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C Notes

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Rahul Raj
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SUMMARY sizeof (short) <= sizeof (int) <= sizeof (long). Writing signed int some_variable_name; is equivalent to writing int some_variable_name; Peete red ames art EK ea ‘%u isusedto print “unsigned integer” PACT) Tam asta iene Ns ulmcmerourr Molle) integer” ‘%lu isusedto print “unsigned long integer” ‘“Ulld isusedto print “long long integer” “ally is usedto print “unsigned long long integer” . OK friends, this is it for now. SIGNED UNSIGNED RANGE REPRESENTATION [oy BASLE Os Ara Cenc eete] BrenCS TO) fe SIGNED UNSIGNT t's try to verify it by executing ASCII TABLE Decimal Hex Char {Decimal Hex Char___|Decimal Hex Char Decimal Hex Char ° OMT 32 20 (SACET | 64 a 0 a 1 fsrarrornesona) | 33. ant 6 a 37 cary 2 2 (sranrorvexn of34 2S 66 2 Bb [se a2 8 3 3 tenorrexn) 35 236 67 ac |oo ee 4 4 Tenoorraansmssion: | 36 2s 68 4¢ Dp [100 oo é 8 facxwont 3 3 & te tof fio ee oF 5 oto a 6 ios 9 a 3 taackseacer q aan | 404 ad 9 HORIZONTAL TAB) ) a 1 |ios of 10 ‘A (UNEFEED) * “a 106, eA i 8 (venricat 40) + ao — |io7 sk 2B © (ronmreeD) ; act |it0e ee G DB feanaiace neruRn) : som Nios $m 14 © (sueroun 2 " 15 Fo ISHETINI 1 eae Oneal ar 16 10 (DATA UK escare) ° So aie ae y HL pewceconnat 2 2g |nG § 1a 32 fbewce conmot 2 52 iia mF 19 33. (oevce conmaot 31 3 53 5 [ais as 20 34 [DEVICE CONTROL 4 2 st Tite "ae 2 15 eGarve acknonteDoe} 5 eg |e re 22 16 Ismcnonous oe 5 eo | ne is oy 33 17 (encor rans. .0cx 57 119 ow 2a 18 (canceu! 8 58 x |.420 wm x 25 19° [END OF MEDIUM 2 soy fiat my 26 4A [sussriuTe? saz | a2 a 27 1B fescare) sr a3 Be 33 1b [enoup senna 55 135 = i Pa 7 126 eS ay Te urecoanc RUELM ES Some UOCSO Mceekelae settee | 129 7 peu wr DEL (vertical Tab) (Gorm teed) (Carnage return) ‘Sait Ou) (Grit in) (sta ink escape) {Device contol 1) {(Gevice conto! 2) (Device contol 3) (Dowie corivol 4) (egative ackrow ) (Synchronous iio) (Endorwans block) (Concel) (End of medium) i SSSssaess BRLSSSLSRLSSLSSsIaaRIIIsIssIsaz town Reena Inceocurt 000020 SASGREE toast Lamas mmmoo niet ba emt ld + i o 1 2 a 4 5 6 7 a ° AN E t}woan< xg ) oot double ‘C\Users\aspe\Downoads\C programs of dennis itchi\floatarithmatc axe 2 int m int v print ("sd 7 float 10 float ia 13 Logs & others Covessods >) Search resuts x) Acie x Ould og > # B Siathere > float doublese ~ foot xithmetice ‘C\Users\josp”\Downloads\C programs of dennis ritchi\float double.e Logs 8 others ‘7 code:odks x) Search reuks =) Fcox x) OBuld op | ¢ Build message Q1: what is the output of the following C program fragment: #include int main( print » printf » "Hello World!")); return 3 Prenat bred mune Kenko ce oi STROMA aR MCU RULE seta ld RRMA oc melon kel eRe Le Tes 100 Ra eet 12 and this printf function prints w 8 Siathere > questions anewers sete ‘CAUsers\aspADownlo, answers-ete return Logs 8 thes Coesiods >) Search esuts x] 2 Gne_» © Bul og fe: coo saxo RCSA LCM EMS) Cre Rod LO Q4: Which of the following statement/statements is/are correct corresponding to the definition of integer : Se ny MMOH MW Aelk Kec Sey MC antec tal unsigned i; ROM elec longi; POR MVAectecnc ag long int i; long long i; Crete Trae (s(t To Uy QS: What does the following program fragment prints? main() { garbage i ss) Integer value depends from iiteCoaT i Rcomaale a9 NeTaT Kel mU-Ke olen} -3 in 2s complement representation: Se Rela Maid 3 = 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000011 a Keele) ea MUM °°) Step 2: Add 1 to the result. It will give 1111111 11111111 integer value that