UNIT – 5

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS: (LT)

∞
Def: Let 𝒇(𝒕)be defined for 𝒕 > 𝟎. The Laplace transform of 𝒇(𝒕) is defined by ∫𝟎 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕 and is

denoted by 𝑳{𝒇(𝒕)} or 𝑭(𝒔) 𝒐𝒓 𝒇̅(𝒔).

f(t) L{f(t)}
𝑘 𝑘
𝑠
1 1
𝑠
𝑎𝑡 1
𝑒
𝑠−𝑎
sin 𝑎𝑡 𝑎
𝑠 2 + 𝑎2
cos 𝑎𝑡 𝑠
𝑠 2 + 𝑎2
sinh 𝑎𝑡 𝑎
𝑠 2 − 𝑎2
cosh 𝑎𝑡 𝑠
𝑠 2 − 𝑎2
𝑛
𝑡 , 𝑛 is a positive integer 𝑛!
𝑠 𝑛+1
𝑛 Γ(𝑛 + 1)
𝑡
𝑠 𝑛+1
( 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: Γ(1) = 1, Γ(𝑛 + 1)
1
= 𝑛Γ(𝑛), Γ ( ) = √Π
2
Let 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠) then
𝑎𝑡
First shifting theorem: 𝑒 𝑓(𝑡) 𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎)

𝑡𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑
− 𝐹(𝑠)
𝑑𝑠
𝑓(𝑡) ∞
∫ 𝐹(𝑠)𝑑𝑠
𝑡 𝑠
𝑡 1
∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 𝐹(𝑠)
0
𝑠
𝑓′(𝑡) 𝑠𝐹(𝑠) − 𝑓(0)

1
 𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑡) 𝑠 𝑛 𝐹(𝑠) − 𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑓(0)
− 𝑠 𝑛−2 𝑓 ′ (0) … … 𝑓 (𝑛−1) (0)

L.T .of elementary functions:

1. 𝐿𝑒𝑡𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐾, a constant

∞ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ∞
𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐿{𝑘} = ∫0 𝑘. 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑘. |
−𝑠 0

𝑘 𝑘
= − [0 − 1] = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠 > 0
𝑠 𝑠
1
∴ 𝐿{𝑘} = 𝑘 ( ) , 𝑠 > 0,
𝑠

2. 𝐿. 𝑇. 𝑜𝑓𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ,′ 𝑎′ is constant
∞ ∞
𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 } = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫0 𝑒 −(−𝑡(𝑠−𝑎)) 𝑑𝑡
𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎).𝑡 ∞
= |
−(𝑠−𝑎) 0

1
= 0 − {− } , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠 > 𝑎
𝑠−𝑎
1
∴ 𝐿[𝑒 𝑎𝑡 ] = 𝑖𝑓𝑠 > 𝑎
𝑠−𝑎
1
𝐿[𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ] = 𝑖𝑓𝑠 > −𝑎
𝑠+𝑎

𝑠
3. 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝑡] =
𝑠 2 +𝑎2
∞
𝐿{𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝑡} = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝑡𝑑𝑡
[−𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝑡 + 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑡] |∞
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
=
𝑠 2 +𝑎2 0
𝑠(1) 𝑠
= 0 − [− 2 2 + 0] = 2 2 𝑖𝑓𝑠 > 0
𝑠 +𝑎 𝑠 +𝑎

4. 𝐿. 𝑇. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑡:
∞
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑡] = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
[−𝑠. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑡 − 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝑡] |∞
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
=
𝑠 2 +𝑎2 0
−𝑎 𝑎
= 0 − [ 2 2 . 1] = 2 2 𝑖𝑓𝑠 > 0
𝑠 +𝑎 𝑠 +𝑎

5. 𝐿. 𝑇. 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑎 𝑡:
1
𝐿{𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑎 𝑡} = 𝐿 { (𝑒 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 )}
2
1 1
= 𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 } + 𝐿{𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 }
2 2
1 1 1 1
= . + .
2 𝑠−𝑎 2 𝑠+𝑎
1 2𝑠
= [ ]
2 𝑠 2 −𝑎2
𝑠
𝑖𝑓𝑠 > |𝑎|
=
𝑠 2 −𝑎2
𝑠
∴ 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑎 𝑡] = 2 , 𝑖𝑓𝑠 > |𝑎|
𝑠 − 𝑎2

6. 𝐿. 𝑇. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑎 𝑡
1
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑎 𝑡] = 𝐿 [ [𝑒 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ]]
2
1 1
= 𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 } − 𝐿[𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ]
2 2
1 1 1 1
= . − .
2 𝑠−𝑎 2 𝑠+𝑎
1 2𝑎 𝑎
= = 𝑖𝑓𝑠 > |𝑎|
2 𝑠 2 −𝑎2 𝑠 2 −𝑎2

𝑛!
7. 𝐿. 𝑇. 𝑜𝑓𝑡 𝑛 : 𝐿{𝑡 𝑛 } = 𝑖𝑓𝑛 ∈ 𝑧 +
𝑠 𝑛+1
𝑛} ∞
𝐵𝑦𝑑𝑒𝑓: 𝐿{𝑡 = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 𝑡 𝑛 𝑑𝑡

