224 Chapter 2 ■ Functions

2.8 One-to-One Functions and Their Inverses

■ One-to-One Functions : The Horizontal Line Test ■ The Inverse of a Function ■ Finding the
Inverse of a Function ■ Graphing the Inverse of a Function ■ Applications of Inverse Functions

The inverse of a function is a rule that acts on the output of the function and produces
the corresponding input. So the inverse “undoes” or reverses what the function has
done. Not all functions have inverses; those that do are called one-to-one.

■ One-to-One Functions: The Horizontal Line Test

Let’s compare the functions f and g whose arrow diagrams are shown in Figure 1. Note
that f never takes on the same value twice (any two numbers in A have different images),
whereas g does take on the same value twice (both 2 and 3 have the same image, 4). In
symbols, g1 22  g1 32 but f 1 x1 2 ? f 1 x2 2 whenever x1 ? x2. Functions that have this
latter property are called one-to-one.

A B A B

4 10 4 10
3 7 3
2 4 2 4
1 2 1 2

f g
f is one-to-one g is not one-to-one
Figure 1

Definition of a One-to-one Function

A function is called a one-to-one function if no two elements in its domain
have the same image, that is,
f 1 x1 2 ? f 1 x2 2 whenever x1 ? x2
y
y 5 f (x)

An equivalent way of writing the condition for a one-to-one function is:

f (x1) f (x2)
if f 1 x1 2  f 1 x2 2 , then x1  x2 .

0 x1 x2 x If a horizontal line intersects the graph of f at more than one point, then we see from
Figure 2 that there are numbers x1 ? x2 such that f 1 x1 2  f 1 x2 2 . This means that f is
Figure 2 | This function is not not one-to-one. Therefore we have the following geometric method for determining
one-to-one because f 1 x1 2  f 1 x2 2 . whether a function is one-to-one.

Horizontal Line Test

A function is one-to-one if and only if no horizontal line intersects its graph
more than once.
 Section 2.8 ■ One-to-One Functions and Their Inverses 225

y Example 1 ■ Deciding Whether a Function Is One-to-One

Is the function f 1 x2  x 3 one-to-one?
1 Solution 1 If x1 ? x2, then x 31 ? x 32 (two different numbers cannot have the same
cube). Therefore f 1 x2  x 3 is one-to-one.
0 1 x
Solution 2 From Figure 3 we see that no horizontal line intersects the graph of
f 1 x2  x 3 more than once. Therefore, by the Horizontal Line Test, f is one-to-one.
Now Try Exercise 15 ■

Figure 3 | f 1 x 2  x 3 is one-to-one. Notice that the function f of Example 1 is increasing and is also one-to-one. In fact, it
can be proved that every increasing function and every decreasing function is one-to-one.
78 y
IR Example 2 ■ Deciding Whether a Function Is One-to-One
fir >

-ah
a+ Is the function g1 x2  x 2 one-to-one?
Solution 1 This function is not one-to-one because, for instance,
1 g1 12  1 and g1 12  1
0 1 x so 1 and 1 have the same image.
Figure 4 | g1 x 2  x 2 is not Solution 2 From Figure 4 we see that there are horizontal lines that intersect the
one-to-one. graph of g more than once. Therefore, by the Horizontal Line Test, g is not one-to-one.
Now Try Exercise 17 ■
y

Note Although the function g in Example 2 is not one-to-one, it is possible to restrict

its domain so that the resulting function is one-to-one. In fact, if we define

1 h1 x2  x 2 1 x  02
then h is one-to-one, as you can see from Figure 5 and the Horizontal Line Test.
0 1 x
Example 3 ■ Showing That a Function Is One-to-One
Figure 5 | h 1 x 2  x 2 1 x  02 is
one-to-one. Show that the function f 1 x2  3x  4 is one-to-one.

IR >
*
IRO Solution Suppose there are numbers x1 and x2 such that f 1 x1 2  f 1 x2 2 . Then
7 : -

3x1  4  3x2  4 Suppose f 1x1 2  f 1x2 2

3x1  3x2 Subtract 4
x1  x2
+()
Divide by 3
(a)
f
=
Therefore f is one-to-one.
Now Try Exercise 13 ■

=> M =
M
■ The Inverse of a Function
One-to-one functions are important because they are precisely the functions that pos-
sess inverse functions according to the following definition.
A B
Definition of the Inverse of a Function
f
Let f be a one-to-one function with domain A and range B. Then its inverse
x y 5 f (x)
function f 1 has domain B and range A and is defined by
f 21
f 1 1 y2  x 3 f 1 x2  y
for any y in B.
Figure 6

f
226 Chapter 2 ■ Functions
B

O
This definition says that if f takes x to y, then f 1 takes y back to x. (If f were not
one-to-one, then f 1 would not be defined uniquely.) The arrow diagram in Figure 6
indicates that f 1 reverses the effect of f. From the definition we have
domain of f 1  range of f
range of f 1  domain of f

Example 4 ■ Finding f 1 for Specific Values

Don’t mistake the 1 in f 1 for If f 1 12  5, f 1 32  7, and f 1 82  10, find f 1 1 52 , f 1 1 72 , and f 1 1 102 .
an exponent.
1 Solution From the definition of f 1 we have
f 1 1x2 does not mean
f 1x2 f 1 1 52  1 because f 1 12  5
The reciprocal 1/f 1x2 is written as f 1 1 72  3 because f 1 32  7
1 f 1x22 1 .
f 1 1 102  8 because f 1 82  10
Figure 7 shows how f 1 reverses the effect of f in this case.
A B A B

1 5 1 5
3 7 3 7
8 210 8 210

f f 21
Figure 7

Now Try Exercise 25 ■

Example 5 ■ Finding Values of an Inverse Function

We can find specific values of an inverse function from a table or graph of the func-
tion itself. A graph of a function f is shown in Figure 8, as well as a table of values
for f. From the table, we can see that f 1 1 32  4 and f 1 1 52  7. We can also
“read” these values of f 1 from the graph.
y
f
x f 1x2 5
0 2
4 3 3
6 4
1
7 5
8 7 0 1 4 7 x

Figure 8 Finding values of f 1 Finding values of f 1 from a

from a table of f graph of f

Now Try Exercises 29 and 31 ■

By definition the inverse function f 1 undoes what f does: If we start with x, apply f, and
then apply f 1 , we arrive back at x, where we started (see the following machine diagram).

x f f (x) f 21 x
 Section 2.8 ■ One-to-One Functions and Their Inverses 227

Similarly, f undoes what f 1 does. In general, any function that reverses the effect of
f in this way must be the inverse of f. These observations are expressed precisely as
X follows.

