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Chapter Summary
In this chapter we have reviewed differentiation. We’ve defined the derivative as the
instantaneous rate of change of a function, and looked at estimating derivatives using
tables and graphs. We’ve reviewed the formulas for derivatives of basic functions, as
well as the product, quotient, and chain rules. We’ve looked at derivatives of implicitly
defined functions and inverse functions, and reviewed two important theorems: Rolle’s
Theorem and the Mean Value Theorem.
For BC Calculus students, we’ve reviewed derivatives of parametrically defined
functions and the use of L’Hopital’s Rule for evaluating limits of indeterminate forms.

Practice Exercises
Part A. Directions: Answer these questions without using your calculator.

In each of Questions 1–20 a function is given. Choose the alternative that is the
dy
derivative, , of the function.
dx

1. y = x tan x
5

(A) 5x4 tan x (B) x5 sec2 x (C) 5x4 sec2 x

(D) 5x4 + sec2 x (E) 5x4 tan x + x5 sec2 x

2− x
2. y =
3x + 1

7 6x − 5 9
(A) − (B) (C) −
(3 x + 1)2 (3 x + 1)2 (3x + 1)2

7 7 − 6x
(D) (E)
(3 x + 1)2 (3 x + 1)2

3. y = 3 − 2 x
1 1 (3 − 2 x )3 2
(A) (B) − (C) −
2 3 − 2x 3 − 2x 3

1 2
(D) − (E) ( 3 − 2 x )3 2
3 − 2x 3

2
4. y =
(5 x + 1)3
30 −6
(A) − (B) −30(5 x + 1)− 4 (C)
(5 x + 1) 2 (5 x + 1) 4

10 30
(D) − (5 x + 1) − 4 3 (E)
3 (5 x + 1) 4
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5. y = 3x 2 3 − 4 x 1 2 − 2

9 53
(A) 2 x 1 3 − 2 x −1 2 (B) 3 x −1 3 − 2 x −1 2 (C) x − 8x 3 2
5
2 2
(D) − −2 (E) 2 x −1 3 − 2 x −1 2
x 1 3 x1 2

1
6. y = 2 x −
2 x
1 4x − 1
(A) x+ (B) x −1 2 + x −3 2 (C)
x x 4x x

1 1 4 1
(D) + (E) +
x 4x x x x x

7. y = x2 + 2x − 1

x +1 1
(A) (B) 4y(x + 1) (C)
y 2 x + 2x − 1
2

x +1
(D) − (E) none of these
( x 2 + 2 x − 1)3 2

8. y = x2
cos x

(A)
2x
(B) − 2x (C) 2 x cos x − x 2 sin x
sin x sin x cos2 x

2 x cos x + x 2 sin x 2 x cos x + x 2 sin x

(D) (E)
cos2 x sin 2 x

ex
9. y = ln
e −1
x

ex 1 1
(A) x− (B) (C) −
ex − 1 e −1
x
e −1x

ex − 2
(D) 0 (E)
ex − 1

x
10. y = tan–1
2

4 1 2
(A) (B) (C)
4 + x2 2 4−x 2
4 − x2

1 2
(D) (E)
2 + x2 x2 + 4
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11. y = ln (sec x + tan x)

1 sec 2 x
(A) sec x (B) (C) tan x +
sec x tan x
1 1
(D) (E) −
sec x + tan x sec x + tan x

e x − e− x
12. y =
e x + e− x
2
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C)
(e + e − x )2
x

4 1
(D) (E)
(e x + e − x )2 e + e −2 x
2x

13. y = ln x2 + 1

1 2x 1
(A) (B) (C)
x +1
2
x2 + 1 2 x2 + 1

x 2x
(D) (E)
x2 + 1 x2 + 1

14. y = sin  1 
 x

(A) cos  1  (B) cos  − 12  (C) − 12 cos  1 

 x  x  x  x

(D) − 12 sin  1  + 1 cos  1  (E) cos (ln x)

x  x x  x

1
15. y =
2 sin 2 x
1
(A) –csc 2x cot 2x (B) (C) –4 csc 2x cot 2x
4 cos 2 x
cos 2 x
(D) (E) –csc2 2x
2 sin 2 x

16. y = e–x cos 2x

(A) –e–x(cos 2x + 2 sin 2x)
(B) e–x(sin 2x – cos 2x)
(C) 2e–x sin 2x
(D) –e–x(cos 2x + sin 2x)
(E) –e–x sin 2x
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17. y = sec2 (x)