2
 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ∞ 1 ∞
= . 𝑡 𝑛 |0 + ∫0 𝑛. 𝑡 𝑛−1 . 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
−𝑠 𝑠
1 𝑡𝑛 1 1
= − ( 𝐿𝑡 ) + (0) + (𝑛). 𝐿{𝑡 𝑛−1 }
𝑠 𝑛→∞ 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 𝑠 𝑠
𝑛 𝑛−1
= 0 + . 𝐿{𝑡 } → (1)
𝑠
𝑛−1 𝑛−2
𝐿{𝑡 𝑛−1 } = . 𝐿{𝑡 𝑛−2 }; 𝐿{𝑡 𝑛−2 } = . 𝐿{𝑡 𝑛−3 }
𝑠 𝑠
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2). . . . .3.2.1
𝐿{𝑡 𝑛 } = . 𝐿{𝑡 0 }
𝑠. 𝑠. . . . . . ′𝑛′𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑛! 𝑛! 1 𝑛!
= 𝑛 𝐿{1} = 𝑛 . ( ) = 𝑛+1 𝑖𝑓𝑛 ∈ 𝑧 +
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

𝑛}
𝑛!
∴ 𝐿{𝑡 =
𝑠 𝑛+1

If 𝑛 is not a positive integer 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

Γ(𝑛 + 1)
𝐿{𝑡 𝑛 } =
𝑠 𝑛+1

1
( 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: Γ(1) = 1, Γ(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛Γ(𝑛), Γ ( ) = √Π
2
2! 5!
𝐸𝑥: 𝐿[𝑡 2 ] = 𝑛+1 𝐿{𝑡 5 } = 6
𝑠 𝑠
1 1 1
1 Γ ( + 1) Γ( ) √𝜋
𝐿 {𝑡 2 } = 2 = 2 3/22 = 3/2
𝑠 1/2+1 𝑠 2𝑠

𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠:
1 1
𝐸𝑥: 𝐿[𝑒 2𝑡 ] = ; 𝐿[𝑒 −3𝑡 ] =
𝑠−2 𝑠+3
2 3
𝐸𝑥: 𝐿[2] = 𝐸𝑥: 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝑡] = 2
𝑠 𝑠 +9
1
𝑡 2
𝐸𝑥: 𝐿 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )] = 2 2 2
= 2
2 𝑠 + (1/2) 4𝑠 + 1
𝑠 2
𝐸𝑥: 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡] = 2 , 𝐸𝑥: 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 2 𝑡] = 2
𝑠 +4 𝑠 −4
𝑠
𝐸𝑥: 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠 ℎ 3𝑡] = 2
𝑠 −9
1 1
Γ (− + 1) Γ ( )
, 𝐸𝑥: 𝐿[𝑡 −1/2 ]
= 2 2 = √𝜋
= 1/2
𝑠 −1/2+1 𝑠 𝑠

𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚 ∶ 𝑳[𝒂𝒇(𝒕) + 𝒃𝒈(𝒕) − 𝒄𝒉(𝒕)] = 𝒂𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] + 𝒃𝑳[𝒈(𝒕)] − 𝒄𝑳[𝒉(𝒕)]

𝑎 𝑠
1.Prove that 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑡] = ; 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝑡] = 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑔 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑜𝑓𝐿. 𝑇.
𝑠 2 +𝑎2 𝑠 2 +𝑎2
1 𝑠 + 𝑖𝑎 𝑠 𝑎
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝐿{𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑡 } = = = +𝑖 2 → (1)
𝑠 − 𝑖𝑎 𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 𝑠 + 𝑎2

𝐿{𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑡 } = 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝑡 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝑡] + 𝑖𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑡] → (2)

𝑠 𝑎
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚(1)&(2)𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝑡) = 2 &𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑡] = 2
𝑠 + 𝑎2 𝑠 + 𝑎2

3
𝒑𝒓 𝟏: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑳[𝟏 + 𝟐𝒕𝟑 − 𝟒𝒆𝟑𝒕 + 𝟓𝒆−𝒕 ]
1 n! 1
Sol: We have 𝐿{1} = 𝑠 , 𝐿{𝑡 𝑛 } = 𝑠𝑛+1 , 𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 } = 𝑠−𝑎

3! 6 1 1
𝐿{𝑡 3 } = 𝑠4 = 𝑠4 , 𝐿{𝑒 3𝑡 } = 𝑠−3 , 𝐿{𝑒 −𝑡 } = 𝑠+1

𝐿{1 + 2𝑡 3 − 4𝑒 3𝑡 + 5𝑒 −𝑡 } = 𝐿[1] + 2. 𝐿[𝑡 3 ] − 4. 𝐿[𝑒 3𝑡 ] + 5. 𝐿[𝑒 −𝑡 ]

1 6 1 1
= 𝑠 + 𝑠4 − 4. 𝑠−3 + 5. 𝑠+1

Pr 2. Find the Laplace transform of

𝟐𝒕𝟑 + 𝒆𝟑𝒕 − 𝟐𝒆−𝟐𝒕 + 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝒕 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒕 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒉 𝟒𝒕 − 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒉 𝟐𝒕 + 𝟗.
1 n! 1 𝑠 𝑎
𝑠𝑜𝑙: We have 𝐿{1} = , 𝐿{𝑡 𝑛 } = 𝑠𝑛+1 , 𝐿{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 } = 𝑠−𝑎, 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝑡) = 𝑠2 +𝑎2 , 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑡] = 𝑠2 +𝑎2,
𝑠
𝑎 𝑠
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑎 𝑡] = 𝑠2 −𝑎2 , 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑎 𝑡) = 𝑠2 −𝑎2

