Assi

gnmentNo.2

GlobalIssues-Multinat
ionalCorporati
ons–BusinessEt
hics-
Envir
onment alEthics–Comput erEthi
cs-Rolei
nTechnologi
cal
Development–WeaponsDev elopment–EngineersasManager
s–
ConsultingEngineers–Engi neersasExpertWit
nessesandAdvi
sor
s–
Honesty–Mor alLeadership–Sampl eCodeofConduct

GLOBALI
SSUESI
NBUSI
NESSETHI
CS-
:
Today , busi nessent erpr iseconst itutesawor l
dwi desoci alandpol it
ical
act i
v i
ty .Al t
houghmanysel f
-int erest edcor porationscompet ei nint ernational
mar ket st oear napr ofit,thatact ivityr equi resadegr eeofr eciprocal altruism
bet weeni ndividual s,cor por ations, andgov ernment s.Cooper ationi mpl i
es
adher encet oamor alandl egal f
ramewor kconst ruct edofmut uallyagr eed
uponr ules.Somet imest heser ulesar esetbyt hei ndiv i
dual compani es
compet ingi napar ti
cul armar ket .Somet imest heyar ef orgedagr eement s
bet weenf oreigngov ernment sandmul tinat i
onal cor por ati
ons.Somet imest he
rulesar eenf orcedbyi nter national law.Thebasi cmor al problem f orthe
conductofi nter national businessi st hatt hemor al andl egalrules, or
backgr oundi nst it
ut i
ons, whi chser veast hegr oundwor kf orsel f-
interested
recipr ocal alt
ruism, var i
esbet weencul tures.Ther efor ecooper ati
onbet ween
compet ingcompani es, consumer s,andcul t
uresi sv er ydiffi
culttoest ablish.
Ther ear et womai nphi losophi cal appr oachest ot her esolutionofmor al and
l
egal conf li
ctsi nint ernat ional busi ness: Uni versal Obj ect i
vi
sm andCul tural
Rel ativism.Uni v ersal Obj ectiv ism hol dst hatatl eastsomemor alpointsof
viewar ecr oss- culturallyv alid.Thi si mpl iest hatt hemor al r
ulesgov erning
i
nt ernat i
onal tradear el iket hel awsofnat ureint hesenset hatt heyappl y
equal l
yt oal l t
ransact i
ons, regar dlessofwher etheyt akepl ace.Hence, the
mor al ruleswhi chsett hepar amet ersofr eciprocal altruism ar e"outt her e"to
bedi scov eredbyr at i
onal per sonsseeki ngt het r
ut h.

Mul
ti
nat
ional
Cor
por
ati
ons-
:
mult
inat i
onal cor poration ( MNC), also cal l
edtransnat
ional corpor
ati
on,
anycor porat
ionthatisr egister
edandoperat
esi nmorethanonecountryatatime.
Generallythecorporati
onhasi t
sheadquar
ter
sinonecount r
yandoperateswhol
lyor
par
ti
ally owned subsi di ari
es in ot
hercountr
ies.I
ts subsidi
ari
es r
eporttot he
cor
por ati
on’scentralheadquar t
ers.

I
neconomi
cter
ms,af i
rm’
sadv ant
agesinestabl
i
shi
ngamul ti
nati
onalcor
por
ation
i
ncl
udebot
hver
ti
calandhori
zontal
economiesofscal
e(i
.e.
,reduct
ionsi
ncostthat
resultf rom anexpandedl ev
elofout putandaconsol idat
ionofmanagement )andan
i
ncreased mar ket share.Al t
hough cul t
uralbar r
iers can cr eate unpredictable
obst aclesascompani esest abl
ishof f
icesandpr oduct i
onpl antsaroundt hewor ld,a
fi
rm’ st echnicalexpertise,experiencedper sonnel ,andpr ovenst r
ategiesusuallycan
bet ransf er
red from count ryt o country.Cr it
icsoft hemul ti
nati
onalcor poration
usual lyv iew i
tasaneconomi cand,of ten,pol i
ticalmeansoff oreigndomi nation.
Dev elopi ngcount ri
es,wi thanar row rangeofexpor ts(oftenofpr i
mar ygoods)as
thei
r economi c base, ar e par ti
cularl
yv ulner ableto economi c expl oit
ation.
Monopol ist
ic practi
ces, human-rightsabuses,and di sruption ofmor e-t
radi
tional
meansofeconomi cgrowt hareamongt her isksthatf acehostcount ri
es.
Lit
tonI ndust ri
es, I
nc.