depends)3 (on my computer) Sree a omnes #include int main( printf ("%d return @; t int fun() { } printf ( Seto ol-Mel mia Zell) NLT main0 function only. Therefore fool to mainQ function. Trying to access variable ‘var’ outside main( function err R UR CUCL oa) scope is within that function et aaee ana) Pete Ver ane) internal ilead eto Teall block are not ears outer block, Basic PRINCIPLE OF SCOPING paneer UES er-lacelll elm ele eee nicole eee this block is not visible to Cased CUE So net cee Pea eon outside to SUD lrg main() { var = 3; var = 4; printf("%d\n", var); printf("%d", var); a; main() { var = 3; { var = 4; print#("%d\n", var); y printf("%d", var); e; you are not redefining within same block #include int fun(); This variable is outside of all functions. Therefore calleda variable int main() { one return @; (orn ea) fun() printf ; It will access the GLOBAL variable. of global variable. pean ane Also called ited #define (NAME )value Bolo do) fll Kole -1o) a Urol meen) ole Lot o1.0 (MLR 1, stdio.h> 3.14159 3.14159 int main() { printf( )3 eR) Press any key to continue. as well as easy to write. TAKEAWAYS We can use macros like functions. #include #define add(x, y) x+y int main() { printf("addition of two numbers: %d", add(4, 3)); return @; 7 addition of two numbers: 7 TAKEAWAYS @) WV eKeto MW ALM RAUL) cM Aa AY greater(x, y) if(x > y) \ printf("%d is greater than %d", x, y)3 \ else \ printf("%d is lesser than %d", x, y)} main() { greater(5, 6); as the values to x and y TAKEAWAYS 6) First expansion then evaluation. #include #define add(x, y) x+y int main() { printf("result of expre * ’ add(4, 3)) return @; Cece) r eee TAKEAWAYS Some predefined macros like __DATE__, ——TIME__ can print current date and time. #include int main() { printf ("Dat printf ("Tim return 0; OK friends, WW conste - Codelocks 1601 Fla Edt View Search Project Sul Debug Fortian Smith Took Tole+ Plugins Dowylocks Settings Hap eagles xealaaiorsoa gerecccce us| em lo slh mem Bathee [conte = T tinctude Ant main() a prince ("td", var): 8 Ce ee (ewe RVR rea -e- Q1: What is the output of the following C program? ee Ome Ore Cyc etsirg rea a) print an octal value Q2: What is the output of the following C program? #include Pn errs #define STRING "%s\n" b) Me ome te Nese #define NESO “Welcome to Neso Academy!" ce ¢) Garbage value int main() { a oleola Rode) printf(STRING, NESO); Academy! return 0; + rintf(STRING, NESO); printf("%s\n", "Welcome to Neso Academy!"); They are one and the same option d and not option b. Ivalue (left value) : simply means an object that has an identifiable location Cuma -aoln Amare are Kola Kels (0 ft) SNe ee aa lua am el MR ened cher cltl lvalue must be a variable because they have the (etel fell NaC Celt-min-Xe (ohio Ave Reel aha Toe ean Ao kee) oo CR RLS 8 rvalve (right value) : simply means an object that has no identifiable Tercera an rhe oedema tren sia Cer cera ole ~ Expressions lik-Eypregsions like (a¥'b) OStant valve. TU RI oom Short circuit in case of &&: simply means if there is a condition CT Ana oR Ra aod e oR UNO el Ral aR mo Lal} [oolaTe (eo Um ULM one of Rel elo com e POEL w yl m elm Uy Same ce aoe komme au Mae ee Rolie (ea) CIR etes aes URC Samana ces Reais [ooTaTe (reo Um ULM ode ot Reet 08 ude main() { int a int incr; iner = (a > b) || (b++)5 » incr); DY iaiai ais tain [ol] AWA] tN A S] NN ec] (o7 (0) aia hela) does x = 1, y = 2; //x = 1(00@@ 0001), y = 2(0000 0010) (x8y) //1&2 = @(@00@ 9000) printf("Result of x&y is 1"); (x&ay) printf("Result of x8&y is 1"); //18&2 = TRUE && TRUE = TRUE = 1 a Result of x&&y is 1. IMPORTANT POINTS 2.) Right shifting