3! 6 1 1 𝑠 5
𝐿{𝑡 3 } = 𝑠4 = 𝑠4 , 𝐿{𝑒 3𝑡 } = 𝑠−3 , 𝐿{𝑒 −2𝑡 } = 𝑠+2, 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑡) = 𝑠2 +9, 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝑡] = 𝑠2 +25,

4 𝑠
𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 4 𝑡] = 𝑠2 −16, 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 2 𝑡) = 𝑠2 −4

𝐿{2𝑡 3 + 𝑒 3𝑡 − 2𝑒 −2𝑡 + 3sin 5𝑡 + cos 3𝑡 + sin ℎ 4𝑡 − 2 cos ℎ 2𝑡 + 9}

= 2𝐿{𝑡 3 } + 𝐿{𝑒 3𝑡 } + 3 𝐿{𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝑡} + 𝐿{𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑡} + 𝐿{𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 4 𝑡} − 2 𝐿{𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 2 𝑡} + 9𝐿{1}

12 1 5 𝑠 4 2𝑠 9
= + + 3 + + − +
𝑠4 𝑠 − 3 𝑠 2 + 25 𝑠 2 + 9 𝑠 2 − 16 𝑠 2 − 4 𝑠

Pr3: Find the Laplace transform of 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒕 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝟑𝒕

1+cos 2𝑡 1−cos 2𝑡
Sol: We have 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 = , 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 =
2 2

1+cos 4𝑡 1−cos 3𝑡
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝑡 = , 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3𝑡 =
2 2

𝑠
We have 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝑡) = 𝑠2 +𝑎2

1+cos 2𝑡 1 1 1 𝑠 𝑠2 +2
𝐿{𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝑡} = 𝐿 { }= [𝐿{1} + 𝐿{cos 2𝑡}] = [ + ]=
2 2 2 𝑠 𝑠2 +4 𝑠(𝑠2 +4

1−cos 2𝑡 1 1 1 𝑠 2
𝐿{𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑡} = 𝐿 { }= [𝐿{1} − 𝐿{cos 2𝑡}] = [𝑠 − 𝑠2 +4] = 𝑠(𝑠2 +4
2 2 2

4
Pr4: Find the Laplace transform of 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝟐𝒕 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝟑𝒕
3 cos 𝑡+cos 3𝑡 3 sin 𝑡−sin 3𝑡
Sol: We have 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑡 = , 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑡 = ,
4 4

3 cos 2𝑡+cos 6𝑡 3 sin 3𝑡−sin 9𝑡

𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 2𝑡 = , 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 3𝑡 = ,
4 4

𝑠 𝑎
We have 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝑡) = 𝑠2 +𝑎2, 𝐿(sin 𝑎 𝑡) = 𝑠2 +𝑎2

3 cos 2𝑡+cos 6𝑡 3 1
𝐿{ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 2𝑡} = 𝐿 { } = 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡) + 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝑡)
4 4 4

1 3𝑠 𝑠 𝑠3 +24
= 4 [𝑠2 +4 + 𝑠2 +36] = (𝑠2 +36)((𝑠2 +4)

3 sin 3𝑡−sin 9𝑡 3 1
𝐿{ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 2𝑡} = 𝐿 { } = 𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝑡) − 𝐿(sin 9𝑡)
4 4 4

1 3 9 18
= 4 [3 𝑠2 +9 − 𝑠2 +81] = (𝑠2 +9)((𝑠2 +81)

Pr 5: Find the Laplace transform of 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒕 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕

1 1
Sol: 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 cos 𝐵 = 2 [sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)] , 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = 2 [sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) − sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)]

1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 cos 𝐵 = [cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)] , sin𝐴 sin 𝐵 = [cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)]
2 2

𝑠 𝑎
We have 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎 𝑡) = 𝑠2 +𝑎2, 𝐿(sin 𝑎 𝑡) = 𝑠2 +𝑎2

1 1
sin 2𝑡 cos 3𝑡 = [sin 5𝑡 + sin(−𝑡)] = [sin 5𝑡 − sin 𝑡]
2 2
1
cos 3𝑡 cos 𝑡 = 2 [cos 4𝑡 + cos 2𝑡]

1 1 5 1 2𝑠2 −10
𝐿 {sin 2𝑡 cos 3𝑡} = 2 [𝐿{sin 5𝑡} − 𝐿{sin 𝑡}] = 2 [𝑠2 +25 − 𝑠2 +1] = (𝑠2 +25)(𝑠2 +1)

1 1 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 3 + 10𝑠
𝐿 {cos 3𝑡 cos 𝑡} = [𝐿{cos 4t} + 𝐿{cos 2t}] = [ 2 + 2 ]= 2
2 2 𝑠 + 16 𝑠 + 4 (𝑠 + 25)(𝑠 2 + 1)

First shifting theorem: If 𝑳{𝒇(𝒕)} = 𝑭(𝒔), 𝑳{𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒇(𝒕)} = 𝑭(𝒔 − 𝒂).

