dr = e −r
2 2

0
0

2 2
= 2  d,  e - r → 0 as r → 
0
=
1
Taking square roots on both sides, we get   = 
 2
∞ 𝟑 −4𝑥
3. Evaluate ∫0 𝒙 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
1
Solution: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 4x = 𝑡 ⇒ 4𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑡 = 4 𝑑𝑥
∞ 1 ∞ 𝑡 3 1 4 3
∴ ∫0 𝒙𝟑 𝑒 −4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑡 (4) 𝑑𝑡 = (4) 𝛤(4) = 128 .


−x4 1 1
4.Show that  dx = 4  4  .
e
0
1 −3
Solution: Let x4 = y  4x 3dx = dy  dx = y 4 dy
4
 
1 − y − 34 1 1
  e − x dx =  e y dy =  , using the definition.
4

0 4 0
4  4
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1
 (x ln x) dx .
5
5. Find
0
Solution: using ln x = -y, we get x = e - y , dx = -e - y dy
and y ranges from  to 0 when x = 0 to 1
 
  (x ln x) dx = −  y5e−6ydy,
5
interchanging the lower and the upper limits
0 0
 5
− t t dt
= e 6 6
, choosing 6y = t
0

(6) = −
1 5!
=−
66 66
a
dx
6. Prove that a
=a  .
ln  
0

 x
a a
Solution: Using ln   = t , we get = e t
 x x
-t
dx = -ae dt and t =  to 0 when x = 0 to a
a 
2 a.e − t dt = a 1  = a
dx −1
  = t
 2

0 ln  a  0
x

Beta Function:

The beta function 𝜷(𝒎, 𝒏) is the name used by Legendre and Whittaker and Watson (1990) for
the beta integral (also called the Eulerian integral of the first kind).

Fig 1.17 Beta function curve

Definition: Beta function, denoted by 𝜷(𝒎, 𝒏) is defined by

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1
𝜷(𝒎, 𝒏) = ∫0 𝑥 𝑚−1 (1 − 𝑥)𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥, where m and n are positive real numbers.
1 1

 x (1− x) dx =  (1 − x)
m−1 n −1 m−1
Note: 𝜷(𝒎, 𝒏) = 𝜷(𝑛, 𝑚) i,e x n−1 dx
0 0
Alternate Expressions for 𝜷(𝒎, 𝒏)
1
𝜷(𝒎, 𝒏) = ∫0 𝑥 𝑚−1 (1 − 𝑥)𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
1 1 t
(i) Let x =  dx = − dt, 1 - x =
1+ t (1 + t ) 2
1+ t
and t =  to 0 when x = 0 to 1.∴ (1) reduces to
∞ 1 𝑚−1 1 𝑛−1 1
β(m,n) = ∫0 (1+𝑡) (1+𝑡) ((1+𝑡)2) 𝑑𝑡
∞ 𝑡 𝑚−1
β(m,n) = ∫0 (1+𝑡)𝑚+𝑛 𝑑𝑡 using 𝜷(𝒎, 𝒏) = 𝜷(𝑛, 𝑚)

(ii ) Let x = sin 2  dx = 2sin  cos d and  = 0 to when x= 0 to1
2

2
Then (1) reduces to 2  sin 2n -1 cos2m −1 d
0
𝜋⁄
∴ 𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛) = 2 ∫0 2 sin2m-1 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑛−1 𝜃 𝑑𝜃.

Relation between Gamma and Beta functions:

(m)(n )
Prove that B(m, n ) =
(m + n )

and (m) = 2 e − y x 2m −1dy
∞ 2 2
Proof: We know that 𝛤(𝑛) = 2 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 2𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
0

Then (m) (n) = 4  e −(x + y2 ) x 2n−1 y 2m−1 dxdy
2

0 0
Transforming to polar coordinates with , , we get


 2
− r 2 2(m + n )−1 2m −1
= 4e r dr  sin  cos2n −1d
0 =0
= (m+n) B(m,n) by definitions.

Note:

x n-1 
Using  dx = , 0  n  1, we get
0 1+ x sin n
(n) (1-n) = (1) B (1-n, n) using the above relation

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 n −1
But B(1- n, n ) = 
x
dx using definition of Beta function.
1+ x
0
Therefore (n) (1-n) =  /sin n, 0<n<1

Problems:
1
5x  2 1
1. Show that  dx = B ,  .
0 1− x
5  5 2
1 1
Solution: Let x5 = t, weget x = t 5 , dx = t − 4 dt and t = 0 to 1 when x = 0 to 1
5 5
1 1
1 1 −
1 4
dx =  5t 5 (1 − t )− 2 t 5 dt
5x

1− x5 5
0 0
1
− 35
= t (1 − t )− 12 dt
0
2 1
= B ,  by definition.
5 2

2. Evaluate I =
 10

(
x 1 − x8 )dx −  x18
dx .
0 (1 + x ) 0 (1 + x )
30 30

Solution: I = B (11, 19) - B(19,11) = 0, using B(m,n) = B(n,m).