is equivalent to division by grightOperand VCH] Teese Output: 1 [3 / 2°] Vel Nea Crh ea a 2] MMi cc-a(e)e RCV AClIUe 16 ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR Neo ete tesa nls ee nn ake eases Cer CRC Uc mee ee eel Link of video provided in the , ; ~ description This operator copies R-value to L-value Here the variable is L-value C7 i 3 3 = 5 3 FS) ES Cy Bs o = 3 ro cI A ce = INTRODUCTION TO CONDITIONAL OPERATOR es Look and feel: char result; char result; Pala er Pla er if (marks > 33) result = (marks > 33) ? ‘p? : ea , CS i ieee } behavior of if-else construct. Quick FACTS CHECKLIST —— Conditional operator is the only ternary operator available in the list of operators in C language Asin |Expression ? Expression2 : Expression 3], expression! is the boolean expression. If we simply write @ instead of some erect eee Rue auch eect espe Cae Relea teice m ocray aed Travan result =@?2:1 rl ComMaA (, ) OPERATOR — Comma operator can be used as an “operator”. int a = (3, 4, 8); 6 2) printf (“%d”, a); Comma operator returns the |rightmost |operand in the expression and it simply evaluates the rest of Se Ieee me UCTen ais case operands and finally reject them. oT Ta Mel eee UT RRO eee CURE RRS SNS Ce eee sae ag PO Sauna ee uch es ms tae This value will be returned to var after evaluating See aa a the first operand pan LCL dG se Tae a) A 2 printf (“%d”, var); SS \ It will simply not meats rejected. First evaluated and then rejected And finally we will print this ‘Ee ComMMA (, ) OPERATOR ne Comma operator is having least precedence among all the operators available in C language. ca int a; pa rome) == | © Bo 4h Ge Pua AMAA ODE Othe) ComMMaA (, ) OPERATOR i Comma operator is having least precedence among all the operators available in C language. ee ee int a = 3, 4, B (elie Teena ee aE int a = 3, 4, 83 Peco Mar dcx) Melle eereltel ts int a = 3; int 4; int 8; Ertsst Tele) (ss aN ComMMaA (, ) OPERATOR a Comma operator is having least precedence among all the operators available in C language. eee ae Frac a Cn PDB printf (“%d”, a); Stade Cae e Cieree each acd 5 baal Foresters Cuchi oie ieee) other operator ASSOCIATIVITY OF OPERATORS Ooty Sa ee Deere Mak ken eric M al acect cae Riel eae eee Someta ace keke ara ume ll ee tee ies ere Need cue 1) 7 AC 3 a Se ele fold Left to right: (10 /2)*5 = ( CMA ld Right to left: ot ee} And this one is not correct. Okay. PRECEDENCE AND ASSOCIATIVITY TABLE CATEGORY OPERATORS EN ra NVR Prue yD Teed (0 0 eran ree Ca Unary er rom tcal Cras as Multiplicative ices PU resnT ceed Chee Gad ieee POETS icyy Tree Ca enc a ena ee a CeCe ID) cota Coes Tree Ta Cae iamet ete van) ste renee Cia pene Cie elit hater Ie Right to left Assignment Stila ae ol aac eet OR accrues C nee [cl ee Prana =fun(); Ceca = operator is having less precedence as compared to () therefore, () belongs to fun and fun will be treated as a function. int var =(fun()); Ifsuppose = operator is having greater precedence then, fun will POR CIeE erin R icc eae: el variable, int (var =fun)(); Cl ola eet) 11 Eg They are used to access members of structures. ATR el Xe LoL M Uo L CMR ACO 61 8 Postfix Increment/Decrement (++, --) Be Aoi mecca era eee eimai ecu ca Es Associativity of Postfix is also different from Prefix. Associativity of postfix operators is from left to right and that of prefix operators is from right to left. ’ is from left to right and that of fey ae) eM MCN ETe MCN (1a ee ae ST Tan EFtTO) Ta c@} F a tad to rae ort ane Eee O ee UelOr h Pisa Cane fata ae int fun2() fee et sdar CCL Resale } Tonner ke) seh taed fun1() or fun2()? Itis not defined whether fun10 