Pr1:𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆𝑳[𝒆−𝒕 . 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 𝒕]
𝑠
Sol:𝑊𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡] = 𝑠2 +22 = 𝐹(𝑠)

5
 𝐿[𝑒 −𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡] = 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡] | = 𝐹(𝑠) | , By first shifting theorem
𝑠 →𝑠+1 𝑠 →𝑠+1

𝑠 𝑠+1
= 𝑠2 +4 | = (𝑠+1)2+4
𝑠 →𝑠+1
𝑠 + 1
∴ 𝐿[𝑒 −𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡] = 2
𝑠 + 2𝑠 + 5

Pr2:𝑳{𝒆−𝒕 . 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒕}
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡
Sol:𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 = ,
2
1
∴ 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡] = 𝐿{1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡}
2
1 1 𝑠 𝑠2 +2
= 2 [𝑠 + 𝑠2 +4] = 𝑠(𝑠2 +4)

𝑠2 +2
𝐿[𝑒 −𝑡 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡] = 𝑠(𝑠2 +4) | , By first shifting theorem
𝑠 →𝑠+1
(𝑠+1)2 +2
= (𝑠+1)[(𝑠+1)2+4]
𝑠2 +2𝑠+3
= (𝑠+1)[𝑠2 +2𝑠+5]

𝑨𝒅𝒗𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑳𝒂𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒔.

𝒅𝒏
Result 1:𝑴𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒏 : 𝑳[𝒕𝒏 . 𝒇(𝒕)] = (−𝟏)𝒏 . 𝒅𝒔𝒏 𝑭(𝒔), 𝒏 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
𝒅 𝒅
𝑳[𝒕. 𝒇(𝒕)] = − 𝒅𝒔 𝑳[𝒇(𝒕)] = − 𝒅𝒔 𝑭(𝒔).

Pr1:𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆𝑳{𝒕. 𝒆−𝒕 . 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐 𝒕}

2
Sol: We know that 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑡] = 𝑠2 +4 = 𝑓(𝑠)
𝑑
𝐿[𝑡. 𝑓(𝑡)] = − 𝑑𝑠 𝑓(𝑠)
𝑑 2 1
𝐿[𝑡. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑡] = − ( 2 ) = −2 [− 2 . 2𝑠]
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 + 4 (𝑠 + 4)2

4𝑠
=
(𝑠 2 + 4)2

4𝑠
𝐿[𝑒 −𝑡 . (𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑡)] = (𝑠2+4)2 | , By first shifting theorem
𝑠 →𝑠+1
4(𝑠+1)
= [𝑠2 +2𝑠+5]2

6
Pr 2: 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑𝐿[𝑡 2 . 𝑒 −2𝑡 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡]
𝑠
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡] = 2 = 𝑓(𝑠)
𝑠 +1
𝑑2 𝑠 𝑑 (𝑠2 +1).1−𝑠(2𝑠)
𝐿[𝑡 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡] = ( ) = 𝑑𝑠 [ ]
𝑑𝑠2 𝑠2 +1 (𝑠2 +1)2
𝑑 1−𝑠2
= 𝑑𝑠 [(𝑠2+1)2]
2
(𝑠2 +1) (−2𝑠)−(1−𝑠2 ).2(𝑠2 +1).2𝑠
= (𝑠2 +1)4
−2𝑠(𝑠2 +1)−4𝑠(1−𝑠2 )
= (𝑠2 +1)3
−2𝑠3 −2𝑠−4𝑠+4𝑠3
= (𝑠2 +1)3
3
2𝑠 − 6𝑠
∴ 𝐿[𝑡2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡] =
(𝑠 2 + 1)3

2𝑠3 −6𝑠
𝐿[𝑒 −2𝑡 (𝑡 2 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡)] = (𝑠2 | , By first shifting theorem
+1)3
𝑠 →𝑠+2
2(𝑠+2)3 −6(𝑠+2) 2(𝑠+2)[𝑠2 +4+4𝑠−3]
= [(𝑠+2)2 +1]3
= [𝑠2 +4𝑠+5]3

2(𝑠+2)[𝑠2 +4𝑠+1]
= [𝑠2 +4𝑠+5]3

𝒇(𝒕) ∞ 𝒇(𝒕)
Result 2 Division by t. 𝑳 [ ] = ∫𝒔 𝑭 (𝒔)𝒅𝒔, If 𝐥𝐢𝐦 is finite.
𝒕 𝒕→𝟎 𝒕
𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
Pr 1. 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒𝐿 [ ]
𝑡
1
Sol: 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡] = 𝑠2 +1

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 ∞ ∞ 1 ∞
𝐿[ ] = ∫𝑠 𝐿[𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡]𝑑𝑠 = ∫𝑠 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 𝑠 |
𝑡 𝑠2 +1 𝑠
𝜋
= ∞ − 𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 𝑠 = − 𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑠
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
By first shifting theorem 𝐿 [𝑒 𝑡 [ ]] = 𝐿 [ ]| = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑠 |
𝑡 𝑡 𝑠 →𝑠+1 𝑠 →𝑠+1

= 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 /( 𝑠 + 1)

1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡
Pr 4. 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: 𝐿 [ ]
𝑡
𝑓(𝑡) ∞
SoL: 𝐿[ ] = ∫𝑠 𝑓 (𝑠)𝑑𝑠
𝑡
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 ∞ ∞ 1 𝑠 ∞ 1 1 2𝑠
𝐿[ ] = ∫𝑠 𝐿[1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡] 𝑑𝑠 = ∫𝑠 (𝑠 − 𝑠2 +1) 𝑑𝑠 = ∫𝑠 (𝑠 − 2 𝑠2 +1) 𝑑𝑠
𝑡