(A) 2 sec x (B) 2 sec x tan x (C) 2 sec2 x tan x

(D) sec2 x tan 2 x (E) tan x

18. y = x ln3 x
3 ln 2 x
(A) (B) 3 ln2 x (C) 3x ln2 x + ln3 x
x

(D) 3(ln x + 1) (E) none of these

1+ x2
19. y =
1− x2
4x 4x –4x3
(A) − (B) (C)
(1 − x 2 ) 2 (1 − x 2 ) 2 (1 − x 2 ) 2
2x 4
(D) (E)
1 − x2 1 − x2

20. y = sin −1 x − 1 − x 2
1 2 1+ x
(A) (B) (C)
2 1 − x2 1 − x2 1 − x2
x2 1
(D) (E)
1 − x2 1+ x

In each of Questions 21–24, y is a differentiable function of x. Choose the alternative

dy
that is the derivative .
dx

21. x 3 – y3 = 1

x 3x2 x2 3x 2 − 1
(A) (B) (C) 3
3x 2 (D) (E)
y2 y2

22. x + cos (x + y) = 0
x
(A) csc (x + y) – 1 (B) csc (x + y) (C)
sin ( x + y)
1 1 − sin x
(D) (E)
1 − x2 sin y

23. sin x – cos y – 2 = 0

cos x
(A) –cot x (B) –cot y (C)
sin y
2 − cos x
(D) –csc y cos x (E)
sin y
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24. 3x 2 – 2xy + 5y 2 = 1
3x + y y − 3x
(A) (B) (C) 3x + 5y
x − 5y 5y − x
3x + 4 y
(D) (E) none of these
x
dy
25. If x = t 2 + 1 and y = 2t 3, then = BC ONLY
dx

(A) 3t (B) 6t2 (C) 6t 2 (D) 6t 2 (E) 2t 4 + 6t 2

t +1
2 2 2
t +1
2
t2 + 1

26. If f(x) = x 4 – 4x 3 + 4x 2 – 1, then the set of values of x for which the derivative equals
zero is

(A) {1, 2} (B) {0, –1, –2} (C) {–1, +2}

(D) {0} (E) {0, 1, 2}

27. If f(x) = 16 x , then f (4) is equal to

1
(A) –32 (B) –16 (C) –4 (D) –2 (E) −
2

28. If f(x) = ln x3, then f (3) is

1
(A) − (B) –1 (C) –3 (D) 1 (E) none of these
3

d2y
29. If a point moves on the curve x 2 + y 2 = 25, then, at (0, 5), is
dx 2
1 1
(A) 0 (B) (C) –5 (D) − (E) nonexistent
5 5
d2y
30. If x = t 2 – 1 and y = t 4 – 2t 3, then, when t = 1, is BC ONLY
dx 2
1
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 0 (D) 3 (E)
2

31. If f ( x ) = 5 x and 51.002 5.016 , which is closest to f (1)?

(A) 0.016 (B) 1.0 (C) 5.0 (D) 8.0 (E) 32.0

32. If y = ex(x – 1), then y (0) equals

(A) –2 (B) –1 (C) 0 (D) 1 (E) none of these

π dy
33. If x = eq cos q and y = eq sin q, then, when q = , dx is BC ONLY
2
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) eπ/2 (D) nonexistent (E) –1
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138

BC ONLY d2y
34. If x = cos t and y = cos 2t, then (sin t ≠ 0) is
dx 2
4y
(A) 4 cos t (B) 4 (C) (D) –4 (E) –4 cot t
x

lim (1 + h) − 1 is
6
35.
h→ 0 h
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 6 (D) ∞ (E) nonexistent
3
8+h −2
36. lim is
h→ 0 h
1
(A) 0 (B) (C) 1 (D) 192 (E) ∞
12

37. lim ln(e + h) − 1 is

h→ 0 h
1
(A) 0 (B) (C) 1 (D) e (E) nonexistent
e

38. lim cos x − 1 is

x →0 x
(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) ∞ (E) none of these

39. The function f (x) = x2/3 on [–8, 8] does not satisfy the conditions of the Mean Value
Theorem because
(A) f (0) is not defined (B) f (x) is not continuous on [–8, 8]
(C) f (–1) does not exist (D) f (x) is not defined for x < 0
(E) f (0) does not exist