will be called first or whether fun20 will be called. Behaviour is undefined and. esc ee ca NOTE: Here associativity will not come into picture as we have just one operator and which function will be called first is undefined. Associativity will only work when we have more than one Cerrar gies ’ aN C standard is the language specification which is adopted by all C compilers across the globe. Te a SE ge ras ; Citis the latest revised version of C According to C99 standard: rele eleeRet tse A OE The sizeof operator yields the size (in bytes) of its CI a RM CM eM EC u terete marl Ts Coa ie at PEER (setae deel ey oy Tela operand. If the type of the operand is a variable length array type, then the operand is evaluated; Seo ae operand is not evaluated and the result is an intege! oleae aha We will talk about Therefore, i++ inside sizeof is not evaluated yoriable length y arrays later in this, course. Rigut SOLUTION ree Rey Cree ae sane d = b-- && --a; i A, Erma aT a printf (“%d %d %d %d”, d, c, b, a); What is the output of the following C program fragment? Saar] is int b = 1; eer res int d = b¥- && --a; printf(“%d %d %d %d”, d, c, b, a); ALE -l l(t Mehl Eure e (=| @) er) { t PIS eo StisdGe are ils=8 ile=g pa reeuee) | Cie ome sa re ea) ease Used to terminate from the loop Example: WAP to allow user to enter integers until he/she neler MM )-<- AM Lo a ee . negative number or a zero. CONTINUE Similar to break but instead of terminating from the loop, it forces to rv R a Mamie hela kon mala (olel om Se CeO Stree Me ec . We need to write a program What is the output of the following C program fragment? #include =) 5 10 15 20 int main() af int i for(i=0; i<20; i++) i switch(i) a There is no break; after cases he [Sz TV aad yy printf(“%d ”, i); And hence the whole program is successfully completed What is the output of the following C program fragment? ESM CMe eas: FCS a) 5 10 15 20 Stam @) b) 71217 22 g Oe Sea als int i; eer e for(i=@; i<20; i++) © 4 switch(i) { rae ert case 5: i += 5; default: i += 4; } printf (“%d ”, i); ECCRLCeS UCR SOM Cee Lec Mle eta ed PYRE eat Td eet c) Infinite times het Tach while(i <= 5) if(i >= @) aera tS { coo tls h printf (“Neso”) ; Therefore, the correct option is option d). What is the output of the following C program fragment? Assuming size of unsigned int is 4 bytes. #include int main() { Pesta eae eee Prete teen ea) stad a eee Pet Range of unsigned int (4 bytes) @ to 4294967295 When i reaches 4295967295, then Pete Me gee ames aeee oe tas Perea) ee mat Ura Ce TES therefore we come outside of the while loop. ae Mo TL aoa at ae hot) will contain 1 because of post dacs Cyr eos eee he printed on the screen. And due to rey an SUR n-2 n-1 n n+1 n+2 if(j >= n-(4-1) && j <= n¥(i-1)) asd Gao ET . printe(* “)5 Se ed As this is the correct code, Basics What is a palindrome? ANumber or a word or a phrase if read backwards gives the same number or a word or a phrase as it is being read forward. Example: 1221, racecar, 24542 etc. felon eae Ut ear MoMA lol mE ele Mallee e| Tea Da es Ue Ne aut ea aut iali eta hin cmh etn ac mucht acme cle gens . Ever Strong number: is a number in which the sum of factorial of individual digits of a number is equal to the original number. Se Se Wes all ce al + 5! = 1+ 24 + 120 = 145 BASICS OF FUNCTION les) Or (eo Pra e yao aac e Cesc OR Res ee area ae) oT eon perform some computation and produces output. Mea tae Mime Lc) Drs es elke ¥ See REC ee erst WHY FUNCTIONS A Dea eee een a ee SES ae Last eet CIEE Bena) ee 5 rl Once the function is defined, it can be reused over and over again. 