wh
I =

Inverse Function Property

↑
f = m Let f be a one-to-one function with domain A and range B. The inverse function
f 1 satisfies the following cancellation equations:

fEGs) f 1 1 f 1 x22  x for every x in A

f 1 f 1 1 x22  x for every x in B
= = x
Conversely, any function f 1 satisfying these equations is the inverse of f.

f(f (u)
+

These properties indicate that f is the inverse function of f 1 , so we say that f and
= n f are inverses of each other.
1

Example 6 ■ Verifying That Two Functions Are Inverses

Show that f 1 x2  x 3 and g1 x2  x 1/3 are inverses of each other.
Solution Note that the domain and range of both f and g are R. We show that f and
g satisfy the cancellation equations of the Inverse Function Property. We have

g1 f 1 x2 2  g1 x 3 2  1 x 3 2 1/3  x

f 1 g1 x2 2  f 1 x 1/3 2  1 x 1/3 2 3  x

So by the Inverse Function Property, f and g are inverses of each other. These equa-
tions simply say that the cube function and the cube root function, when composed,
cancel each other.
Now Try Exercise 39 ■

■ Finding the Inverse of a Function

Now let’s examine how we compute inverse functions. We first observe from the
definition of f 1 that

y  f 1 x2 3 f 1 1 y2  x

So if y  f 1 x2 and if we are able to solve this equation for x in terms of y, then we must
have x  f 1 1 y2 . If we then interchange x and y, we have y  f 1 1 x2 , which is the
desired equation.

How to Find the Inverse of a One-to-One Function

1. Write y  f 1 x2 .
2. Solve this equation for x in terms of y (if possible).
3. Interchange x and y. The resulting equation is y  f 1 1 x2 .

Note that Steps 2 and 3 can be reversed. In other words, we can interchange x and y
first and then solve for y in terms of x.
228 Chapter 2 ■ Functions

Example 7 ■ Finding the Inverse of a Function

Find the inverse of the function f 1 x2  3x  2.
Solution First we write y  f 1 x2 .
y  3x  2

=
Then we solve this equation for x:
3x  y  2
-y Add 2

↑
y2
x Divide by 3
3
In Example 7 note how f 1 reverses Finally, we interchange x and y:
the effect of f. The function f is the x2
rule “Multiply by 3, then subtract 2,”
y
3
whereas f 1 is the rule “Add 2, then x 2
divide by 3.” Therefore the inverse function is f 1 1 x2  .
3

Check Your Answer

We use the Inverse Function Property:

x2
f 1 1 f 1 x22  f 1 13x  22 f 1f 1 1x22  f a b
3
13x  22  2 3x
  x x2
3 3  3a b 2x22x
3
Both cancellation equations are satisfied.

Now Try Exercise 49 ■

Example 8 ■ Finding the Inverse of a Function

x5  3
Find the inverse of the function f 1 x2  .
2
Solution We first write y  1 x 5  32 /2 and solve for x.
x5  3
y Equation defining function
2
2y  x 5  3 Multiply by 2
In Example 8 note how f 1 reverses the 5
effect of f. The function f is the rule x  2y  3 Add 3 (and switch sides)
“Take the fifth power, subtract 3, then x  1 2y  32 1/5
Take fifth root of each side
divide by 2,” whereas f 1 is the rule
“Multiply by 2, add 3, then take the Then we interchange x and y to get y  1 2x  32 1/5 . Therefore the inverse function is
fifth root.” f 1 1 x2  1 2x  32 1/5 .
Check Your Answer
We use the Inverse Function Property:
x5  3
f 1 1f 1x22  f 1 a b f 1f 1 1x22  f 11 2x  32 1/5 2
2
3 12x  32 1/5 4 5  3
x5  3 1/5

 c2a b  3d 2
2
2x  3  3 2x
  x
 1x 5  3  32 1/5  1x 5 2 1/5  x 2 2
Both cancellation equations are satisfied.

Now Try Exercise 63 ■

 Section 2.8 ■ One-to-One Functions and Their Inverses 229

A rational function is a function defined by a rational expression. (See Section 3.6.)

In the next example we find the inverse of a rational function.

Example 9 ■ Finding the Inverse of a Rational Function

2x  3
Find the inverse of the function f 1 x2  .
x1
Solution We first write y  12x  32/ 1x  12 and solve for x.
2x  3
y Equation defining function
x1
y1 x  12  2x  3 Multiply by x  1

yx  y  2x  3 Expand

yx  2x  y  3 Bring x-terms to LHS

x1 y  22  y  3 Factor x
y3
x Divide by y  2
y2
x3
Therefore the inverse function is f 1 1 x2  .
x2
Now Try Exercise 57 ■

■ Graphing the Inverse of a Function

The principle of interchanging x and y to find the inverse function also gives us a method
for obtaining the graph of f 1 from the graph of f. If f 1 a2  b, then f 1 1 b2  a. Thus
the point 1 a, b2 is on the graph of f if and only if the point 1 b, a2 is on the graph of f 1 .
But we get the point 1 b, a2 from the point 1 a, b2 by reflecting about the line y  x (see
Figure 9). Therefore, as Figure 10 illustrates, the following is true.

The graph of f 1 is obtained by reflecting the graph of f about the line y  x.

y y
y5x y5x

(b, a)
f 21

(a, b)
x
x
f

Figure 9 Figure 10

Example 10 ■ Graphing the Inverse of a Function

In Example 10 note how f 1 reverses (a) Sketch the graph of f 1 x2  !x  2.
the effect of f. The function f is the rule (b) Use the graph of f to sketch the graph of f 1 .
“Subtract 2, then take the square root,”
whereas f 1 is the rule “Square, then (c) Find an equation for f 1 .
add 2.” Solution
(a) Using the transformations from Section 2.6, we sketch the graph of y  !x  2
by plotting the graph of the function y  !x [Example 2.2.1(c)] and shifting it
2 units to the right as shown in Figure 11.
230 Chapter 2 ■ Functions

y
y5x
(b) The graph of f 1 is obtained from the graph of f in part (a) by reflecting it about
the line y  x, as shown in Figure 11.
y 5 f 21(x) (c) Solve y  !x  2 for x, noting that y  0.
!x  2  y
x  2  y2 Square each side
2 2
xy 2 1 y  02 Add 2

Interchange x and y, as follows:

2 x y  x2  2 1 x  02
y 5 f(x) 5 x 2 2
Thus f 1 1 x2  x 2  2 1 x  02
Figure 11
This expression shows that the graph of f is the right half of the parabola
1

y  x 2  2, and from the graph shown in Figure 11 this seems reasonable.

Now Try Exercise 71 ■

■ Applications of Inverse Functions

When working with functions that model real-world situations, we name the variables
using letters that suggest the quantity being modeled. For instance we may use t
for time, d for distance, V for volume, and so on. When using inverse functions, we
follow this convention. For example, suppose that the variable R is a function of the
variable N, say, R  f 1 N2 . Then f 1 1 R2  N . So the function f 1 defines N as a
function of R.

