A KR ‘em Chapter - 2 Is Matter Around + Represented by Symbols + Cannot be broken into Simpler Substances, + eg. Copper, Sodium, Silver, Oxygen, Us Pure ? CONCEPT MAPPING ‘Matter Impure Substances (Mixtures) yoy + Have fixed + True Solutions * Colloidal ‘Composition, + Uniform Solution & + Can be broken down Composition Suspension into its constituents + eg, Suger + Non-uniform, by chemical reactions & water, & ‘Composition or electrochemical alcohol + eg, Sand & reactions Sugar, water + eg: Water, Salt, Sugar ete, & oil, milk. Hydrogen etc. + Malleable + Ductile + Good Conductor of Heat & Electricity + eg. Copper, Silver, Gold, Sodium yoy Ei Gees (Solute + solvent) . + Unsaturated . + Saturated . + Super Saturated + Elements, . + Show some of + Non-malleable the properties of | + Non-ductile . metals and some + Badconductorof of non-metals. Heat & Electricity + eg. Silicon, + og, Oxygen, Germanium Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur ete, Evaporation Centrifugation By Separating funnel Sublimation ‘Chromatography Distillation Crystallisation Filtration Magnetic Separation Winnowing Threshing prpoms*Pure' word means that there is no mixing in a substance. But according to scientific language all things are mixture of so many substances, not of single one. That's why they are not pure. E.g. Milk, water, fat, etc. . Pure substances means that all elements have same chemical properties. . Apure substance is made up of same kind of elements. Substance : A substance is a kind of matter that cannot be separated into other kind of matter by any physical process. A pure substance is made up of same kind of elements. Whatis a mixture ? Itis a substance in which two or more substances (element or compound) are simply mixed together in any proportion. Examples : The air is a mixture of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water vapour. Types of Mixture : Mixture is of two type: (i) Homogenous mixture (ii) Heterogenous mixture Homogenous Mixture : These types of mixtures have no visible boundaries of separation between the various constituents. Example : Sugar in water, Ithas a uniform composition throughout its mass. Heterogenous Mixture : These types of mixtures have visible boundaries of separation between the various constituents. Example ; Mixture of sugar and sand. It does not have a uniform composition throughout its mass. Solution : A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances. E.g., Nimboo pani, soda water. Solution : A solution has a solvent and a solute as its components. The component of the solution that dissolves the other component in it is called the solvent. The component of the solution that is dissolved in the solvent is called the solute. Solute Solvent (Substance dissolved) Substance in which dissolved) eg. Sugar + Water => Sugar solution 14True 1. Size of solute particles is smallest. <10°m. Types of Mixtures Colloidal Suspension 1. Size of solute particles big 1. Size of particles true but smaller than suspension. In _| biggest. > 10° m. between 10” to 10° m. 2. Solute particles can't be seen with naked eye. 3. Homogenous mixture. 2. Solute particles can't be seen with | 2. Can be seen Naked eye. with naked eye. 3, Seems homogenous but actually 3. Heterogenous heterogenous mixture. mixture. 4. Particles can't be separated by filteration. 5, Transparent 4. Particles can't be separated by 4. Can be Separated filteration. by filteration. 5. Translucent 5. Opaque 6. Stable solutions - ie., solute particles do not settle on keeping. 6. Stable solutions. 6. Unstable solution — solute particles settle upon keeping. 7. Do not show tyndall effect. 8. Solution diffuse rapidly through filter paper as well as parchment paper. 9. e.g., Sugar in water. 7. Show tyndall effect. 7. May or may not show tyndall effect. 8. Colloid particles pass through filter_| 8. Suspension paper but not through parchment paper.| particles do not pass through filter paper as well as parchment paper. 9. e.g., Milk, blood. 