40. If f(x) = 2x3 – 6x, at what point on the interval 0 x 3 , if any, is the tangent to
the curve parallel to the secant line?
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 2 (D) 0 (E) nowhere

1
41. If h is the inverse function of f and if f (x) = , then h (3) =
x
1 1
(A) –9 (B) − (C) (D) 3 (E) 9
9 9

BC ONLY ex
42. lim equals
x →∞ x 50
1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) (D) ∞ (E) none of these
50!
dy
43. If sin (xy) = x, then =
dx
sec ( xy) sec ( xy) − y
(A) sec (xy) (B) (C)
x x
1 + sec ( xy)
(D) − (E) sec (xy) – 1
x
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139

sin 2x
44. lim is
x →0 x
1
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) (D) 0 (E) ∞
2

sin 3 x
45. lim
x →0 sin 4 x is
4 3
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D) 0 (E) nonexistent
3 4

1 − cos x
46. lim is
x →0 x
(A) nonexistent (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) ∞ (E) none of these

tan π x
47. lim is
x→0 x
1
(A) (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) π (E) ∞
π

1
48. lim x 2 sin
x →∞ x
(A) is 1 (B) is 0 (C) is ∞
(D) oscillates between –1 and 1 (E) is none of these

49. The graph in the xy-plane represented by x = 3 + 2 sin t and y = 2 cos t – 1, for BC ONLY
–π t π, is

(A) a semicircle (B) a circle (C) an ellipse

(D) half of an ellipse (E) a hyperbola

sec x − cos x
50. lim equals
x →0 x2
1
(A) 0 (B) (C) 1 (D) 2 (E) none of these
2

In each of Questions 51–54 a pair of equations that represent a curve parametrically is BC ONLY
dy
given. Choose the alternative that is the derivative .
dx
51. x = t – sin t and y = 1 – cos t

sin t 1 − cos t sin t

(A) (B) (C)
1 − cos t sin t cos t – 1
1− x 1 − cos t
(D) (E)
y t − sin t
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140

BC ONLY 52. x = cos3 q and y = sin3 q

(A) tan3 q (B) –cot q (C) cot q (D) –tan q (E) –tan2 q

53. x = 1 – e–t and y = t + e–t

e −t
(A) (B) e–t – 1 (C) et + 1 (D) e t – e–2t (E) et – 1
1 − e−t

1
54. x = and y = 1 – ln(l – t) (t < 1)
1− t

1 1 (1 − t )2
(A) (B) t–1 (C) (D) (E) 1 + ln x
1− t x t

Part B. Directions: Some of the following questions require the use of a graphing
calculator.

In Questions 55–62, differentiable functions f and g have the values shown in the
table.

x f f g g
0 2 1 5 –4
1 3 2 3 –3
2 5 3 1 –2
3 10 4 0 –1

55. If A = f + 2g, then A (3) =

(A) –2 (B) 2 (C) 7 (D) 8 (E) 10

56. If B = f • g, then B (2) =

(A) –20 (B) –7 (C) –6 (D) –1 (E) 13

1
57. If D = , then D (1) =
g

1 1 1 1 1
(A) − (B) − (C) − (D) (E)
2 3 9 9 3

58. If H ( x ) = f ( x ) , then H (3) =

1 1 2
(A) (B) 2 10 (C) 2 (D) 10 (E) 4 10
4

59. If K(x) =   (x), then K (0) =

f
g

−13 1 13 13 22
(A) (B) − (C) (D) (E)
25 4 25 16 25
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141

60. If M(x) = f(g(x)), then M (1) =

(A) –12 (B) –6 (C) 4 (D) 6 (E) 12

61. If P(x) = f (x3), then P (1) =

(A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 12 (E) 54

62. If S(x) = f –1(x), then S (3) =

1 1 1
(A) –2 (B) − (C) (D) (E) 2
25 4 2

63. The graph of g is shown here. Which y

of the following statements is (are) true
of g at x = a?
g′
I. g is continuous.
II. g is differentiable. x
III. g is increasing. a

(A) I only (B) III only (C) I and III only

(D) II and III only (E) I, II, and III

64. A function f has the derivative shown. y

Which of the following statements
must be false?
(A) f is continuous at x = a.
(B) f (a) = 0. f′
(C) f has a vertical asymptote at x = a.
x
(D) f has a jump discontinuity at x = a. a
(E) f has a removable discontinuity
at x = a.