Example 11 ■ An Inverse Function

At a local pizza restaurant the daily special is $12 for a plain cheese pizza plus $2 for
each additional topping.
(a) Find a function f that models the price of a pizza with n toppings.
(b) Find the inverse of the function f. What does f 1 represent?
(c) If a pizza costs $22, how many toppings does it have?
Solution Note that the price p of a pizza is a function of the number n of toppings.
(a) The price of a pizza with n toppings is given by the function

f 1 n2  12  2n

(b) To find the inverse function, we first write p  f 1 n2 , where we use the letter p
instead of our usual y because f 1 n2 is the price of the pizza. We have

p  12  2n

Next we solve for n:

p  12  2n
p  12  2n
p  12
n
2
p  12
So n  f 1 1 p2  . The function f 1 gives the number n of toppings for a
2
pizza with price p.
(c) We have n  f 1 1 222  1 22  122 /2  5. So the pizza has five toppings.
Now Try Exercise 99 ■
 Section 2.8 ■ One-to-One Functions and Their Inverses 231

2.8 Exercises
■ Concepts 11. y 12. y

1. A function f is one-to-one if different inputs produce

outputs. You can tell from the graph that a function 0 x 0 x
is one-to-one by using the Test.
2. (a) For a function to have an inverse, it must be .
Which one of the following functions has an inverse? 13–24 ■ One-to-One Function Determine whether the function
f 1 x2  x 2 g 1x2  x 3 is one-to-one.
(b) What is the inverse of the function that you chose in 13. f 1 x2  2x  4 14. f 1 x2  3x  2
part (a)?
15. g 1x2  !x 16. g1x2  0 x 0
3. A function f has the following verbal description: “Multiply
17. h1x2  x  2x 2
18. h1x2  x 3  8
by 3, add 5, and then take the third power of the result.”
(a) Write a verbal description for f 1 . 19. f 1 x2  x 4  5
(b) Find algebraic formulas that express f and f 1 in terms 20. f 1 x2  x 4  5, 0x2
of the input x. 21. r 1t2  t  3, 6
0t5
4. A graph of a function f is given. Does f have an inverse? If 22. r 1t2  t  1 4

so, find f 1 112  and f 1 132  . 1 1

23. f 1x2  24. f 1x2 
y x2 x
25–28 ■ Finding Values of an Inverse Function Assume that f is
a one-to-one function.
25. (a) If f 1 52  9, find f 1 192 .
(b) If f 1 1102  0, find f 1 02 .
f
1
26. (a) If f 1 32  6, find f 1 162 .
0 1 x
(b) If f 1 1122  8, find f 1 82 .
27. If f 1 x2  5  2x, find f 1 132 .
5. If the point 1 3, 42 is on the graph of the function f, then the 28. If g 1x2  x 2  4x with x  2, find g1 152 .
point 1 , 2 is on the graph of f 1 .
29–30 ■ Finding Values of an Inverse from a Graph A graph of
6. True or false? a function f is given. Use the graph to find the indicated values.
(a) If f has an inverse, then f 1 1x2 is always the same (a) f 1 122 (b) f 1 152 (c) f 1 162
1 29. y 30. y
as .
f 1 x2
(b) If f has an inverse, then f 1 1 f 1x22  x.
f
■ Skills 4 4
f
7–12 ■ One-to-One Function? A graph of a function f is given.
Determine whether f is one-to-one.
7. y 8. y 0 4 x 0 4 x

31–36 ■ Finding Values of an Inverse Using a Table A table of

values for a one-to-one function is given. Find the indicated values.
0 x 0 x
31. f 1 152 32. f 1 102
33. f 1 1 f 1 122 34. f 1f 1 1622
9. y 10. y 35. f 1 1 f 1 1122 36. f 1 1 f 1 1022

x 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 x 0 x
f 1x2 4 6 2 5 0 1
232 Chapter 2 ■ Functions

37–48 ■ Inverse Function Property Use the Inverse Function 75–80 ■ One-to-One Functions from a Graph Draw the graph
Property to show that f and g are inverses of each other. of f, and use it to determine whether the function is one-to-one.
1 75. f 1 x2  x 3  x 76. f 1 x2  x 3  x
37. f 1x2  x  5; g 1x2  4 1x  52
4 x  12
x 77. f 1x2  78. f 1 x2  "x 3  4x  1
38. f 1x2   1; g1x2  3x  3 x6
3
79. f 1 x2  0 x 0  0 x  6 0 80. f 1 x2  x # 0 x 0
2 3
39. f 1x2  x  6; g 1x2  x  9
3 2
x7 81–84 ■ Finding Inverse Functions A one-to-one function is
40. f 1 x2  4x  7; g1x2  given. (a) Find the inverse of the function. (b) Graph both the
4
1 1 function and its inverse on the same screen to verify that the
41. f 1x2  ; g1x2  graphs are reflections of each other about the line y  x.
x x
42. f 1 x2  x 5; g 1x2  !
5
x 81. f 1 x2  2  x 82. f 1x2  2  12 x

43. f 1 x2  x 2  9, x  0; g1x2  !x  9, x  9 83. g1x2  !x  3 84. g1x2  x 2  1, x0

44. f 1 x2  x 3  1; g 1x2  1x  12 1/3

85–88 ■ Restricting the Domain The given function is not
1 1
45. f 1x2  ; g 1x2  1 one-to-one. Restrict its domain so that the resulting function is
x1 x
one-to-one and has the same range as the given function. Find the
46. f 1 x2  "4  x 2, 0  x  2; inverse of the function with the restricted domain.
g1x2  "4  x , 2
0x2 85. f 1 x2  4  x 2 86. g1x2  1x  12 2
x2 2x  2 y
47. f 1x2  ; g1x2  y
x2 x1
x5 5  4x
48. f 1x2  ; g1x2 
3x  4 1  3x