9. e.g., Sand/imud in water. Common examples of colloids : ors =| Dispersion Solute Medium Type Example Solute) (Solvent) 1 Liquid Gas Aerosol Fog, cloud 2. | Solid Gas Aerosol Smoke 153. | Gas Liquid Foam Shaving Cream 4. | Liquid Liquid Emulsion | Milk, face cream, emulsion paint 5. | Solid Liquid Sol Mud, digene 6. | Gas Solid Foam Foam, rubber sponge 7, | Liquid Solid Gel Jelly, cheese 8, | Solid Solid Solid sol Coloured gemstones, glass (milky, coloured) * Gas in gas is not a colloidal solution — it is called a mixture. Concentration of Solution 1. Mass by mass percentage = —massof solute 199 mass of solution ace sentas __mass of solute 2. Mass by volume percentage Folume of sotaon * 100 Methods of Separation of Mixtures : (1) Evaporation: Basic principal : Out of the two components of a mixture one can evaporate [i.c., has less boiling point] and other has higher boiling point. Example : Mixture of dye [higher boiling point] and water. Out of water and dye, water evaporates but dye is left behind in petri dish. a Water evaporates Ink Petri dish (2) Centrifugation : Basic principle : Separation of Substances or particles on the basis of 16their density, when mixture is rotated very fast, then denser particles are forced at the bottom and lighter particles stay above. Lightest Lighter Densest particle Example : Separating cream from milk. Can you think what is toned and double toned milk? Applications (a) Used in diagnostic labs for blood and urine tests. (b) —_ Usedin dairies and home to separate butter from cream. (c) _ Usedin washing machines dryers to squeeze out water from clothes. Have you seen dust particles from our clothes settle at the bottom of washing tub Do you know why now? (3) By Separating Funnel: Basic principle : Two immiscible liquids (which do not dissolve in each other) can be easily separated by putting ina separating funnel. Example : Water from oil can be separated by first opening the stop cock till water is removed in one beaker, then afterwards oil can be collected in a separate beaker. Separating fannel Kerosene oil ‘Water |—stopeock@ Applications (a) Separation of oil from water. (b) Extraction of iron from its ore. Lighter slag is removed from above the molten iron. Sublimation: Basic principle : Out of the two components, one will sublime (directly converts to gas from solid) and other will not. Example: NHC (ammonium chloride) and NaCl common salt mixture can be easily separated by heating so the NH, Cl sublimes but common salt remains behind, (6) Applications (2) Camphor, naphthalene, anthracene, NH,Cl can sublime. Chromatography : Basic principle : Coloured components of a mixture can be separated by using an Adsorbent on which they are adsorbed at different rates. (Adsorption is the process of surface absorption.) LH chromatography paper Ink Spot (ixture_| Line drawn of colors) Pe] by pencil Ea Solvent When water/any suitable solvent moves up the chromatography paper ink with two different colours separates because both colours are absorbed at different speeds. 18Glass rod Paper elips Strip of iter Sa paper Strip of filter sinc =e sine dravm LA} by penal sere fa) spot of nik = Applications (a) Toseparate colours ofa dye. (6) Toseparate pigments from natural colours like chlorophyll. (c) Toseparate drugs from blood (Can you guess what is done when athletes undergo a doping test for their blood?) (6) Distillation : Basic principle : Based on Separating mixture of miscible liquids having different boiling points, followed by condensation. Out of the two components one has a lower boiling point and other has higher boiling point. This is used to separate two or more miscible liquids. | Thermometer Clamp —~ Distillation flask condenser of acetone and water Cold water in Acetone’ Example ; When mixture of acetone and water is heated, acetone having lesser boiling point, boils and moves to delivery tube, within which it condenses back to liquid with the help ofa condenser clamped to it. Thus, acetone is separated out in a beaker and water is left in the distillation flask. Note : If there are more than two components (liquids) mixed (with different boiling points) then we use a fractionating column to separate all the components from each other. This process is done for air, petroleum etc. 19™ Petroleum is separated into sever eu paraffin wax, lubricating oil, diesel, kerosene, petrol and petrol gas by this method. Frsctonatng S nu” 4. Fractional Distillation of Air : Air is also separated by this method. (Rig ward | iquid air —s Allowed to warm —» Gases separated cooled : up slowly in a at different heights fractionating column Some of the applications of fractional distillation : (a) In petroleum refineries, petrochemical and chemical plants, natural gas processing and cryogenic air separation plants. (b) _ Inoil refineries to separate crude oil into useful substances (or fractions). (c) Inthe separation of oxygen, liquid nitrogen and argon from air. Crystallisation : Basic principle : To remove impurities from a mixture by first dissolving in a suitable solventand then crystallising out one component. For example : Copper sulphate crystals (impure) are first dissolved in sulphuric acid and then heated to saturated solution, Now, this solution is left overnight. So, only pure copper sulphate crystals on filter paper. Why is crystallisation better than evaporation ? (i) Some solids decompose or get charred upon heating to dryness during evaporation. e.g., sugar. (ii) Some impurities remain dissolved in solution after filteration. On evaporation, these impurities do not evaporate and remain with the mixture. Applications (a) Purification of salt from sea water. (b) Separation of crystals [e.g., alum (phitkari), copper sulphate] from their impure crystals. 