2. Abstraction If you are just using the function in your program then you Colt a) oO LoL ae) Tl oe Se eee aaa ast) WHAT IS FUNCTION DECLARATION — Similarly, function declaration (also called function prototype) means Penh te eae kh aernkchuc tse For example: int fun(int, char); + (Trey ees eluate aU alot ah) mY Rea Vite ae Number of parameters: 2 ay Xod ete ucu as ia Ui etKeui vel celia char IMPORTANT TAKEAWAY — Tame ACY Ray eet naraon) Prey , neue Y For example: int fun(int(vard) char (var2 \ a Not necessary to mention TMU Basics eal Ne a Raoul ne culos Function definition consists of block of code which is capable of performing some specific task. eee d int add(int a, int b) { eT rT ee iano tL How FUNCTION WORKS? 2p ASSN IR, al euro ey ( ) aces ae Onn int main() prototype of a function. Recall: There is no need to 5 PL f sum = add(m, n); Carollo helm Pee ees rid %d”, sum) ; (rol k Es } Tarr Cua eal) { } ect How FUNCTION WORKS? ee PT aey GR eo ‘ y This is the way how you define a int main() Sem i ae Gl = oh Ga Eh GOR NOTE: it is important to mention Gi sattiih ws Pes ey ecteut teaalte printf(“sum is %d”, sum); eee hy l int add(int a, int b) rf ’ } return (a +b); WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN ARGUMENT AND A PARAMETER? elon Ce Xoo AR Xe ale cole eRe Ueno Rao ol ERC a he Smut enema eo arma eos NOTE: Parameter is also called as Formal Parameter and Argument is also called as Actual Parameter. . WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ARGUMENTS AND PARAMETERS? Para e Leet . int main() f - se eee EIT ee te(ol Ca Prete d eT ee eT Parr eae eet) { } oC eure ae vase Cees ela ee ee a oa Lela RECALL jn Reem Meee seek h rae ee eee Cem uc ck tas Er Cae ae GUT eta) rd Z a \ V, N Y, return (a+b)3 Actual a ~~ -\ Formal aL a Ld Le 1ar- LaLa} CALL BY VALUE — POC Setar Mere lie AOC ee Mcceten! Raat R nek oka parameters store values in Celie ree eay int x = 10, y = 20; int fun(int x, int y) fun(x, y)3 * { printf (“x = %d, y = %d”, x, y)5 eos y = 10; (ohare * CALL BY REFERENCE field int x = 10, y = 20; int fun(int *ptri, int *ptr2) Aire ce printf(“x = %d, y = %d”, x, y)3 le ead *ptr2 = 10; Output: x = 20, y bd td ya) ay rT) Consider the function func shown below: int func(int num) apes 435 = 110110011 { pEby Lt int count = @; Cae while(num) 001101100 if orien Cress MTT TE) return(count) ; og Si The value returned by func(435) is CNPC] The output of the following C program is: void f1(int a, int b) a Frac a ae } void f2(int *a, int *b) { ar c = *a; *a = *b; *b = c; int main() { I int a=4, b=5, c=6; f1(a, b); £2(&b, &c); Piss Gore facet a B Vee a Consider the following C program: int fun() { static int num = 16; isa S d } int main() T for(fun(); fun(); fun()) printf("%d ", fun()); Er } What is the output of the C fla) ae NP we] a a a) Infinite loop b) 1310741 c) 1411852 d) 1512852 Basics In C, functions are global by default. This means if we want to access the function outside from the file where it is declared, we can access it easily. NMA RN oR ma Role MUN UR Rae Kolt a function static by simply putting a keyword static in front of the a etolay SCORE Rca Omens cca snc cenek cen Secu lal canta eae Obscene Ww Two operations: push and pop. main() i | -— Troe Cd es TOL — fun2() { fun3(); } fun3() {_ return; } mea Primer crn eRe M tesKel Kel (tae lott ely DEFINITION ene Recursion is a process in which a function calls itself directly or indirectly. For example int fun() { ’ fun(); eM DET Sai eee a eit ara accu eects 1. Locals of the callee PA caNe (ook Roh ee) (ig lola Komal ee 19 cred int main() U aed } int funi(int a) af cua) STACK (or areey rene uh Poa Position which