1
49–68 ■ Finding Inverse Functions Find the inverse function 1
of f. Check your answer by using the Inverse Function Property. 0 1 x
49. f 1 x2  3x  15 50. f 1 x2  8  3x 0 1 x
3 3x 87. h1x2  1x  22 2 88. k1x2  0 x  3 0
51. f 1x2  x  12 52. f 1x2 
4 10
y
53. f 1 x2  5  4x 3 54. f 1 x2  3x 3  8
y
1 x2
55. f 1x2  56. f 1x2 
x2 x2
x 4x
57. f 1x2  58. f 1x2 
2x x5
1
2x  5 4x  2 1
59. f 1x2  60. f 1x2 
x7 3x  1 0 1 x
2x  3 3  4x 21 0 x
61. f 1x2  62. f 1x2 
1  5x 8x  1
x3  1
63. f 1x2  64. f 1 x2  1x 5  62 7 89–90 ■ Graph of an Inverse Function Use the graph of f to
3
sketch the graph of f 1.
65. f 1 x2  2  !
3
x 66. f 1 x2  !
3
6x  5
89. y 90. y
67. f 1 x2  x 3/2  1 68. f 1 x2  1x  22 3/5 f
f
1
69–74 ■ Graph of an Inverse Function A function f is given.
(a) Sketch the graph of f. (b) Use the graph of f to sketch the 0 1 x
graph of f 1 . (c) Find f 1 .
1
69. f 1 x2  3x  6 70. f 1 x2  16  x 2, x0
0 1 x
71. f 1 x2  x 3  1 72. f 1 x2  !x  1
73. f 1 x2  3  !x  1 74. f 1 x2  2  !x  1
 Section 2.8 ■ One-to-One Functions and Their Inverses 233

■ Skills Plus 103. Demand Function The amount of a commodity that is sold
is called the demand for the commodity. The demand D for
91–96 ■ Inverse Functions Find the inverse function f 1 and a certain commodity is a function of the price given by
state its domain. Check that the range of f is the same as the
domain of the inverse function you found. D  f 1 p2  3p  150
91. f 1 x2  x  9;
2
x0
(a) Find f 1 . What does f 1 represent?
92. f 1 x2  x  2x  1;
2
x1 (b) Find f 1 1302. What does your answer represent?
1 1 104. Temperature Scales The relationship between the Fahren-
93. f 1x2  , x0 94. f 1x2  ; x0
x4 x2  1 heit (F) and Celsius (C) scales is given by
95. f 1 x2  !x, 0  x  9 96. f 1 x2  x 2  6x, x  3
F  g1 C2  95 C  32
97–98 ■ Functions That Are Their Own Inverse If a function f is
its own inverse, then the graph of f is symmetric with respect to (a) Find g1. What does g1 represent?
the line y  x. (a) Graph the given function. (b) Does the graph (b) Find g1 1862. What does your answer represent?
indicate that f and f 1 are the same function? (c) Find the func-
tion f 1 . Use your result to verify your answer to part (b). 105. Exchange Rates The relative value of currencies fluctuates
every day. When this problem was written, one Canadian
1 x3 dollar was worth 0.79 US dollars.
97. f 1x2  98. f 1x2 
x x1
(a) Find a function f that gives the US dollar value f 1x2 of
■ Applications x Canadian dollars.
(b) Find f 1 . What does f 1 represent?
99. Pizza Cost A popular pizza place charges a base price of
(c) How much Canadian money would $12,250 in US
$16 for a large cheese pizza plus $1.50 for each topping.
currency be worth?
(a) Find a function f that models the price of a pizza with
n toppings. 106. Income Tax In a certain EU country the tax on incomes
less than or equal to €20,000 is 10%. For incomes that are
(b) Find the inverse of the function f. What does f 1 represent? more than €20,000 the tax is €2000 plus 20% of the amount
(c) If a pizza costs $25, how many toppings does it have? over €20,000. (Currency units are euros.)
100. Fee for Service A private investigator requires a $500 retainer (a) Find a function f that gives the income tax on an
fee plus $80 per hour. Let x represent the number of hours the income x. Express f as a piecewise-defined function.
investigator spends working on a case. (b) Find f 1 . What does f 1 represent?
(a) Find a function f that models the investigator’s fee as a (c) How much income would require paying a tax of €10,000?
function of x.
107. Multiple Discounts A car dealership advertises a 15% dis-
(b) Find f 1 . What does f 1 represent? count on all its new cars. In addition, the manufacturer offers
(c) Find f 1 112202. What does your answer represent? a $1000 rebate on the purchase of a new car. Let x represent
101. Torricelli’s Law A tank holds 100 gallons of water, which the sticker price of the car.
drains from a leak at the bottom, causing the tank to empty in (a) Suppose that only the 15% discount applies. Find a
40 minutes. According to Torricelli’s Law, the volume V of function f that models the purchase price of the car as a
water remaining in the tank after t min is given by the function function of the sticker price x.
t 2 (b) Suppose that only the $1000 rebate applies. Find a
V  f 1 t 2  100 a 1  b function g that models the purchase price of the car as a
40
function of the sticker price x.
(a) Find f 1 . What does f 1 represent?
(c) Find a formula for H  f  g.
(b) Find f 1 1152. What does your answer represent?
(d) Find H 1. What does H 1 represent?
102. Blood Flow As blood moves through a vein or artery, its (e) Find H 1 113,0002. What does your answer represent?
velocity √ is greatest along the central axis and decreases as
the distance r from the central axis increases (see the figure
below). For an artery with radius 0.5 cm, √ (in cm/s) is given
as a function of r (in cm) by
■ Discuss ■ Discover ■ Prove ■ Write

√  g 1 r 2  18,5001 0.25  r 2 2 108. Discuss: Determining When a Linear Function Has an Inverse
For the linear function f 1x2  mx  b to be one-to-one, what
(a) Find g1. What does g1 represent? must be true about its slope? If it is one-to-one, find its inverse.
(b) Find g1 130 2. What does your answer represent? Is the inverse linear? If so, what is its slope?
109. Discuss: Finding an Inverse “in Your Head” In the margin
r notes in this section we pointed out that the inverse of a
function can be found by simply reversing the operations
234 Chapter 2 ■ Functions

that make up the function. For instance, in Example 7 we the unknowns are functions. Now that we know about
saw that the inverse of inverses and the identity function (see Exercise 110), we can
x2 use algebra to solve such equations. For instance, to solve
f1x2  3x  2 is f 1 1x2  f  g  h for the unknown function f, we perform the
3
following steps:
because the “reverse” of “Multiply by 3 and subtract 2” is
“Add 2 and divide by 3.” Use the same procedure to find the fgh Problem: Solve for f
inverse of the following functions. f  g  g1  h  g1 Compose with g1 on the right
2x  1 1 f  I  h  g1 Because g  g1  I
(a) f 1x2  (b) f 1x2  3  f  h  g1 Because f  I  f
5 x
(c) f 1 x2  "x  2
3
(d) f 1 x2  12x  52 3 So the solution is f  h  g1 . Use this technique to solve
the equation f  g  h for the indicated unknown function.
Now consider another function:
(a) Solve for f, where
f 1 x2  x 3  2x  6
g1 x2  2x  1
Is it possible to use the same sort of simple reversal of opera-
tions to find the inverse of this function? If so, do it. If not, h1x2  4x 2  4x  7
explain what is different about this function that makes this
task difficult. (b) Solve for g, where

f 1 x2  3x  5
110. Prove: The Identity Function The function I 1x2  x is
called the identity function. Show that for any function f we h1 x2  3x 2  3x  2
have f  I  f, I  f  f, and f  f 1  f 1  f  I. (This
means that the identity function I behaves for functions and 112. Prove: The Inverse of a Composition of Functions Show
composition just the way the number 1 behaves for real that the inverse function of f  g is the function g1  f 1.
numbers and multiplication.)
Try to recognize something familiar. Show that these
111. Discuss: Solving an Equation for an Unknown Function In functions satisfy the cancellation properties of inverse
Exercise 2.7.91 you were asked to solve equations in which functions.