2
3. Evaluate  tan d .
0
𝜋⁄ 𝜋⁄ 1⁄ 1
Solution: ∫0 2
√𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫0 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − ⁄2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

1 3 1
= B , , by definition
2  4 4
2
4. Evaluate ∫0 (4 − 𝒙𝟐 )3/2 𝑑𝑥
Solution: 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 2 sin 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 cos 𝜃 dθ and θ = 0 to π/2 when x = 0 to 2
𝜋/2 𝜋/2
1 1 5
∴ 𝐼 = ∫ 8 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 2 cos 𝜃 dθ=16 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 dθ=16 𝛽 ( , )
0 0 2 2 2
= 3𝜋
∞ 𝑑𝑥
5. Evaluate ∫0 1+𝑥 4
1
1
Solution: Take 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−2 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃dθ and
4

θ = 0 to π/2 when x = 0 to ∞

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𝜋⁄ 1 −1/2
2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
I = ∫ 2 𝑑𝜃
0 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
1 𝜋⁄2 −1⁄ 1
= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ⁄2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2 0

1 3 1 𝜋
= 4 𝛤 (4) × 𝛤 (4) = 2√2

1 m −1
+ x n −1
6. Prove that B(m, n ) = 
x
dx
0 (1 + x )m+ n
Solution: By one of the definitions of Beta function, we have

x n −1
B(m, n ) =  dx
0 (1 + x )
m+ n


x n −1 x n −1
1
= dx +  dx
0 (1 + x ) 1 (1 + x )
m+ n m+ n

= I1 + I2 (say)
1
Substituting x = in I 2 , we get
y
ym+ n  1  ym−1
0 1
I2 =   − dy =  dy
m+ n  2
1 y n −1
(1 + y )  y  0 (1 + y )m+ n

1 m −1
+ x n −1
Hence B(m,n ) = 
x
dx
0 (1 + x )m+ n
𝜋 𝜋
1
7. Prove that ∫0 √sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 × ∫02
2 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜋
√sin 𝜃

𝜋 𝜋 1
1 3 1
Solution: 𝐼1 = ∫02 √sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 2 𝛽 (4 , 2)

𝜋 𝜋
2 1 1 2 1 1 1
𝐼2 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝛽 ( , )
0 √sin 𝜃 0 2 4 2
1 3 1 1 1 1
Now, 𝐼1 × 𝐼2 = 𝛽 ( , ) × 𝛽 ( , ) = 𝜋.
2 4 2 2 4 2

2
∞ 2 ∞ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝜋
8. Prove that ∫0 √𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 × ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = 2√2
√𝑥
∞ 2 1 3 ∞ 2
Solution: 𝐼1 = ∫0 √𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝛤 (4) 𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝛤(𝑛) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 2𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥

∞ 2 ∞
𝑒 −𝑥
1 1 2
𝐼2 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝛤 ( ) 𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝛤(𝑛) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 2𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 4 0
0
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1 3 1 1 𝜋
Now, 𝐼1 × 𝐼2 = 2 𝛤 (4) × 2 𝛤 (4) = 2√2

Exercise:
Express the following integrals in terms of gamma function.

∞ 2 π ∞ 2
1. ∫0 𝑎−𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2. ∫0 𝑥sin7 θcos 4 θ 𝑑θ 3. ∫𝑎 𝑒 2𝑎𝑥−𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4. Express in terms of Beta function and hence evaluate:
1 1 1
a) ∫0 𝑥 𝑚 (1 − 𝑥 𝑛 )𝑝 𝑑𝑥 and hence find ∫0 𝑥 5 (1 − 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 90

4
b)∫0 𝑥 3⁄2 (4 − 𝑥)5⁄2 𝑑𝑥 12π
𝑎 𝑦4 π𝑎6
c)∫0 𝑑𝑦
√𝑎2 −𝑦 2 32

Answers:
2
√𝜋 16π √π𝑒 𝑎
1. , 2. , 3.
2√𝑏 log 𝑎 1155 2

SELF-STUDY:

Center of gravity of a plane region(Using double integration only)

The total weight of the object concentrated in a single point called the object’s centre of gravity or
it is a point on which object is in balance.
Let f(x,y) be the density (ρ, mass per unit area) of a distribution of mass in the xy-plane
Then the total mass M in the region R is given by
M= ∬R f(x,y)dxdy
The center of gravity of a mass in 𝑅 has the coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦), where
1
𝑥 = 𝑀 ∬𝑅 𝑥𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
and
1
𝑦 = 𝑀 ∬𝑅 𝑦𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Problems:

1. Find the center of gravity (x, y) of a mass of density f(x, y) = 1 in the region R the semidisk
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 𝑎2 , 𝑦 ≥ 0.
Solution: Given region a circle with centered at origin and radius equal to 𝑎. It is easy to evaluate
if we make use of polar coordinates, using the transformation 𝑥 = 𝑟cos𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟sin𝜃, 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 +
𝑦 2 and |𝐽| = 𝑟. Here 𝑟: 0 → 𝑎 and 𝜃: 0 → 𝜋
Mass is given by
𝜋 𝑎 1 𝜋 𝑎2
𝑀 = ∬𝑅 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 ∫0 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 = 2 ∫0 𝑎2 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜋
2