means that ius Wy SCOPING? dahl SIS e INISe Scoping is necessary if you want to reuse variable names Crear led PUL ana} int a a int fun2() rary WHAT IS STATIC SCOPING? SUAS Se In Static scoping (or lexical scoping), definition of a variable is resolved by PCa ier UMA Cioni cutee haere containing block and so on. cae A Re int fun() { Pa nea y Output: 4 if That eye printf(“%d”, c); eet e cord Oa lt cro Reece eee ee teste EErid Rae Reno Saye to aie int main() { int a = 10; a = funl(a); printf (“%d”, a); i int funi(int b) { b = b+10; eel eet STATIC SCOPING EXAMPLE int fun2(int b) { int c; reas Praia (rts Tad 5 B ean) Ceres WHAT IS DYNAMIC SCOPING? VAIS ANIS SE Varela aM CUM eS ecceculare MLR liaT) block and if not found, then searching its calling function and if still not found then the function which called that calling function will be searched and so on. . DYNAmic SCOPING EXAMPLE Trae TEPRe TL OF Trae TUPLE TL OF int a = 5; int main() int fun2(int b) { { par ee cane a = funl(a); reas print#(“%d”, a); eat an oi int funi(int b) it Ey Cee 5 eee TrlC oat reece Ceres AAAS rd Lue URoRCO Mac T xcisuieal cd is paneer g PTAs 0) printf ( 7] a) 24 b) 31 int funa() { a) ec) 3G With dynamic scoping a) 24 1) Ca) d) 3 4 fun2()3 IMPORTANT TAKEAWAYS In most of the programming languages, static scoping is followed instead of dynamic scoping ene Mee anny Conese ere eee iuatcle) statically scoped Some languages, including SNOBOL, APL, Lisp etc. are evan cost) eso Mee escl aun ules tess aro) programmatically, how dynamic scoping works in C. ’ What will be the output of the following pseudocode when parameters are passed by reference and dynamic scoping is assumed? Pra void main() { Eye rst Cone en aa x=x*a; } ome eine aes } . void m(y) { [GATE 2016] a=1; a=y- a; LICE cD es Consider the program below in a hypothetical programming language which allows global variables and a choice of static or dynamic scoping. Tara are et CE Succ Rta Caer otae Sar ay URLS ULO) EC SCPC es ec ECs i Bees Ur eee ae) racy call F(); @) Ts 10 By (B) Oy 10 «c) rT Pry procedure f() (D) x = 20, 20 [GATE IT 2007] i Tae earl SeurOh } procedure g() ce } Suara PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE RECURSION a int fun( 1 ) my cad rat) feral Tae Es return 1 + fun( n-1 ); y int main() { AT ry printf (“%d”, fun(n)); Eran returning back to the collar and who is the collar of 111 fun(1) fun(2) fun(3) main() DEMONSTRATING RECURSION: METHOD 2 eS int fun(int n) fun(3) Fan) oF aed return 1 + fun(2) else | Sete meee Tee) M return 1 + fun(1) int main() { | ct ee Ben Coe TONS rt ne return 0; this particular place you just simply te ORCA UE-UCel lL 8 DEMONSTRATING RECURSION: METHOD 2 eS int fun(int n) 3 Fons) o ec ae else l eel aie eT Gee) ui ical ed int main() { | ct ea Pree MTG dar ah iia 5 ve Output: 3 need to follow this sequence and when Rotate) Basic STRUCTURE ee Ceeetece @ F fo Se ae) File Edit View Search Project Build Debug Fortran wxSmith Tools Tools+ Plugins DoxyBlocks Settings _Hely PESO e VHRR ARM soa) Or ac 7<1 oom ie o/h BRR) 1 | finclude |O Workspace 2 3 | int fact (int n) 4 jar 5 if(n == 1) 6 return 1; 7 else o 8 return n*fact (n-1); 9h) 10 a1 | int main() 12 far 13 int nj 14 print£("Enter the number: "); 15 scanf("d", &n); 16 print£("Factorial of a number td is $d", n, fact (n))7 a7 |) 18 ney @ Divide the problem into smaller sub-problems. fe WRatehe r lad C) Fact(1) = 1 Fact(2) =2*1 = 2 * Fact(1) Fact(3) =3*2*41 = 3 * Fact(2) Fact(4) =4*3%*2*1 = 4 * Fact(3) Fact(n) = n * Fact(n-1) + i eee RR MCs acs >) Specify the base condition to stop the recursion. fe WRatehe lad) Fact(1) = Fact(2) = 