Chapter 2 Review
Properties and Formulas
Function Notation | Section 2.1 Increasing and Decreasing Functions | Section 2.3
If a function is given by the formula y  f 1 x2 , then x is the inde- A function f is increasing on an interval if f 1 x1 2  f 1 x2 2 when-
pendent variable and denotes the input; y is the dependent vari- ever x1  x2 in the interval.
able and denotes the output; the domain is the set of all possible A function f is decreasing on an interval if f 1x1 2  f 1x2 2 when-
inputs x; the range is the set of all possible outputs y. ever x1  x2 in the interval.

Net Change | Section 2.1 Local Maximum and Minimum Values | Section 2.3
The net change in the value of the function f between x  a and The function value f 1 a 2 is a local maximum value of the func-
x  b is tion f if f 1 a 2  f 1 x2 for all x near a. In this case we also say that
f has a local maximum at x  a.
net change  f 1b2  f 1 a2
The function value f 1b2 is a local minimum value of the function
f if f 1 b2  f 1x2 for all x near b. In this case we also say that f
The Graph of a Function | Section 2.2 has a local minimum at x  b.
The graph of a function f is the graph of the equation y  f 1 x2
that defines f. Average Rate of Change | Section 2.4
The average rate of change of the function f between x  a and
The Vertical Line Test | Section 2.2 x  b is the slope of the secant line between 1 a, f 1 a22 and 1 b, f 1 b22 :
A curve in the coordinate plane is the graph of a function if and f 1 b2  f 1a2
only if no vertical line intersects the graph more than once. average rate of change 
ba

Relations and Functions | Section 2.2 Linear Functions | Section 2.5

A relation is any collection of ordered pairs 1 x, y2 . The A linear function is a function of the form f 1 x2  ax  b . The
x-values are inputs and the corresponding y-values are outputs. graph of f is a line with slope a and y-intercept b. The average rate
A relation is a function if every input corresponds to exactly of change of f has the constant value a between any two points.
one output. a  slope of graph of f  rate of change of f
 Chapter 2 ■ Review 235

Vertical and Horizontal Shifts of Graphs | Section 2.6 Even and Odd Functions | Section 2.6
Let c be a positive constant. A function f is
To graph y  f 1 x2  c, shift the graph of y  f 1 x2 upward by even if f 1 x2  f 1 x2
c units.
odd if f 1 x2  f 1 x2
To graph y  f 1 x2  c, shift the graph of y  f 1 x2 downward for every x in the domain of f.
by c units.
Composition of Functions | Section 2.7
To graph y  f 1 x  c2 , shift the graph of y  f 1 x2 to the right
Given two functions f and g, the composition of f and g is the
by c units.
function f  g defined by
To graph y  f 1 x  c2 , shift the graph of y  f 1 x2 to the left by 1f  g 2 1 x2  f 1 g 1 x22
c units.
The domain of f  g is the set of all x for which both g 1 x2 and
f 1 g 1x22 are defined.
Reflecting Graphs | Section 2.6 One-to-One Functions | Section 2.8
To graph y  f 1 x2 , reflect the graph of y  f 1 x2 about the
A function f is one-to-one if f 1 x1 2 ? f 1 x2 2 whenever x1 and x2
x-axis.
are different elements of the domain of f.
To graph y  f 1 x2 , reflect the graph of y  f 1x2 about the
y-axis. Horizontal Line Test | Section 2.8
A function is one-to-one if and only if no horizontal line inter-
sects its graph more than once.
Vertical and Horizontal Stretching and Shrinking
of Graphs | Section 2.6 Inverse of a Function | Section 2.8
If c  1 , then to graph y  cf 1 x2 , stretch the graph of y  f 1 x2 Let f be a one-to-one function with domain A and range B.
vertically by a factor of c.
The inverse of f is the function f 1 defined by
If 0  c  1, then to graph y  cf 1 x2 , shrink the graph of f 1 1 y2  x 3 f 1 x2  y
y  f 1x2 vertically by a factor of c.
The inverse function f 1
has domain B and range A.
If c  1, then to graph y  f 1 cx2 , shrink the graph of y  f 1x2
The functions f and f 1
satisfy the following cancellation
horizontally by a factor of 1/c.
equations:
If 0  c  1, then to graph y  f 1cx2 , stretch the graph of f 1 1f 1x22  x for every x in A
y  f 1x2 horizontally by a factor of 1/c.
f 1 f 1 1x22  x for every x in B

Concept Check
1. Define each concept. 8. Suppose we know that the point 1 3, 52 is a point on the
(a) Function graph of a function f. Explain how to find f 1 32 and f 1 152 .
(b) Domain and range of a function 9. What does it mean to say that f 142 is a local maximum
(c) Graph of a function value of f?
(d) Independent and dependent variables 10. Explain how to find the average rate of change of a function
f between x  a and x  b.
2. Describe the four ways of representing a function.
11. (a) What is the slope of a linear function? How do you find
3. Sketch graphs of the following functions by hand.
it? What is the rate of change of a linear function?
(a) f 1 x2  x 2 (b) g1x2  x 3
(b) Is the rate of change of a linear function constant? Explain.
(c) h1x2  0 x 0 (d) k1x2  !x
(c) Give an example of a linear function, and sketch its graph.
4. What is a piecewise-defined function? Give an example.
12. Suppose the graph of a function f is given. Write an equation
5. What is a relation? How do you determine whether a relation is for each of the graphs that are obtained from the graph of f
a function? Give an example of a relation that is not a function. as follows.
6. (a) What is the Vertical Line Test, and what is it used for? (a) Shift upward 3 units
(b) What is the Horizontal Line Test, and what is it used for? (b) Shift downward 3 units
7. Define each concept, and give an example of each. (c) Shift 3 units to the right
(a) Increasing function (d) Shift 3 units to the left
(b) Decreasing function (e) Reflect about the x-axis
(c) Constant function (f ) Reflect about the y-axis
236 Chapter 2 ■ Functions

(g) Stretch vertically by a factor of 3 15. (a) How is the composition function f + g defined? What is
(h) Shrink vertically by a factor of 1 its domain?
3

(i) Shrink horizontally by a factor of 1 (b) If g1 a2 5 b and f 1b2 5 c, then explain how to find
3

( j ) Stretch horizontally by a factor of 3 1f + g 2 1a2 .