Busi
nessEt
hics-
:

Busi nesset hicsi sthest udyandf or

mul ationofbusi nesspoliciesbasedon
af ramewor kofv al
ues.Thi sfr
amewor kdef i
nesempl oyeebehav iori
nthei
r
i
nt eractionswi theachot herandout siders.Italsodefinesthev al
uesand
roleoft hebusi nesswi thinasociety.Forex ampl e,acompanymay
discour agedi rectreport sfr
om hav i
ngr omant icrelat
ionshipswi t
heach
othert opr eventf avorit
ism duri
ngquar t
erlyreviews.Itmayal sochooset o
payahi ghmi ni mum waget oi
tswor kersori nstit
uteenv i
ronment -f
ri
endl
y
pract i
cesati tsf aci
lit
iest omini
mi zedamaget oitssurroundingsduet o
product ionpr ocesses.

Theappl i
cati
onofet hicstobusinesssituati
onshasbeenar oundsi nce
ancientt i
mes.Butitbecameani mportantfi
eldofstudyonlyinthe1970s.
Moder ncorporat
ionsdesi gnthei
rbusinesset hi
cspoli
ciestoachi evetwo
ends: reconci
letheirroleaspublicci
ti
z ensandf ul
fi
llt
heirbusiness
requirementofpr oducinggoodsandpr ofit
s.Assuch, busi
nesset hicsar
e
meantt oensureanor derlyandfairworkplacethati
sal soproduct i
veand
effi
cient.

Env
ironment
alEt
hics-
:

Environment al et hicsi sthef ielddedicatedt ounder standinghumanr esponsi bil

it
ies
withregar dtot henat uralenv ir
onment .Someappr oachest oenv ir
onment al ethi
cs
applyst andar dphi l
osophi cal theori
es( e.g.,ut
il
it
ar ianism andr ight
s-based
approaches)t oenv i
ronment alissues.Ot herappr oacheshav esoughttodev elop
enti
relynewt heor eti
cal framewor ks,suchas“ deepecol ogy ”and“eco-femi nism.”
Akeydebat ewi thint hef i
el dofenv ir
onment alethicsconcer nswhet herourconcer n
fortheenv i
ronmentshoul dbeant hropocent ri
corecocent ri
c.Theant hropocent ri
c,or
human- cent red, pointofv iewar guest hatt heenv i
ronmentshoul dbepr otected
becausehumansdependont heenv ironmentf ort heirsur vi
v al
.Theeco- centric,
or
nature-centred, poi ntofv iewar guesinst eadthatt heenv ironmentshoul dbe
protectedbecausei tiset hicall
yv al
uabl einitsownr i
ght,independentofhuman
i
nterests.
Asitappl iest ot hewor ldofbusi ness,env ir
onment alethicsi scentr
all
yconcer ned
withthei mpactt hatacompany ’
sactiv
iti
eshav euponthenaturalworld.I
npar t
icul
ar,
i
taskswhatobl igationsacompany( orit
sowner sandmanager s)haswi t
hregar dto
thenat uralenvi
ronment .Forexample,itconcernsquesti
onssuchashowmuch
poll
utioni sacceptable.Giv
ent hati
tisallbutimpossi
bletoav oi
dpolluti
onaltogether
,
howmuchi stoomuch?Whatr esponsibi
li
tydocompani es(orthei
rowner sand
manager s)havet ouseresourcesinawayt hatmakessuresuf f
ici
entresourcesare
avail
abl eforfut
ur egenerati
ons?

Questi
onsal soariseaboutt hemot ivati
onf orcor por at
eat t
entiont oenvir
onmental
concerns.Somehav epoi nt
edoutt hatt her
ecanbeast rong‘busi nesscase’f
or
envi
ronment alconservation.Thati
s, theysuggesti tmakesgoodbusi nessor
economi csense,eitherfrom asocietal poi
ntofv i
eworf rom thepoi ntofvi
ewofan
i
ndivi
dual company ,totakecar eoftheenv i
ronment .Otherspoi ntoutthat
envi
ronment aldegradationcanof t
en, regrettably,bepr ofi
tabl
e, sincethepoll
uti
ng
companygai nsall t
hebenef it
sofitspol lut
ion, butev er
y oneshar esinthecosts.