7
 ∞
1 1 ∞ 2𝑠
=∫ 𝑑𝑠 − ∫ 𝑑𝑠
𝑠 𝑠 2 𝑠 𝑠2 + 1
1 ∞
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 − 2 log ( 𝑠 2 + 1) |
𝑠
𝑠
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 − log √𝑠 2 + 1 |∞ = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |
∞
𝑠 √𝑠 2 + 1 𝑠

𝑠 √𝑠 2 + 1
= 0 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = log
√𝑠 2 + 1 𝑠

Result 3:Laplace Transform of Derivatives of a function:

𝐿{𝑓 ′ (𝑡)} = 𝑠. 𝐹(𝑠) − 𝑓(0)𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝐹(𝑠) = 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)}

𝐿{𝑓 ′′ (𝑡)} = 𝑠 2 𝐹(𝑠)) − 𝑠𝑓(0) − 𝑓 1 (0)
𝐿{𝑓 ′′′ (𝑡)} = 𝑠 3 𝐹(𝑠) − 𝑠 2 𝑓(0) − 𝑠𝑓 1 (0) − 𝑓 11 (0)𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑛. . . . . . . .
𝑑𝑛
𝐿 { 𝑛 𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐿{𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑡)} = 𝑠 𝑛 𝐹(𝑠) − 𝑠 𝑛−1 𝑓(0) − 𝑠 𝑛−2 𝑓 1 (0)−. . . . . . . . −𝑓 (𝑛−1) (0)
𝑑𝑡

Result 4: 𝑳aplace Transform of integral

𝑡
𝐹(𝑠)
𝐿 {∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡} = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)}
𝑜 𝑠

𝒕
Pr 1: 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆𝑳 {∫𝟎 𝒆−𝒕 . 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 𝒅𝒕}
𝑡 𝑓(𝑠)
Sol: 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: 𝐿 [∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡] = → (1)
𝑠

𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐿{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐿{𝑒 −𝑡 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡} = 𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡) |

𝑠 →𝑠+1
𝑠
= 𝑠2 +1 |
𝑠 →𝑠+1
𝑠+1
= (𝑠+1)2 +1
𝑠+1
= 𝑠2 +2𝑠+2 → (2)
𝑡 [𝑠 + 1]
∴ 𝐿 [∫ 𝑒 −𝑡 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑 𝑡] = 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔(1)&(2)
0 𝑠[𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 2]

𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕
Prob 𝟐. 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅𝑳 {∫𝟎 𝒆𝒕 ( 𝒕
) 𝒅𝒕}

8
 ∞
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝐿 ( ) = ∫ 𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡)𝑑𝑠
𝑡 𝑠

∞ 1 ∞
= ∫𝑠 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 𝑠 |
𝑠2 +1 𝑠
𝜋
= 2 − 𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 𝑠
= 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑠
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
∴ 𝐿 [𝑒 𝑡 ( )] = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑠 | By first shifting theorem
𝑡 &𝑠→𝑠−1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1( 𝑠 − 1)
𝑡 𝑓(𝑠)
𝐿 [∫0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑑𝑢] = ,
𝑠
𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 1
𝐿 [∫0 𝑒 𝑡 [ ] 𝑑𝑡] = 𝑠 . 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 ( 𝑠 − 1)
𝑡
𝒕 𝒕
𝟑. 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅𝑳 [∫ ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒉 𝒂𝒕𝒅𝒕𝒅𝒕]
𝟎 𝟎
𝑠
𝐿[𝑐𝑜𝑠 ℎ 𝑎𝑡] = = 𝑓(𝑠)𝑠𝑎𝑦 → (1)
𝑠 2 − 𝑎2
𝑡
𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] 𝑓(𝑠)
𝐿 (∫ 𝑓(𝑢)𝑑𝑢) = =
0 𝑠 𝑠
𝑡
1 𝑠
∴ 𝐿 [∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ℎ 𝑎𝑡𝑑𝑡] = . 2 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑔 (1)
0 𝑠 𝑠 − 𝑎2
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
1 1
∴ 𝐿 [∫ {∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ℎ 𝑎𝑡𝑑𝑡} 𝑑𝑡] = 𝐿 [∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ℎ 𝑎𝑡𝑑𝑡] = 2 2
0 0 𝑠 0 𝑠 (𝑠 − 𝑎2 )

Inverse Laplace Transforms:

If 𝑓(𝑠) is the Laplace Transformation of a function f(t), defined for 𝑡 > 0, then f(t) is called the
Inverse Laplace Transforms of 𝑓(𝑠) and is denoted by 𝐿−1 [𝑓(𝑠)] = 𝑓(𝑡).