13. (a) What is an even function? How can you tell that a func- 16. (a) What is a one-to-one function?
tion is even by looking at its graph? Give an example of (b) How can you tell from the graph of a function whether it
an even function. is one-to-one?
(b) What is an odd function? How can you tell that a func- (c) Suppose that f is a one-to-one function with domain A
tion is odd by looking at its graph? Give an example of and range B. How is the inverse function f 1 defined?
an odd function. What are the domain and range of f 1 ?
14. Suppose that f has domain A and g has domain B. What are (d) If you are given a formula for f, how do you find a for-
the domains of the following functions? mula for f 1 ? Find the inverse of the function f 1x2 5 2x.
(a) Domain of f 1 g (e) If you are given a graph of f, how do you find a graph of
the inverse function f 1 ?
(b) Domain of fg
(c) Domain of f/g

Answers to the Concept Check can be found at the book companion website stewartmath.com.

Exercises
1–2 ■ Function Notation A verbal description of a function f is (c) Find E(0). What does this number represent?
given. Find a formula that expresses f in function notation. (d) Find the net change and the average rate of change of
1. “Square, then subtract 5.” the salesperson’s earnings E between x 5 2000 and
x 5 15,000.
2. “Divide by 2, then add 9.”
(e) From the formula for E, determine what percentage
3–4 ■ Function in Words A formula for a function f is given. the salesperson earns on the goods sold.
Give a verbal description of the function.
9–10 ■ Evaluating Functions Evaluate the function at the indi-
3. f 1 x2 5 31x 1 102 4. f 1 x2 5 !6x  10 cated values.
5–6 ■ Table of Values Complete the table of values for the given 9. f 1 x2 5 x 2  4x 1 6; f 1 02 , f 1 22 , f 1 22 , f 1a2 , f 1 a2 ,
function. f 1 x 1 12 , f 12x2
5. g 1x2 5 x 2  4x 6. h1x2 5 3x 2 1 2x  5 10. f 1 x2 5 4  !3x  6; f 152 , f 192 , f 1 a 1 22 , f 1 x2 , f 1 x 2 2

x g 1 x2 x h1 x2
11–12 ■ Difference Quotient Find f 1 a2 , f 1a 1 h2 , and the
1 2 f 1 a 1 h2  f 1 a2
0 1 difference quotient .
h
1 0
2 1 11. f 1 x2 5 x 2 1 8
3 2 1
12. f 1x2 5
x2
7. Printing Cost A publisher estimates that the cost C1 x2 of
13. Functions Given by a Graph Which of the following figures
printing a run of x copies of a certain mathematics textbook
are graphs of functions? Which of the functions are one-to-one?
is given by the function C1x2 5 5000 1 30x  0.001x 2 .
(a) y (b) y
(a) Find C(1000) and C(10,000).
(b) What do your answers in part (a) represent?
(c) Find C(0). What does this number represent?
0 x 0 x
(d) Find the net change and the average rate of change of the
cost C between x 5 1000 and x 5 10,000.
8. Earnings An electronics store pays each of their sales staff
(c) y (d) y
a weekly base salary plus a commission based on the retail
price of the goods they have sold. If a salesperson sells
x dollars of goods in a week, their earnings for that week are
given by the function E1 x2 5 400 1 0.03x.
0 x 0 x
(a) Find E(2000) and E(15,000).
(b) What do your answers in part (a) represent?
 Chapter 2 ■ Review 237

14. Getting Information from a Graph A graph of a function f 1x if x  0

is given. 41. f 1x2  e
1 if x  0
(a) Find f 122 and f 1 22 .
x if x  0
(b) Find the net change and the average rate of change of f
42. f 1x2  cx 2 if 0  x  2
between x  2 and x  2.
1 if x  2
(c) Find the domain and range of f.
(d) On what intervals is f increasing? On what intervals is f
43–46 ■ Equations That Represent Functions Determine
decreasing?
whether the equation defines y as a function of x.
(e) What are the local maximum values of f?
43. x  y 2  14 44. 3x  !y  8
(f ) Is f one-to-one?
45. x  y  27
3 3
46. 2x  y 4  16
y
47. Relations That Define Functions A relation is given
f by a table. List the ordered pairs in the relation, graph
the relation, and determine whether the relation defines y
2
as a function of x. State the domain and range of the
relation.
0 2 x (a) (b)
x y x y
3 3 3 3
2 0 2 1
0 1 0 2
2 3 2 5
3 3 3 3
15–16 ■ Domain and Range Find the domain and range of the
function.
1 48. Relations That Define Functions The ordered pairs 1x, y2
15. f 1 x2  !x  5 16. f 1x2 
x2 in a relation are described. Determine whether the relation
defines y as a function of x. Give reasons for your answer.
17–24 ■ Domain Find the domain of the function.
2x  1 (a) 5110, 202 10, 702, 1 10, 502, 1 5, 302, 15, 026
17. f 1 x2  7x  15 18. f 1x2  (b)
2x  1 x
64 68 72 71 68
2 Height (in)
19. f 1 x2  "x 2  4 20. f 1x2  3x 
!x  1 y
1 1 1 Student ID 23745 12933 10834 12772 91836
21. f 1x2    Number
x x1 x2
2x 2  5x  3 (c) The set of ordered pairs of real numbers 1 x, y2 for which
22. g 1x2  x y is an integer.
2x 2  5x  3
(d) The set of ordered pairs 1x, y2 that satisfy the equation
23. h1x2  !4  x  "x 2  1
x  y 4.
3
! 2x  1
24. f 1x2  3
! 2x  2 49–52 ■ Domain and Range from a Graph Draw a graph of the
function f and use the graph to find the following.
25–42 ■ Graphing Functions Sketch a graph of the function. (a) The domain and range of f
Use transformations of functions whenever possible. (b) The value(s) of x for which f 1 x2  0
25. f 1 x2  2  34 x (c) The intervals on which f 1x2  1
26. f 1 x2  311  2 x2 , 2  x  2 49. f 1 x2  "9  x 2
27. f 1 x2  3x  4 2
28. f 1 x2  1 2
2x 8 50. f 1 x2  "x 2  3
29. f 1 x2  !x  5 30. f 1 x2  !31x  12 51. f 1 x2  "x 3  4x  1
31. f 1 x2  1
3 1x
2
 32  2 32. f 1 x2  2!x  4  3 52. f 1 x2  x 4  x 3  x 2  3x  6
33. f 1 x2  4!x  2 34. f 1 x2  12 1x 2
 12  2
35. f 1 x2  36. f 1 x2  !x
1 3 3
2x 53–58 ■ Getting Information From a Graph Draw a graph of
the function f and use the graph to find the following.
37. f 1 x2  5  0 x 0 38. f 1 x2  3  0 x  2 0
(a) The local maximum and minimum values of f and the
1 1
39. f 1x2   40. f 1x2  values of x at which they occur
x2 1x  12 3
238 Chapter 2 ■ Functions