2*1 = 2 * Fact(1) Fact(3) = 3*2*41 = 3 * Fact(2) Fact(4) =4*3%*2*1 = 4 * Fact(3) Base condition is the one which doesn't require to call the same function again and it helps in stopping the recursion. el ee ed oS lo) ig-vei mx =tal]eci[e)a) Sec PS Mee n exe eRe lic am elmo] RU oa aero Ne (Tea Sete Molde eam cco elo) fun()y{ TN all fun(); als Indirect recursion A function (let say fun) is called indirect recursive if it calls another function (let say fun2) and then fun2 calls fun directly or indirectly. Structure of Indirect recursion: fun() { S funy) { Tol mal els fun2()3 ALO Fs . Tol ale el Consider the following recursive C function: void get(int n) { Rezarse mac aCe Perey Peseta aa If get(6) function is being called in main0 then how many times will the get0 function rman lsicieaccutiaehrohiraarela Oks (A) 15 (8) 25 (©) 35 (0) 45 [GATE 2015 - 2 Marks] . BN void get(int n) { Fears sa get(n-1); get(n-3); PO ae get(®) get (6) get(5) get(3) +6 calls get(4) get(2) +4 calls ace) Merce) ene get(2) get(@) get(1) get(-1) get (-2) All vere Be ’ Determine, how many number of times the star will be printed on the screen: void fun1(int n) aed it ee y fun1(3) if (n > 1) for(i-03 i<3; i++) funl(n-1); SOC she) for (i = @; i 1) count(n-1); sie, RD main() tT DF What will be the output of the following C program? void count(int n) ED} if LD) static int d = 1; ct printf("%d ", n); d) printf("%d ", d); ren PCM O Cree printf("%d ", d); Peta en main() come) count (3) ote TD Fy WHAT is DATA STRUCTURE? Deen Ah enc mene ae ht Eire atel- ick Ie Merete erat Coeur kre ak Chat Celi Vr tee For Example: Array is a data structure which you can visualize as follows: w Imagine an array as a large chunk of memory divided into smaller block of memory and each block is capable of storing a data value of some type. int arr[10] = {1, ®, @, @, ®, 2, 3, ®, @, @}5 We want: - in position 0 - 2inpositionS - 3inposition6 int arr[1e] = {[@] = eae ay \ Marre) coda oLloM Reel so Kelclle sleek initialization. And each number in the square brackets is said to be a designator. FINALLY, NO ONE CAN STOP YOU FROM DOING THIS: int a[] = {1, 7, 5, [5] = 90, 6, [8] = 4}; Ea PE CRT erence Cue UN RaaneT Leak si Cee enn related vee oie een WB untied. Codelocks 1601 Fle Edit View Search Project Build Debug Fortran wiSmith Tools Tools+ Plugins DowyBlocks Settings Help [gGBM\e>/sealagiorson 1 finchude- 2 3 aint main’) { oP ee seen tior = cons s | iw € | prinee "enter the nunbe a | Beang(eas, ans 3 || BE| tne remy 10 4 wnttettbo) a fem = W410) 2 Eg(scentrem) == 1) B break rr confer 13 we wie ze} rf ie | sea 0) 3 rine ("Yes") 20 | aise 2 ee) 22 | return oF 2 |) rao Melted size of whole array Pee ee Soar Brom y ae eas wv sizeof (name_of_arr)/sizeof(name_of_arr[@]) DEFINITION AND SYNTAX Multidimensional arrays can be defined as an array of arrays General form of declaring N-dimensional array is as follows: data_type name_of_array[size1][size2]...[sizeN]; For example: Th aes o A SCL Tae] a them in details eure aeclaa) ray race Aa es a Pe BN BSUS Cea OM ES 1g Mo Rg (MAL aa Loe) Puro (New Program) pra peste ee Cue Cae Te scanf("%d", &n); i Tas Pe rsa @ ese bana for(i=®; icn; i++) fi N VARIABLE LENGTH ARRAY scanf("%d ", &a[i]); SI y printf("Elements in reverse order are: \n"); for(isn-1; i=; i--) 7 y aT USS eor- Tne cello) length at the time of execution. printf("%d “, a[i]); POINTS TO BE NOTED Variable length arrays cannot have static storage duration. Variable Length Array does not have the initializer. It is not the case that you are specifying the length at the time of execution IMPORTANT POINTS Sg Pointer is a special