Comput
erEt
hics-
:
Comput erandBusi nessEt hicsar est andar dsofmor alconductr el
atedt ocomput eruseand
businessdeci sionmaki ng.Unet hical useofcomput erscanbedef inedasdownl oadingsongs,
mov ies, sof tware'sandet cf r
om t hei nterneti l
legally.Thisal soincludesv iolat
ingcopy ri
ghtand
plagiarism; usingsomeoneel se'swor kasy ourownwi thoutgi vi
nganycr edi ttotheor i
ginal
author .Theseet hicalstandar dsi nAmer icaar esetbyt hegov ernmentandi tisimpor tantto
abidebyt heser ules.Itoftenbecomesapr oblem f oruser swhol eanmor etowar dsunet hicaluse
ofcomput ers.Foranyoft hesei ll
egal comput eract i
v i
ti
es, userscanbesent encedt ojailand
heav yf i
nes.Thi sisv eryunet hical todoso.Because, i
fwet hinkabouti t,
peopl ewhowor kso
hardt omakeasof t
war e,songoranar t
icle,downl oadingi tforfreemeanst heydon' tgetpai dfor
theirhar dwor kt hey '
veputi ntoi t.It'
sst eal i
ngt heirwor k,whi chisbyal lmeanswr ong!Weof ten
seeuser satschool sandbusi nessest hatmi susecomput ers.Agoodexampl eoft hi
swoul dbe
j
obswher esomeonehasaccesst othei nt ernet,andt heyusei tforsocial networkingwebsi tes
l
ikeTwi tterorFacebook.Ev enatschool sandbusi nesses, usersmayusewor korschool
comput ersandpr intersforper sonal usewhi chmayl eadt oconsequencessuchasget t
ingf i
red
orbei ngbannedf rom usingt heser esour ces.Thi shasbecomeav er ycommonpr oblem amongst
j
obswhi chr equi retheempl oy eet ouseacomput erwi t
hi nternetaccess.Oneshoul drespectt he
comput err i
ghtsgi venbyapar ticularbusi nessorschool andnotmi suseit.
Ref
erence:Morely
,Deborah,
andCharl
esParker.Under
standi
ngComput
ersTodayand
Tomorrow.Boston:Cour
seTechnol
ogy,2011.Pri
nt
.
Comput erandbusi nesset hi
csarest andar dsofmor alconductr elatedtocomput eruseand
businessdecisionmaki ng.Unethicalandet hicalbehav iorsinclude:Plagiari
sm iscopyi
ng
someoneel se’swor kandpr esenti
ngasy ourown, whet herit’
sf r
om abook, document,orarticl
e
onl
ine.Downl oadingmusi cormov i
esf rom websi tesforf ree,orsingersusinglyri
csofpr ev
iously
rel
easedsongsi sunethicaluseofmusi candmov i
es.Of tenuser satschool sandbusinesses
misuset heresources,suchascomput ers,pr i
nters,orsof tware.User smayusewor korschool
comput ersandpr i
ntersforpersonalusewhi chmayl eadt oconsequencessuchasget t
ingfired
orbeingbannedf r
om usi ngtheseresour ces.Comput erHoaxi sinaccuratestatementsorst ori
es
spreadthrought heuseofcomput ers.Di git
al mani pulationisalteri
ngdi git
altextorphotographs.

Rol
einTechnol
ogi
cal
Dev
elopment
-:
Technol
ogyi
nbusi
nessi
sagr
owi
ngnecessi
ty.Ast
hey
ear
sgoby
,thebusi
ness
wor
ldi
sleani
ngmor
eandmor
etowar
dit
,maki
ngi
tal
mosti
mpossi
blet
osepar
ate
t
het
wof
rom eachot
her
.Innov
ati
onbr
eedsbusi
ness,
andsi
ncet
echnol
ogypav
es
t
hewayf
ori
t,i
tcanbegat
her
edher
ethatbusi
nessneedst
echnol
ogyt
obe
sust
ained.

Busi
nesshasal
way
sexi
stedsi
ncet
heear
lyt
imesofman.Ev
ent
houghi
tonl
y
beganwi
tht
hesi
mpl
i
sti
cbar
tersy
stem,
busi
nesswoul
dnotbet
hesameasi
tis
t
odaywi
thoutt
headv
ancement
sint
echnol
ogy
.Al
lthemaj
ori
ndust
ri
eswoul
dfal
l
i
ntoacat
ast
rophi
ccol
l
apsei
fonewer
etot
akeawayt
echnol
ogyf
rom busi
ness,
si
ncemaj
ori
tyofbusi
nessoper
ati
onsandt
ransact
ionssomehowi
nvol
vet
heuseof
t
echnol
ogy
.