(b) The intervals on which f is increasing and on which f is 71. 72.

x f 1 x2 x f 1 x2
decreasing
53. f 1 x2  2x 2  4x  5 0 3 0 6
1 5 2 5.5
54. f 1 x2  1  x  x 2 2 7 4 5
55. f 1 x2  3.3  1.6x  2.5x 3 3 9 6 4.5
4 11 8 4
56. f 1 x2  x 3  4x 2
57. f 1 x2  x 2/3 16  x2 1/3 73. y 74. y
58. f 1 x2  0 x  16 0
4
2
2
59–64 ■ Net Change and Average Rate of Change A function is 0 1 x
given (either numerically, graphically, or algebraically). Find the 0 2 x
net change and the average rate of change of the function between
the indicated values.
59. Between x  4 and 60. Between x  10 and
x8 x  30 75–78 ■ Average Rate of Change A function f is given. (a) Find
the average rate of change of f between x  0 and x  2, and the
x f 1 x2 x g 1 x2 average rate of change of f between x  15 and x  50. (b) Were
the two average rates of change that you found in part (a) the same?
2 14 0 25
(c) Is the function linear? If so, what is its rate of change?
4 12 10 5
6 12 20 2 75. f 1 x2  12 x  6 76. f 1 x2  8  3x
8 8 30 30 1
10 6 40 0 77. f 1 x2  1x  12 2 78. f 1x2 
x3
61. Between x  1 and 62. Between x  1 and 79. Transformations Suppose the graph of f is given.
x2 x3 (i) Describe in words how the graph of each of the follow-
ing functions can be obtained from the graph of f. (ii) Find
y y a formula for the function you described in part (i) for the
case f 1 x2  x 3 .
(a) y  f 1 x2  8 (b) y  f 1 x  82
f (c) y  1  2f 1 x2 (d) y  f 1 x  22  2
g (e) y  f 1 x2 (f) y  f 1 x2
2 1 (g) y  f 1 x2 (h) y  f 1 1 x2
0 1 x 80. Transformations The graph of f is given. Draw the graph
0 1 x of each of the following functions.
(a) y  f 1 x  22 (b) y  f 1 x2
63. f 1 x2  x 2  2 x; between x  1 and x  4
(c) y  3  f 1 x2 (d) y  12 f 1 x2  1
64. g1x2  1x  12 2 ; between x  a and x  a  h
(e) y  f 1 1 x2 (f) y  f 1 x2
65–66 ■ Linear Functions? Determine whether the function is
linear. y
2x  10
65. f 1 x2  12  3x2 2 66. f 1x2 
!5

67–68 ■ Linear Functions A linear function is given.

(a) Sketch a graph of the function. (b) What is the slope of the
graph? (c) What is the rate of change of the function? 1
67. f 1 x2  3x  2 68. g1x2  3  1
2x 0 1 x

69–74 ■ Linear Functions A linear function is described either 81. Even and Odd Functions Determine whether f is even, odd,
verbally, numerically, or graphically. Express f in the form or neither.
f 1 x2  ax  b.
(a) f 1 x2  2x 5  3x 2  2 (b) f 1 x2  x 3  x 7
69. The function has rate of change 2 and initial value 3.
1  x2 1
70. The graph of the function has slope 1
and y-intercept 1. (c) f 1 x2  (d) f 1 x2 
2 1  x2 x2
 Chapter 2 ■ Review 239

82. Even and Odd Functions Determine whether the function in (b) Find 1r  V 2 1 t2 . What does this composite function
the figure isy even, odd, or neither. y model?
(a) y (b) y (c) Find the radius of the balloon at time t  50 s .

0 x 0 x
0 x 0 x
r

(c) (d) y 4
y V5 3
p r3

y y
V(t) 5 0.8t

0 x 0 x Pump
0 x 0 x
87. Weight of an Astronaut If an astronaut weighs 144 lb on
83. Getting Information From a Graph Match each description the earth, then the astronaut’s weight h miles above the sur-
with the appropriate graph(s). Explain your choices. (A face of earth is given by the function
graph may satisfy more than one description.) 2
3960
(a) Average rate of change is the same between any two points „ 1h2  144 a b
3960  h
(b) Increasing on 1`, 22 and decreasing on 12, `2
(a) Find „ 1 . What does „ 1 represent?
(c) Domain 31, `2 (d) The function is even
(b) Find „ 1 (64) . Interpret your answer.
(e) Decreasing on 1`, `2 (f ) Has two local minima
88. Crop Yield A model used for the yield Y (tons per acre) of
(g) Has an inverse function an agricultural crop as a function of the nitrogen level x in
y the soil (measured in parts per million, ppm) is
kx
Y 1x2  1x  02
1  x2
where k is a constant that depends on the type of crop. A graph
of this family of functions is shown for k  1, 2, 4, 6, and 7.
Does the value of k affect the maximum yield? Does it affect
x the nitrogen level at which the maximum yield occurs? Find
the maximum crop yield for a crop with k  5.
y
k57

3
k56
84. Maximum Height of Projectile A stone is thrown upward
from the top of a building. Its height (in feet) above the k54
ground after t seconds is given by 2

h1t2  16t 2  48t  32 k52

What maximum height does it reach? 1
k51
85–86 ■ Volume of Weather Balloon A pump is used to fill an
approximately spherical weather balloon with helium at the rate of 0 x
1 2 3 4 5 6
0.8 ft3/s. If the balloon is empty at time t  0, then the function
V1 t2  0.8t models the volume of the balloon at time t  0. 89–90 ■ Graphical Addition Functions, f and g are given. Draw
graphs of f, g, and f  g on the same coordinate axes to illustrate
85. Find a transformation of V that models the given situation.
the concept of graphical addition.
(a) The pump fills the balloon with helium at double the rate.
(b) The pump malfunctions for the first 4 s and then starts 89. f 1 x2  x  2, g 1x2  x 2
pumping. 90. f 1 x2  x 2  1, g 1x2  3  x 2
(c) The balloon already contains 5.0 ft3 of helium at t  0. 91. Combining Functions If f 1 x2  x 2  3x  2 and
86. As the balloon is being filled with helium, its radius increases. g 1x2  4  3x, find the following functions.
(a) Find a function r (V ) that models the radius r of a sphere (a) f  g (b) f  g (c) fg
as a function of its volume V. [Hint: The volume of a (d) f/g (e) f  g (f) g  f
sphere is V  43pr 3 ; solve for r.]
240 Chapter 2 ■ Functions