Inverse Laplace Transforms: of some functions:

𝟏
1. 𝑳−𝟏 [ 𝒔 ] = 𝟏
𝟏 𝒕𝒏 1 𝑡𝑛
2. 𝑳−𝟏 [𝒔𝒏+𝟏 ] = 𝒏! if 𝑛 ∈ 𝑧 + ; 𝐿−1 [𝑠𝑛+1] = (𝑛+1)
if 𝑛 > −1
𝟏
3. 𝑳−𝟏 [𝒔−𝒂] = 𝒆𝒂𝒕
𝟏
4. 𝑳−𝟏 [𝒔+𝒂] = 𝒆−𝒂𝒕
𝟏 𝟏
5. 𝑳−𝟏 [𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 ] = 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒕
𝒔
6. 𝑳−𝟏 [𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 ] = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂 𝒕

9
 𝟏 𝟏
7. 𝑳−𝟏 [𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 ] = 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒉 𝒂𝒕
𝒔 𝟏
8. 𝑳−𝟏 [𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 ] = 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒉 𝒂𝒕
𝟏 𝟏
9. 𝑳−𝟏 [(𝒔−𝒂)𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 ] = 𝒃 𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒃 𝒕
𝟏 𝟏
10. 𝑳−𝟏 [(𝒔+𝒂)𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 ] = 𝒃 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒃 𝒕
𝒔−𝒂
11. 𝑳−𝟏 [(𝒔−𝒂)𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 ] = 𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒃 𝒕
𝒔+𝒂
12. 𝑳−𝟏 [(𝒔+𝒂)𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 ] = 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒃 𝒕
𝟏 𝟏
13. 𝑳−𝟏 [(𝒔−𝒂)𝟐 −𝒃𝟐 ] = 𝒃 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒉 𝒃𝒕
𝟏 𝟏
14. 𝑳−𝟏 [(𝒔+𝒂)𝟐 −𝒃𝟐 ] = 𝒃 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒉 𝒃𝒕
𝒛𝒂𝒔
15. 𝑳−𝟏 [ 𝟐 ] = 𝒕. 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒕
(𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 )
𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐
16. 𝑳−𝟏 [ 𝟐 ] = 𝒕. 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂 𝒕
(𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 )

First shifting theorem: 𝑳−𝟏 [𝑭(𝒔 − 𝒂)] = 𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒇(𝒕), 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝑳−𝟏 [𝑭(𝒔)]

Inverse Laplace transforms by Inspections:

𝟐𝒔−𝟓
1.Evaluate 𝑳−𝟏 [𝒔𝟐 −𝟒]

𝟐𝒔−𝟓 𝑠 1
Sol: 𝑳−𝟏 [𝒔𝟐 −𝟒] = 2. 𝐿−1 [𝑠2 −4] − 5. 𝐿−1 [𝑠2 −4]
5 𝟑𝒔−𝟖
= 2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 2 𝑡 − 2 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 2 𝑡2.Evaluate 𝑳−𝟏 [𝟒𝒔𝟐 −𝟐𝟓]

𝟑𝒔−𝟖 𝒔 𝟏
Sol: 𝑳−𝟏 [𝟒𝒔𝟐 +𝟐𝟓] = 𝟑𝑳−𝟏 [𝟒𝒔𝟐 +𝟓𝟐 ] − 𝟖𝑳−𝟏 [𝟒𝒔𝟐 +𝟓𝟐 ]

𝟑 −𝟏 𝒔 𝟖 −𝟏 𝟏
= 𝑳 [ ] − 𝑳 [ ]
𝟒 𝟐 𝟓 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟓 𝟐
𝒔 +( ) 𝒔 +( )
𝟐 𝟐
𝟑 𝟓 𝟏 𝟓
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 − 𝟐 . 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕
𝟒 𝟐 𝟓 𝟐
𝟐
𝟑 𝟓𝒕 𝟒 𝟓𝒕
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) − . 𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝟒 𝟐 𝟓 𝟐

𝒔𝟐 +𝟗𝒔−𝟗
2. Evaluate 𝑳−𝟏 [ ]
𝒔𝟑 −𝟗𝒔

10
 𝒔𝟐 +𝟗𝒔−𝟗 (𝒔𝟐 −𝟗)+𝟗𝒔 𝟏 𝟑
Sol: 𝑳−𝟏 [ ] = 𝑳−𝟏 [ ] = 𝑳−𝟏 [ 𝒔 ] + 𝟑. 𝑳−𝟏 [𝒔𝟐 −𝟑𝟐 ]
𝒔𝟑 −𝟗𝒔 𝒔(𝒔𝟐 −𝟗)
= 𝟏 + 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝟑𝒕

𝑺𝟐 −𝟑𝑺+𝟒
3. Determine the inverse Laplace transform of 𝑭(𝑺) = .
𝑺𝟑

𝑆 2 −3𝑆+4 1 3 4
Ans: 𝑭(𝒔) = = 𝑠 − 𝑆2 + 𝑆3
𝑆3

1 1 1
𝑳−𝟏 [𝑭(𝒔)] = 𝑳−𝟏 [𝑠 ] − 𝟑𝑳−𝟏 [𝑆2 ] + 𝟒𝑳−𝟏 [𝑆3 ]

𝒕𝟐
= 𝟏 − 𝟑𝒕 + 𝟒 𝟐! = 𝟏 − 𝟑𝒕 + 𝟐𝒕𝟐
𝑺
4. Determine the inverse Laplace transform of 𝒔𝟐 −𝟒𝒔+𝟏𝟔.
𝑆
Ans: Let 𝑭(𝒔) = 𝑠2 −4𝑠+16
𝑆 𝑆−2+2
𝑭(𝒔) = (𝑠−2)2+16 = (𝑠−2)2 +16

𝑆−2+2 𝑆+2
𝑳−𝟏 [𝑭(𝒔)] = 𝑳−𝟏 [(𝑠−2)2 +16] = 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝑳−𝟏 [𝑠2 +16] {since we have 𝑳−𝟏 [𝑭(𝒔 − 𝒂)] =