20Water purification in water treatment plants Reservoir Sedimentation tank Loading tank (Impure water) (Solids settle down) (Sedimentation of suspended impurities using alum etc.) Water supply Chlorination tank Filtration tank to homes (Addition of chlorine (All impurities filtered) to kill germs) Physical Vs Chemical Changes Chemical Physical . Noteasily reversible : Easily reversible . New Product(s) formed : No new products : Reactants used up . Often justa state change : Often heat/light/sound/ | + e.g., ice melting fizzing occurs : Electricity may be produced . Aprecipitate may form e.g., Wood burning Elements Made of same type of atoms S.No. | Metals Non-metals Metalloids lL Lustrous Non-lustrous Metallaoids have intermediate properties between metals and non-metals. 212. Malleable, ductile Non-malleable, non- | E.g., Boron, Germanium, ductile Silicon 3. Sonorous Non-sonorous 4. Good conductors of | Bad conductors heat & electricity 5. Jeg.,Gold, ironete. | e.g., Oxygen, Phosphorus Mixture Compound 1. Elements or compounds are | 1. Substances are reacted together simply mixed so no new substance with each other to make a new is formed. substance. 2. Elements do not combine in a | 2. Composition of the components is fixed ratio. fixed i.e., they combine together in a fixed radio according to their masses. 3. Amixture shows the properties of | 3. Compound doesn't show the its components. properties of component elements. 4. Components can be easily | 4. Components can't be separated separated by any mechanical from each other by simple method which is suitable. mechanical methods. 5. eg.,Mixtureofironandsulphur. | 5. e.g.,Ironand sulphurreact to from 22 iron sulphide.ea 10. QUESTIONS VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Classify the following into homogenous and heterogenous mixtures : (a) Ice (b) Soil (©) Wood @) Air Name the type of mixture formed by mixing sulphur and carbon disulphide. Justify the statement that: 'Rusting of iron is corrosion and it is a chemical change". Name the processes used for separatoin : (a) Miscible liquids (bv) Immiscible liquids (©) Butter from milk (@) Sand from water-sand mix (ec) Separation of colours in dyes. ( Camphor from camphor, sand and salt (g) Alcohol from aqueous alcohol. Name the apparatus by which mixture of oil and water can be separated. Ahard substance produces a tinkling sound when beaten. Is it metal or anon metal? What type of solution is an alloy? Classify the following as phys (a) Burning of magnesium ribbon in air (b) Burning of sulphur in air (c) Electrolysis of water. Which component of the mixture (Iron & sulphur) reacts with dil HCL and gives hydrogen gas? Crystallization is a better technique than simple evaporation. Give one reason to justify the statement. cal change or chemical change. 23SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS What is meant by concentration ofa solution? List the two conditions essential for using distillation as a method for separation of the components froma mixture. Smoke and fog both are aerosols. In what ways are they different? Salt can be recovered from its solution by evaporation can you suggest any other method also? Can we separate alcohol dissolved in waterby using a separating funnel? Ifyes, then describe the procedure. Ifnot, explain. Crystallization is a better method or technique than separation for separating substances from a mixture. Give one reason to justify the statement. A solution is prepared by adding 40 gm of sugar in 100 gm of water. Calculate the concentration is terms of mass by mass percentage of solution. What is chromatography? Mention its two applications. Write down the processes in sequential order involved in to get the supply of drinking water to your home from the water works (Flow-chart), How many litres of 15% (m/v) sugar solution would it take to get 75 gm of sugar? [Hint : 15% of (75+x)=75] LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Why the interconversion of states of matter is considered as a physical change? Give three reasons to justify your answer. During an experiment the students were asked to prepare a 20% (mass/mass) solution