Ther
oleoft
echnol
ogyi
nbusi
nesscausedat
remendousgr
owt
hint
radeand
commer
ce.Busi
nessconcept
sandmodel
swer
erev
olut
ioni
zedasar
esul
toft
he
i
ntr
oduct
ionoft
echnol
ogy
.Thi
sisbecauset
echnol
ogygav
eanewandbet
ter
appr
oachonhowt
ogoaboutwi
thbusi
ness.I
tpr
ovi
dedaf
ast
er,
mor
econv
eni
ent
,
andmor
eef
fi
cientwayofper
for
mingbusi
nesst
ransact
ions.

Someofact
ionsoft
echnol
ogyi
nbusi
nessi
ncl
udeaccount
ingsy
stems,
managementi
nfor
mat
ionsy
stems,
poi
ntofsal
essy
stems,
andot
hersi
mpl
eror
mor
ecompl
i
cat
edt
ool
s.Ev
ent
hecal
cul
atori
sapr
oductoft
echnol
ogy
.Iti
sindeed
unf
athomabl
etosummont
hei
deaofgoi
ngbackt
otheday
swher
eev
ery
thi
ngwas
donemanual
l
y,whi
chbasi
cal
l
ymeansst
art
ingal
lov
eragai
nfr
om scr
atch.

WeaponsDev
elopment
-:

Becomi
ngaweaponsmanuf
act
urersur
elyi
sn'
teasy
.Itwoul
drequi
renotonl
yyour
t
echni
cal
know-
howsbutal
soy
ourbusi
nessknowl
edgeandexper
ti
se.
Count
lesst
echni
cal
prof
essi
onal
sal
lov
ert
hewor
ldhav
edev
otedt
hei
rknowl
edge,
exper
ienceandexper
ti
set
oexpl
oret
hemanypossi
bil
i
tiesofbecomi
ngaweapons
manuf
act
urer
.
Asanexampl
etoexempl
i
fyt
hepoi
nt,
ther
ear
ethoset
hatspeci
ali
zei
nengi
neer
ing
andmat
eri
alsci
encet
hatcanpossi
blyf
ocust
hei
rlear
ningt
omeett
hei
ncr
easi
ng
demandsandneedsf
ornucl
earweaponsmat
eri
alpr
ocessi
ng
andmanuf
act
uri
ngser
vices.
Var
iousweapont
ool
scoul
dber
esear
chedbymat
eri
alsci
encespeci
ali
sts,
whi
ch
shoul
dmostpr
obabl
ybev
eryi
nter
est
ingf
ort
hem.Someexampl
esoft
hatar
e
ber
yll
i
um met
alandal
l
oysandt
her
ear
emanymor
e.I
nonewayoranot
her
,ther
ear
e
t
hosemanuf
act
urer
sthatwi
l
luset
hisnotonl
yforev
aluat
ingst
ockpi
l
eand
manuf
act
uri
ngbutal
sof
orr
efur
bishmentpur
poses.
Theact
ual
processcanr
eal
l
ytakeal
otoft
imeandeachst
epofi
tisal
soi
mpor
tant
aspect
sthatt
echni
cal
speci
ali
stsshoul
dbeanexper
tof
.Al
so,
thi
sisacr
it
ical
par
t
t
hatt
hosewhowantt
obecomeaweaponsmanuf
act
urershoul
dhav
eaf
ull
grasp
about
.
Al
so,
ever
yaspectofmanuf
act
uri
ngweaponsshoul
dal
sobegi
venut
mostat
tent
ion
suchasensur
ingpr
oductqual
i
ty.Al
lot
herr
elat
edt
opi
csshoul
dal
sobecov
eredt
o
ensur
epr
ofi
tabi
l
ityandsuccessf
ort
hebusi
ness.Al
so,
dev
elopi
ngy
ourownst
aff
member
sint
heaspectofpr
event
ingacci
dent
sthr
oughgi
vi
ngappr
opr
iat
etr
aini
ngs
shoul
dal
sonev
erbenegl
ect
ed.Af
teral
l
,al
i
ttl
emi
stakecoul
dbesomet
imesf
atal
in
t
heweaponsi
ndust
ryt
hat
’swhysaf
etyshoul
dal
way
sbey
ourt
oppr
ior
it
y.
Asi
def
rom t
het
echni
cal
i
ties,
busi
nessaspect
ssuchasmar
ket
ingandknowi
ngy
our
t
argetcl
i
ent
swoul
dal
sobei
mpor
tantkey
sfory
out
ocont
inual
l
ygr
ow.Readi
ng
booksaboutmar
ket
inganddi
str
ibut
ioncoul
dsomehowbehel
pful
.Ot
hert
hant
hat
,
usi
ngt
hei
nter
netandsear
chi
ngf
ort
her
ightdet
ail
sthr
ought
heuseofcommonl
y-
usedsear
chengi
nescoul
dli
kewi
sepoi
nty
out
omanyusef
uli
nfor
mat
ionf
oundon
t
heweb.Howev
er,
ify
oucancont
actt
hepr
ofessi
onal
ssoy
oucoul
dgetf
urt
her
adv
icesanddot
hingst
her
ightwayt
hatwoul
dbesomuchbet
terf
ory
ou.Most
ly,
y
ouwi
l
lnotonl
ybegi
venef
fect
ivebusi
nesst
ipsbutt
heywoul
dal
sohel
pyouknow
t
hel
ocal
legal
requi
rement
sthaty
oushoul
dcompl
yto.
Wi
tht
hepr
opermar
ket
ingst
rat
egi
esandst
ate-
of-
the-
artpr
oduct
s,becomi
nga
weaponsmanuf
act
urercansur
elybesomet
hingmor
ethanapr
ofi
tabl
ebusi
nessf
or
y
ou–i
tcanbeagr
eatwayt
oear
nfr
om somet
hingt
haty
ouar
epassi
onat
eabout
.
Nat
ural
l
y,y
oushoul
dal
soexer
tyourbestef
for
tswi
thr
egar
dst
obei
ngupdat
edwi
th
t
hel
atestt
rendsandt
echnol
ogi
est
hatdev
elopi
nthei
ndust
rysoy
oucanhav
ethe
guar
ant
eet
haty
ouwi
l
lal
way
sbeequi
ppedwi
thpr
ofessi
onal
staf
fmember
sandt
he
l
atesti
nmoder
nweaponsmanuf
act
uri
ngt
echnol
ogy
.Doi
ngext
ensi
ver
esear
chesi
n
adv
anceshoul
densur
ethaty
ouar
eal
way
sast
epaheadandy
ouwon’
tbel
eft
behi
ndbyy
ourot
hercompet
it
ors.