= 𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝑳−𝟏 [𝑭(𝒔)] }

𝑆 𝟏 −𝟐𝒕 −𝟏 4
= 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝑳−𝟏 [ ] + 𝒆 𝑳 [ ]
𝑠 2 + 42 𝟐 𝑠 2 + 42
𝟏
= 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 cos 4𝑡 + 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 sin 4𝑡
𝟐

Inverse Laplace transforms using partial fractions:

𝒔−𝟐
1. 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆𝑳−𝟏 [𝒔𝟐+𝟓𝒔+𝟔]

𝒔−𝟐 𝒔−𝟐
Sol: 𝒔𝟐 +𝟓𝒔+𝟔 = (𝒔+𝟐)(𝒔+𝟑)

𝒔−𝟐 𝑨 𝑩
𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒔𝟐 +𝟓𝒔+𝟔 = 𝒔+𝟐 + 𝒔+𝟑
⇒ 𝒔 − 𝟐 = 𝑨(𝒔 + 𝟑) + 𝑩(𝒔 + 𝟐)
𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒔 = −𝟐: −𝟒 = 𝑨 ∴ 𝑨 = −𝟒
𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒔 = −𝟑 − 𝟓 = −𝑩 ∴ 𝑩 = 𝟓

𝒔−𝟐 𝟓 𝟒
∴ 𝑳−𝟏 [ ] = 𝑳 −𝟏
[ − ]
𝒔𝟐 + 𝟓𝒔 + 𝟔 𝒔+𝟑 𝒔+𝟐

11
 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟓. 𝑳−𝟏 [𝒔+𝟑] − 𝟒𝑳−𝟏 [𝒔+𝟐]
= 𝟓𝒆−𝟑𝒕 − 𝟒𝒆−𝟐𝒕

𝟏
2. 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑳−𝟏 [(𝒔+𝟏)(𝒔𝟐 +𝟏)]
𝟏 𝜜 𝑩𝑺+𝑪
Sol : L𝒆𝒕 (𝒔+𝟏)(𝒔𝟐 +𝟏)
= 𝒔+𝟏 + 𝒔𝟐 +𝟏
𝟐 (𝒔
𝑨(𝒔 + 𝟏) + + 𝟏)[𝑩𝑺 + 𝑪] = 𝟏
𝟏
𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒔 = −𝟏: 𝟐𝑨 = 𝟏 ∴ 𝑨 = 𝟐
𝟏
Coefficient of 𝒔𝟐 ∶ 𝑨 + 𝑩 = 𝟎 ∴ 𝑩 = −𝑨 = −
𝟐

Coefficient of 𝒔: 𝑩 + 𝑪 = 𝟎 ∴ 𝑪 = −𝑩 = 𝟏/𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 −𝑺 + 𝟏
= +
(𝒔 + 𝟏)(𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝒔 + 𝟏 𝟐 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏

𝟏 1 𝟏 1 𝒔 1 1 −𝟏 𝟏
𝑳−𝟏 [ 𝟐
] = 𝑳−𝟏 [ ] − 𝑳−𝟏 [ 𝟐 ]+ 𝑳 [ 𝟐 ]
(𝒔 + 𝟏)(𝒔 + 𝟏) 2 𝒔 − (−𝟏) 2 (𝒔 + 𝟏) 22 (𝒔 + 𝟏)

1 −2𝑡 1 1
= 𝑒 − cos 𝑡 + sin 𝑡
2 2 2

𝟏
3. 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑳−𝟏 [(𝒔+𝟏)𝟐 ]
(𝒔𝟐 +𝟒)

1 𝐴 𝐵 (𝐶𝑠+𝐷)
Sol: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 (𝑠+1)2 (𝑠2 +4)
= 𝑠+1 + (𝑠+1)2 + 𝑠2 +4

2 1 2 3
By usual procedure, we get 𝑨 = 25 , 𝐵 = 5 , 𝐶 = − 25 , 𝐷 = − 25

1 2 −1 1 1 1 2 𝑠 3 −1 1
𝐿−1 [ ]= 𝐿 [ ] + 𝐿−1 [ ] + (− ) 𝐿−1 ( 2 )− 𝐿 [ 2 ]
(𝑠 + 1)2 (𝑠 2 + 4) 25 𝑠+1 5 (𝑠 + 1)2 25 𝑠 +4 25 𝑠 +4

2 −𝑡 1 −𝑡 2
= 𝑒 + 𝑡𝑒 − (− ) cos 2𝑡 − 50 sin 2𝑡
25 5 25

𝒔𝟐 +𝟑𝒔−𝟒
4. Find the inverse Laplace transform of (𝒔−𝟏)(𝒔+𝟑)(𝒔−𝟐)
𝑠2 −3𝑠+5
Ans: 𝐹(𝑠) = (𝑠−1)(𝑠+3)(𝑠−2)
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Let 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠−1 + 𝑠+3 + 𝑠−2
6 3 23 3
By usual procedure, we get 𝐴 = 4 = 2 , 𝐵 = 20 , 𝐶 = 5