of sugar in water. Ram dissolved 20 gm of sugar in 100 gm of water while Sohan prepared it by dissolving 20 gm of sugar in water to make 100 gm of solution. (a) __Arethe two solutions of the same concentration. (>) Compare the mass% of the two solutions, (c) Whose solution contain less amount of solute. When a fine beam of light enters a room through a small hole, Tyndall effect is observed, Explain, why does this happen ? Give one more example where this effect can be observed.With the help of flow diagram, show the process of obtaining or separating different gases from air. If the boiling points of oxygen, argon and nitrogen are ~183°C, 186°C and—196*C respectively, which gas gets liquified first as the airis cooled? You are provided with a mixture containing sand, iron fillings, ammonium chloride and sodium chloride. Describe the procedures you would use to separate these constituents form the mixture. Sometimes the solid particles in a liquid are so small and pass through filter paper : Suggest a technique which is used to separate solid from liquid. What is the principal of this method? Explain the process with an example. OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS : Complete the sentence by choosing the correct words given in the bracket: a. Pure substances are............. and have the same.............. throughout. b. — Mixture of sulphur and carbon disulphide is. ... .. and does not show ... (homogenous, heterogeneous, Tyndall effect. c. Tincture of iodine has antiseptic properties. This solution is made by dissolving... iN «se (Potassium iodide, iodine, water, alcohol) Which of the following are homogeneous in nature? (i) ive, (ii) wood. (iii) soil (iy) air (a). (iand iii) (b). (ii) and (iv) (c). (and (iv) (d) (iii) andiv) Which of the following are physical changes ? (i) Melting of iron metal. (ii) Rusting ofiron (iii) Bending of an iron rod. (iv) Drawing a wire of iron metal a. (i), (ii)and (iii), b. (i), (ii) and (iv) c. (i), iiand iv) d. (ii), iii) and (iv) Which of the following are chemical changes ? (i) Decaying of wood. (ii) Burning of wood (iii) Sawing of wood. (iv) Hammering of anail into a piece of wood 256. Give one word for the given sentences : a. Salt can be recovered from it technique for the same ution by evaporation, Name another ‘Technique by which Mercury and water can be separated ...... ‘Technique by which water and sand can be separated... Technique by which cream can be separated from milk... he process associated with the following: Dry ice is kept at room temperature and at one atmospheric pressure. A drop of ink placed on the surface of water contained in a glass spreads throughout the water. A potassium permanganate crystal is in a beaker and water is poured into the beaker with stirring. Anacetone bottle is left open and the bottle becomes empty. Settling of sand when a mixture of sand and water is left undisturbed for some time. Fine beam of light entering through a small hole in a dark room, illuminates the particles in its paths. Give an example each for the mixture having the following characterstics. Suggest a suitable method to separate the components of these mixtures a. b. ° Avolatile and a non-volatile component .. Two volatile components with appreciable difference in boiling POINES... ese Two immiscible liquids .. One of the components changes directly from solid to gaseous state .. Two or more coloured constituents soluble in some solvent... 2610. Which of the following are not compounds? a. Chlorine gas b. Potassium chloride c. Iron. 4. Tronsulphide e. Aluminum f. Iodine g. Carbon h. — Carbonmonoxide Classify the substances given in the cloud into elements and compounds : Copper ‘inc pp Zine Water Common Salt, Me ereury Silver Oxygen gas Wood Gold Elements : Compounds: Sugar crystals obtained from sugarcane and beetroot are mixed together. Will it be pure substance or a mixture ? Yes or No 27Assertion-Reason Type Questions: Two statements are give-one laballed assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to the question from the codes (a), (b), (c), (d) as given below: (a) Both AandR are true and Ris the correct explanation of A. (b) Both A and R are true but R isnot the correct explanation fo A. (c)Aistrue but Ris false. (d) Ais false but Ris true. 1. Assertion (A) : A mixture of Ammonium chloride and sodium chloride can be separated by sublimation. Reason (R) : Sodium chloride sublimes on heating. 2. Assertion (A): A mixture of kerosene and water cannot be separated by a separating funnel. Reason (R) : Kerosene oil and water have different densities and are insoluble Answers: 1 (a) 2 @ 28