92. If f 1 x2  1  x 2 and g 1x2  !x  1, find the following. 107–108 ■ Inverse Functions From a Graph A graph of a
(a) f  g (b) g  f (c) 1 f  g 2 122 function f is given. Does f have an inverse? If so, find f 1 102
and f 1 142 .
(d) 1 f  f 2 1 2 2 (e) f  g  f (f ) g  f  g
107. y 108. y
93–94 ■ Composition of Functions Find the functions
f  g, g  f, f  f, and g  g and their domains.
93. f 1 x2  !x  1, g 1x2  x  x 2 f f
2
94. f 1x2  !x, g 1x2 
x4
95. Finding a Composition Find f  g  h, where 1 1
f 1 x2  !1  x, g 1x2  1  x 2 , and h1x2  1  !x. 0 1 x 0 1 x
1
96. Finding a Composition If T1x2  , find func-
"1  !x
tions f, g, and h such that f  g  h  T .
109. Graphing Inverse Functions
97–102 ■ One-to-One Functions Determine whether the func-
(a) Sketch a graph of the function
tion is one-to-one.
97. f 1 x2  3  x 3 98. g 1x2  2  2x  x 2 f 1 x2  x 2  4 1x  02
1
99. h1x2  4 100. r 1x2  2  !x  3
x (b) Use part (a) to sketch the graph of f 1.
101. p1x2  3.3  1.6x  2.5x 3
(c) Find an equation for f 1.
102. q1x2  3.3  1.6x  2.5x 3
110. Graphing Inverse Functions
103–106 ■ Finding Inverse Functions Find the inverse of the
function. (a) Show that the function f 1 x2  1  ! 4
x is one-to-one.
2x  1 (b) Sketch the graph of f.
103. f 1 x2  3x  2 104. f 1x2 
3 (c) Use part (b) to sketch the graph of f 1.
105. f 1 x2  1x  12 3 106. f 1 x2  1  !
5
x2 (d) Find an equation for f 1.

Matching
111. Equations and Their Graphs Match each equation with its graph in I–VIII, and state whether the equation defines y as a function
of x. (Don’t use a graphing device.)
(a) y  0 x 0  2 (b) y  1x  12 2  2 (c) 1x  22 2  1y  12 2  4 (d) y  1x  22 3
1
(e) x  y 2  3 (f ) y  (g) y  31x  32 2  3 (h) y  !2  x
x
I y II y III y IV y

1 1 1 1
0 2 x 0 1 x 0 1 x 0 1 x

V y VI y VII y VIII y

1 1 1 1
0 1 x 0 2 x 0 1 x 0 1 x
 Chapter 2 Test
1. Which of the following are graphs of functions? If the graph is that of a function, is it
one-to-one?
(a) y (b) y

0 x 0 x

(c) y (d) y

x 0 x

!x
2. Let f 1x2  .
x1
(a) Evaluate f 1 02 , f 1 22 , and f 1 a  22 .
(b) Find the domain of f.
(c) What is the average rate of change of f between x  2 and x  10?
3. A function f has the following verbal description: “Subtract 2, then cube.”
(a) Find a formula that expresses f algebraically.
(b) Make a table of values of f, for the inputs 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4.
(c) Sketch a graph of f, using the table of values from part (b) to help.
(d) How do you know that f has an inverse? Give a verbal description for f 1 .
y
(e) Find a formula that expresses f 1 algebraically.
f 4. A graph of a function f is given in the margin.
(a) Find f 1 32 and f 1 22 .
1
(b) Find the net change and the average rate of change of f between x  3 and x  2.
0 2 x
(c) Find the domain and range of f.
(d) On what intervals is f increasing? On what intervals is f decreasing?
(e) What are the local maximum and local minimum values of f ?
(f ) Is f one-to-one? Give reasons for your answer.
5. A fund-raising group sells chocolate bars to finance a swimming pool for their school. The
group finds that when they set the price at x dollars per bar (where 0  x  5), the total
sales revenue (in dollars) is given by the function R1x2  500x 2  3000x.
(a) Evaluate R122 and R142 . What do these values represent?
(b) Use a graphing device to draw a graph of R. What does the graph tell you about what
happens to revenue as the price increases from 0 to 5 dollars?
(c) What is the maximum revenue, and at what price is it achieved?
6. Determine the net change and the average rate of change for the function f 1 t2  t 2  2t
between t  2 and t  2  h.
7. Let f 1 x2  1x  52 2 and g1x2  1  5x.
(a) Only one of the two functions f and g is linear. Which one is linear, and why is the
other one not linear?

241
242 Chapter 2 ■ Test

(b) Sketch a graph of each function.

(c) What is the rate of change of the linear function?
8. (a) Sketch the graph of the function f 1 x2  x 2 .
(b) Use part (a) to graph the function g1x2  f 1 x2  1x  42 2  1.
9–10 ■ Suppose the graph of f is given.
(a) Describe in words how the graph of the given function can be obtained from the graph
of f.
(b) Find a formula for the function you described in part (a) for the case f 1 x2  !x.
9. y  f 1x  32  2 10. y  f 1 x2
1x if x  1
11. Let f 1x2  b
2x  1 if x  1
(a) Evaluate f 1 22 and f 112 .
(b) Sketch the graph of f.
12. If f 1 x2  x 2  x  1 and g1x2  x  3, find the following.
(a) f  g (b) f  g (c) f  g (d) g  f
(e) f 1 g1222 (f) g 1f 1222 (g) g  g  g
13. Determine whether the function is one-to-one.
(a) f 1 x2  x 3  1 (b) g1 x2  0 x  1 0
1
14. Use the Inverse Function Property to show that f 1x2  is the inverse
1 x  2
of g1x2   2.
x
x3
15. Find the inverse function of f 1x2  .
2x  5
16. (a) If f 1 x2  !3  x, find the inverse function f 1 .
(b) Sketch the graphs of f and f 1 on the same coordinate axes.

y 17–22 ■ A graph of a function f is given below.

17. Find the domain and range of f.

f 18. Find f 102 and f 142 .

19. Graph f 1 x  22 and f 1x2  2 on the same set of coordinate axes as f.
20. Find the net change and the average rate of change of f between x  2 and x  6.

1 21. Find f 1 112 and f 1 132 .

0 1 x 22. Sketch the graph of f 1 .
23. Let f 1 x2  3x 4  14x 2  5x  3.
(a) Draw the graph of f in an appropriate viewing rectangle.
(b) Is f one-to-one?
(c) Find the local maximum and minimum values of f and the values of x at which they
occur. State each answer correct to two decimal places.
(d) Use the graph to determine the range of f.
(e) Find the intervals on which f is increasing and on which f is decreasing.