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The center of gravity (𝑥, 𝑦) is given by

1 1 𝜋 𝑎
𝑥 = 𝑀 ∬𝑅 𝑥𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑎2𝜋/2 ∫0 ∫0 𝑟cos𝜃𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
2 𝜋 𝑎
= 𝑎2 𝜋 ∫0 cos𝜃𝑑𝜃 × ∫0 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟
𝑎
2 𝑟3
= 𝑎2 𝜋 × [sin𝜃]𝜋0 × [ 3 ] = 0
0
and
1 1 𝜋 𝑎
𝑦 = 𝑀 ∬𝑅 𝑦𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑎2 𝜋/2 ∫0 ∫0 𝑟sin𝜃𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
2 𝜋 𝑎
= 𝑎2 𝜋 ∫0 sin𝜃𝑑𝜃 × ∫0 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟
𝑎
2 𝑟3 2 𝑎3 4𝑎
= 𝑎2 𝜋 × [−cos𝜃]𝜋0 × [ 3 ] = − 𝑎2𝜋 (−1 − 1) = 3𝜋
0 3
4𝑎
∴ Center of gravity (𝑥, 𝑦) is given by (0, 3𝜋)
2. Find the centre of gravity of the area in the first quadrant lying between the curves y2 = x3 and
y = x.
Solution: The given curves y2 = x3 and y = x intersect when
x2 = x3  x2 (1 − x) = 0  x = 0,1.
 y = 0,1.
Therefore, the points of intersection of y2 = x3 and y = x are (0,0) and (1,1). Let 
(constant) be density.
Here R = {( x, y) : 0  x  1, x3/2  y  x}.
Let ( x, y) be the centre of gravity, then
1 x 1

 x dxdy  x dydx  x( x − x
3/2
)dx
x= = 0 x3/2
= 0

  dxdy
1 x 1

   dydx  (x − x
3/2
)dx
0 x 3/2 0
1
 x3 2
 3 − x  7
7/2 1 2
−
=  0 = 3 7 = 10 .
1
 x2 2 1 2 21
− 5/2
 −
2 x  2 5
 5 0

and

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1 x 1 1
x 2 x3
y  dxdy    [ y / 2]x3/2 dx [
y  dydx 2 x
− ]dx
y=  = 0 x3/2
= 0
= 0
2 2
  dxdy    dydx
1 x 1 1

 [ y] [x − x
x 3/2
x3/2
dx ]dx
0 x3/2 0 0
1
 x3 x 4 
6 − 8
1 1
−
=  0 = 6 8= 5.
1
 x2 2 1 2 12
− 5/2
 −
2 x  2 5
 5 0
 10 5 
Hence centre of gravity ( x, y) is  ,  .
 21 12 
3. Find the position of the centre of gravity of a semi-circular lamina of radius a if its density varies
as the square of the distance from the diameter.
Solution: Let the bounding diameter be as the x-axis and a line perpendicular to the diameter and
passing through the centre is y-axis. Equation of the circle is x2 + y2 = a2 . By symmetry x = 0 .
a a2 − x2

 y dxdy  ( y ) ydxdy
2  dx  y3dy
y= = = −a 0

  dxdy  ( y )dxdy a2 − x2
2 a

 dx 
−a 0
y 2 dy

a −x
2 2
a
 y4  a

  4 
−a
dx 3  (a 2 − x 2 )2 dx
= 0
= −a
a
a2 − x2
a
y  3
4  (a 2 − x2 )3/2 dx
−a dx  3  −a
0

Put x = a sin 
 /2  /2
4 2
3  (a 2 − a 2 sin 2  )2 a cos  d
3a
3 
5  3 = 32a .
a5 cos5  d
 y = − /2/2 
= − /2/2 = 
4 3 1  15
4  (a 2 − a 2 sin 2  )3/2 a cos  d 4  a 4 cos4  d
4 2 2
− /2 − /2

32a
Hence the centre of gravity is (0, ).
15
Exercise:
Find the Center of gravity of the area of the circle x2 + y2 = a2 in the I quadrant.

4a 4a
Answers: (3π , 3π)

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Video Links:
1. Double integrals and Polar integrals
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GHBMiscPE-g

2. Change of order of integration

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rkvwEkM5RVo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LcG5gvRwYdY

Disclaimer: The content provided is prepared by department of Mathematics for the specified syllabus
by using reference books mentioned in the syllabus. This material is specifically for the use of RVITM
students and for education purpose only.

Beat the Memory

Area A=  dx dy - Cartesian form

A

Area A=  rdrd -Polar form

A

Volume V=  dx dydz - Cartesian form

V

Volume V=  zdx dy - by double integral

A
 
Gamma function:  ( n ) =  e x dx = 2 e−t t 2 n −1dt
−x n −1 2

0 0

1 2
Beta function:  ( m, n ) =  xn−1 (1 − x )
m−1
dx = 2 sin 2n−1  cos2m−1 d
0 0

 ( m)  ( n)
Beta and Gamma relation:  ( m, n ) =
 ( m + n)
( )
and  1 = 
2

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