65. The function f whose graph is y

shown has f = 0 at x =

(A) 2 only
(B) 2 and 5 f

(C) 4 and 7
(D) 2, 4, and 7 x
(E) 2, 4, 5, and 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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142

66. A differentiable function f has the values shown. Estimate f (1.5).

x 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

f (x) 8 10 14 22

(A) 8 (B) 12 (C) 18 (D) 40 (E) 80

67. Water is poured into a conical reservoir at

a constant rate. If h(t) is the rate of change
of the depth of the water, then h is

(A) constant
(B) linear and increasing
(C) linear and decreasing
(D) nonlinear and increasing
(E) nonlinear and decreasing

Use the figure to answer Questions

68–70. The graph of f consists of two y
line segments and a semicircle.

68. f (x) = 0 for x =

(A) 1 only x
(B) 2 only 1 2 3 4 5 6
(C) 4 only
(D) 1 and 4
f
(E) 2 and 6

69. f (x) does not exist for x =

(A) 1 only (B) 2 only (C) 1 and 2

(D) 2 and 6 (E) 1, 2, and 6

70. f (5) =
1 1
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D) 2 (E) 3
2 3

71. At how many points on the interval [–5,5] is a tangent to y = x + cos x parallel to
the secant line?

(A) none (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 (E) more than 3

72. From the values of f shown, estimate f (2).

x 1.92 1.94 1.96 1.98 2.00

f (x) 6.00 5.00 4.40 4.10 4.00

(A) –0.10 (B) –0.20 (C) –5 (D) –10 (E) –25

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143

73. Using the values shown in the table for Question 72, estimate ( f –1)¢(4).

(A) –0.2 (B) –0.1 (C) –5 (D) –10 (E) –25

74. The “left half” of the parabola defined by y = x2 – 8x +10 for x ≤ 4 is a one-to-one
function; therefore its inverse is also a function. Call that inverse g. Find g¢(3).

1 1 1 1 11
(A) − (B) − (C) (D) (E)
2 6 6 2 2

75. The table below shows some points on a function f that is both continuous and
differentiable on the closed interval [2,10].

x 2 4 6 8 10
f (x) 30 25 20 25 30

Which must be true?

(A) f (x) > 0 for 2 < x < 10

(B) f ¢(6) = 0
(C) f ¢(8) > 0
(D) The maximum value of f on the interval [2,10] is 30.
(E) For some value of x on the interval [2,10] f ¢(x) = 0.

76. If f is differentiable and difference quotients overestimate the slope of f at x = a for

all h > 0, which must be true?

(A) f (a) > 0 (B) f (a) < 0 (C) f ≤(a) > 0

(D) f ≤(a) < 0 (E) none of these

77. If f(u) = sin u and u = g(x) = x2 – 9, then ( f ° g) (3) equals

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 6 (D) 9 (E) none of these

x
78. If f(x) = ( x − 1)2 , then the set of x’s for which f (x) exists is

(A) all reals

(B) all reals except x = 1 and x = –1
(C) all reals except x = –1
1
(D) all reals except x = and x = –1
3
(E) all reals except x = 1

79. If y = x 2 + 1 , then the derivative of y 2 with respect to x 2 is BC ONLY

x2 + 1 x 2 x2
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D) (E)
2x 2( x + 1)
2
x x +1
2
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144

BC ONLY 1
80. If y = x 2 + x, then the derivative of y with respect to is
1− x
2x + 1
(A) (2x + 1)(x – 1) 2 (B) (C) 2x + 1
(1 − x )2
3− x
(D) (E) none of these
(1 − x )3

1
81. If f (x) = and g(x) = x , then the derivative of f (g(x)) is
x2 +1

− x −2 x
(A) (B) –(x + 1)–2 (C)
( x 2 + 1) 2 ( x 2 + 1) 2

1 1
(D) (E)
( x + 1) 2 2 x ( x + 1)

82. If f (a) = f (b) = 0 and f (x) is continuous on [a, b], then

(A) f (x) must be identically zero
(B) f (x) may be different from zero for all x on [a, b]
(C) there exists at least one number c, a < c < b, such that f (c) = 0
(D) f (x) must exist for every x on (a, b)
(E) none of the preceding is true