Mor
alLeader
shi
p-:
Inar
eshapedwor ld,f
ormalauthor
it
yislesspot
ent
.Onlymoral
aut
hori
tycanbuil
d
tr
ust
,inspi
recoll
eagues,cr
eatemeaningandhelppeopl
eimagi
neabett
erfut
ure.But
canmor al
author
itybequanti
fi
edandstudied?

ThenewSt ateofMor alLeadershi

pRepor t,
whi chincl
udesdat afr
om 1, 500
i
ndiv i
dualswor kinginbusinessandhi ghl
ightsthecrit
icalrolemor all
eadershipcan
playwi thi
nor ganizat
ions.Thereportprovi
desf urt
herev i
denceoft heimper ati
vefor
mor alleadership.Leaderscannol ongerhopet oscaleshar eholdervaluewithout
scalingshar edv al
ues.Missionandmar gin,profi
tandpr i
nciple,successand
si
gni fi
cancear enowi nextri
cablyl
inked.

Dat
afr
om t
her
epor
tsuggest
sthef
oll
owi
ng:

 Mor
all
eader
shi
pisi
nhi
ghdemandbutshor
tsuppl
y;

 Manager
sthatdemonst
rat
ehi
gherl
evel
sofmor
all
eader
shi
phav
e
st
rongerconnect
ionswi
thcol
l
eagues;

 Mor
all
eader
shi
pincr
easesbusi
nessper
for
mance;

 Pr
ofessi
onal
dev
elopmentoppor
tuni
ti
esar
enotdoi
ngenought
o
f
ost
ermor
all
eader
shi
p.

Ther
esear
chsi
gnalsacall
toact
ion:
organi
zat
ionscanandmusti
nvesti
nfost
eri
ng
acul
tur
eofmor
alleader
ship.

TheCOVI D-19pandemi chasonl yampl if

iedandexpeditedt hi
sneed.Wear eseei ng
anunprecedentedhealth, humani t
arianandeconomi ccr i
sis,pl
ayedout ,forthefirst
ti
me,onsoci almedia,wher evi
sceral f
ear,pani
candmi sinformationspr eadinstant l
y
andwidely.Theseglobal cr i
seshavecombust edt
ocr eateamor alcri
sis,confr
ont ing
uswit
hv exingissues,prof ounddil
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