variable that is capable of storing some address. p ad ECA eae huCKiGa aCioeaace| a Pp aI P In the next lecture we'll start with how to declare pointers. int x = 5; ST ra a ptr = &; address of operator Address of x is 1000. With the help of this statement we can assign this address to this pointer variable. aera BU al ard is equivalent to ptr = &; Therefore we can write these two lines in one single line. Neltetake crear are cae een eg nk Cuca ue ever bree Ae erage ema teeta sey Ce 3 int j 5 Pla ptr printé(“%d”, *ptr); VALUE OF rere MECC RU MeN Ril Voe Perce ie SRea CRN tat ead eich any ac Peecntacs ap are int *ptr = ax; that is 1000 and with the help of this dereference operator or indirection operator or value of operator, ON] =a Ye) sia Assigning valve to an uninitialized pointer is dangerous. pa . Sees ras rent} Usually, Se ea) ores Lg Perna eee illegal memory ee 2) We the users have no rights to access the location. aC int *p, *q3 oo) q = Ps printf (“%d %d”, *p, *q); | Ourpur: 10 10 Therefore output of this program is 10 10. But please note that Note: q = p is not same as *q = *p i = 10; il a Ps * minMax.c >< i 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 finclude void minMax(int arr[], int len, int *min, int *max) { ‘min ‘max = arr(0]; ty int for(i=lr iclen; i++) f af(arr[i] > *max) ‘max = arr[i]? ig(arr(i] < *min) ‘min = arr([i]? main() ( int a[] = (23, 4, 21, 98, 97, 45, 32, 10, 123, 986, 50, 3, 4, Sz int min, max; int len = sizeof (a) /sizeof(a[0)); minMax(a, len, émin, émax); printf ("Minimum value in the array is: $d and Maximum value is: $d", min, max); return 0; 9 int main() { int a[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}3 an ees ead Este CCID int *mid = findMid(a, n); printf("%d", *mid); Re eH } int *findMid(int a[], int n) { frie ane CTP caddadl 3) } a Returning the address is equivalent to returning the pointer. WorD OF CAUTION ee LNTeNlm CUO COM CALC a Ral -Xo(0(0 lft) Ke i Mele Ne Rela Le) cd For example: int *fun() Ter eee as teed R Coan recs MN LSet Tra es Se ae } int main() { int *p = fun(); printfg'%d", *p); Therefore it is important for us to understand that we should Ware Cele Ceol ee eel CL eR ZL) DEFINITION: Se ere OM Lenk ue Koakeuteleraet re within double quotes. For EXAMPLE: Se ea ice Dre eRe eo meloeTo Rai . Italian it is char with toothy these are all string literals because they “Hallo zusammen” %s is a placeholder Double quotes are important. int main() { esta Gee CUBR 1D iv int main() { printf("%s", ‘Hello everyone!?); return 0; ‘ string literal so this one is correct but CONTINUING STRING LITERALS printf("%s", “You have to dream before your dreams can come true. --A.P.J. Abdul Kalam"); Error Ue aR Ue SU eon SO PRCT COED No Error Leo an re Ree ettecl ces etal “Earth” is a string literal Pieri On SU lame nC eae ase Rea pe aaa Bie But, what we are actually passing to the printf/scanf? Let’s understand how string literals are stored? + Set ae reser ont eee eee fata Ueber h tt) LC OL Sat eae 4 Total 6 bytes of read-only memory is allocated to the PUN estas eRe De trate ‘\@’ character must not be confused with ‘@’ character Both have different ASCII codes. ‘\@’ has the code @ while *@’ has the code 48. . In C, Compiler treats a string literal as a pointer to the first character. = u N +. BCC) So to the printf or scanf, we are passing a pointer to the first character of a STi M tke Both printf and scanf functions expects a character pointer (char *) as an Preteata printf (“Earth”) ; Passing “Earth” is equivalent to passing the pointer to letter ‘E’

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