83. Suppose y = f (x) = 2x3 – 3x. If h(x) is the inverse function of f, then h (–1) =
1 1
(A) –1 (B) (C) (D) 1 (E) 3
5 3

84. Suppose f (1) = 2, f ¢(1) = 3, and f ¢(2) = 4. Then ( f –1)¢(2)

1 1 1
(A) equals − (B) equals − (C) equals
3 4 4
1
(D) equals (E) cannot be determined
3

85. If f (x) = x3 – 3x2 + 8x + 5 and g(x) = f –1(x), then g¢(5) =

1 1
(A) 8 (B) (C) 1 (D) (E) 53
8 53

g( x ) − g(0 )
86. Suppose lim = 1. It follows necessarily that
x →0 x
(A) g is not defined at x = 0
(B) g is not continuous at x = 0
(C) the limit of g(x) as x approaches 0 equals 1
(D) g (0) = 1
(E) g (1) = 0
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145

Use this graph of y = f(x) for Questions 87 and 88.

y

x
–1 0 1 2 3 4
–1

–2

–3

87. f (3) is most closely approximated by

(A) 0.3 (B) 0.8 (C) 1.5 (D) 1.8 (E) 2

88. The rate of change of f (x) is least at x

(A) –3 (B) –1.3 (C) 0 (D) 0.7 (E) 2.7

Use the following definition of the symmetric difference quotient for f (x0) for
Questions 89–91: For small values of h,

f ( x0 + h) − f ( x0 − h)
f ′( x 0 ) = .
2h

89. For f(x) = 5x, what is the estimate of f¢(2) obtained by using the symmetric differ-
ence quotient with h = 0.03?

(A) 25.029 (B) 40.236 (C) 40.252 (D) 41.223 (E) 80.503

90. To how many places is the symmetric difference quotient accurate when it is used to
approximate f (0) for f (x) = 4x and h = 0.08?

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) more than 4

91. To how many places is f (x0) accurate when it is used to approximate f (0) for
f (x) = 4x and h = 0.001?

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) more than 4

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146

92. The value of f (0) obtained using the symmetric difference quotient with f (x) = x
and h = 0.001 is

(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) ±1 (D) 1 (E) indeterminate

d d
93. If f(x) = g(x) and h(x) = sin x, then f(h(x)) equals
dx dx

(A) g(sin x) (B) cos x • g(x) (C) g (x)

(D) cos x • g (sin x) (E) sin x • g(sin x)

94. Let f (x) = 3x – x3. The tangent to the curve is parallel to the secant through (0,1) and
(3,0) for x =

(A) 0.984 only (B) 1.244 only (C) 2.727 only

(D) 0.984 and 2.804 only (E) 1.244 and 2.727 only

Questions 95–99 are based on the following graph of f(x), sketched on –6 x 7.

Assume the horizontal and vertical grid lines are equally spaced at unit intervals.
y = f (x)

x
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
–1

–2

–3

–4

95. On the interval 1 < x < 2, f(x) equals

(A) –x – 2 (B) –x – 3 (C) –x – 4 (D) –x + 2 (E) x–2

96. Over which of the following intervals does f (x) equal zero?

I. (–6,–3) II. (–3,–1) III. (2,5)

(A) I only (B) II only (C) I and II only

(D) I and III only (E) II and III only
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147

97. How many points of discontinuity does f (x) have on the interval –6 < x < 7?

(A) none (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) 5

98. For –6 < x < –3, f (x) equals

3 3
(A) − (B) –1 (C) 1 (D) (E) 2
2 2

99. Which of the following statements about the graph of f (x) is false?

(A) It consists of six horizontal segments.

(B) It has four jump discontinuities.
(C) f (x) is discontinuous at each x in the set {–3,–1,1,2,5}.
(D) f (x) ranges from –3 to 2.
(E) On the interval –1 < x < 1, f (x) = –3.

100. The table gives the values of a function f that is differentiable on the interval [0,1]:

x 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60

f (x) 0.171 0.288 0.357 0.384 0.375 0.336

According to this table, the best approximation of f (0.10) is

(A) 0.12 (B) 1.08 (C) 1.17 (D) 1.77 (E) 2.88

101. At how many points on the interval [a,b] does the function graphed satisfy the Mean
Value Theorem?
y

• f

•
x
a b

(A) none (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 (E) 4