12
 3 1 23 1 3 1
𝐹(𝑠) = + +
2 𝑠 − 1 20 𝑠 + 3 5 𝑠 − 2
3 1 23 −1 1 3 1
𝐿−1 [ 𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 [ ]+ 𝐿 [ ] + 𝐿−1 [ ]
2 𝑠 − 1 20 𝑠+3 5 𝑠−2
3 23 −3𝑡 3 2𝑡
= 𝑒𝑡 + 𝑒 + 𝑒
2 20 5
𝟐
𝒔 +𝟑𝒔−𝟒
5. Find the inverse Laplace transform of 𝒔(𝒔+𝟑)(𝒔−𝟐)
𝑠2 −3𝑠+5
Ans: 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠(𝑠+3)(𝑠−2)
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Let 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠 + 𝑠+3 + 𝑠−2
23 3
By usual procedure, we get 𝐴 = −1 , 𝐵 = 15 , 𝐶 = 10
1 23 1 3 1
𝐹(𝑠) = − + +
𝑠 − 1 15 𝑠 + 3 10 𝑠 − 2
1 23 −1 1 3 −1 1
𝐿−1 [ 𝐹(𝑠)] = −𝐿−1 [ ]+ 𝐿 [ ]+ 𝐿 [ ]
𝑠 − 1 15 𝑠 + 3 10 𝑠−2
23 −3𝑡 3 2𝑡
= −𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 + 𝑒
15 10

𝑡
Convolution: Def: Convolution of two functions 𝑓(𝑡)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑡)is defined by ∫𝑢=0 𝑓(𝑢). 𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢 and
is denoted by ( 𝑓 ∗ 𝑔)(t)

Convolution theorem: Let 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] and then,

𝑡
𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)𝐺(𝑠)] = ∫𝑢=0 𝑓(𝑢). 𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢

𝟏
1. Evaluate 𝑳−𝟏 [(𝒔+𝟏)(𝒔𝟐+𝟏)]by using convolution theorem

1 1
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠+1, , 𝐺(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +1

1
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 [𝑠+1] = 𝑒 −𝑡

1
𝑔(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐺(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 [𝑠2 +1] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡

𝑡
By convolution theorem, 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)𝐺(𝑠)] = ∫𝑢=0 𝑓(𝑢). 𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢

𝑡
1 1
∴ 𝐿−1 [ . 2 ] = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑢 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢
𝑠+1 𝑠 +1 𝑢=0
𝑒 −𝑢 𝑢=𝑡
= {− 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡 − 𝑢) − (−1) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡 − 𝑢)} |
1+1
&𝑢=0
13
 1 −𝑡 1
= [𝑒 (1)] − [− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡]
2 2
1 −𝑡
= [𝑒 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡].
2
𝒔𝟐
2. Evaluate 𝑳−𝟏 [(𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 )(𝒔𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 )] by using convolution theorem
𝒔 𝒔
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐹(𝑠) = (𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 ), , 𝐺(𝑠) = (𝒔𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 )
𝒔 1
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [(𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 )] = 𝐿−1 [𝑠+1] = 𝑒 −𝑡
𝒔
𝑔(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐺(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 [(𝒔𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 )] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
𝑡
By convolution theorem, 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)𝐺(𝑠)] = ∫𝑢=0 𝑓(𝑢). 𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢

𝒔𝟐 𝒕
∴ 𝑳−𝟏 [(𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 )(𝒔𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 )] = ∫𝒖=𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂𝒖 . 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒃 (𝒕 − 𝒖)𝒅𝒖
𝟏 𝒕
= 𝟐 ∫𝟎 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒂𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒃𝒕 − 𝒃𝒖) 𝒅𝒖

𝟏 𝒕
= 𝟐 ∫𝟎 [𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒂 𝒖 + 𝒃𝒕 − 𝒃𝒖) + 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒂𝒖 − 𝒃𝒕 + 𝒃𝒖)]𝒅𝒖

𝟏 𝒕
= 𝟐 ∫𝟎 [𝒄𝒐𝒔( 𝒃𝒕 + (𝒂 − 𝒃)𝒖) + 𝒄𝒐𝒔((𝒂 + 𝒃)𝒖 − 𝒃𝒕)]𝒅𝒖

𝒖=𝒕
𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒃𝒕+(𝒂−𝒃)𝒖) 𝒔𝒊𝒏[(𝒂+𝒃)𝒖−𝒃𝒕]
= 𝟐[ (𝒂−𝒃)
+ (𝒂+𝒃)
]|
𝒖=𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= [ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒕 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒕 − {(𝒂−𝒃) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒃𝒕 − (𝒂+𝒃) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒃𝒕}]
𝟐 (𝒂−𝒃) (𝒂+𝒃)
𝟏 𝟐𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒃𝒕 −𝟐𝒃
= 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒕 [𝒂𝟐 −𝒃𝟐 ] + { }
𝟐 𝒂𝟐 −𝒃𝟐

𝟏
= [𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒕 − 𝒃𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒃𝒕]
𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐
𝟏
3. Evaluate 𝑳−𝟏 [𝒔𝟑 (𝒔−𝟒)]by using convolution theorem

1 1
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠3 , , 𝐺(𝑠) = 𝑠−4

1 1 𝑡2
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 [𝑠3 ] = 𝐿−1 [𝑠2+1 ] = 2!

1
𝑔(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐺(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 [𝑠−4] = 𝑒 −4𝑡

𝑡
By convolution theorem, 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)𝐺(𝑠)] = ∫𝑢=0 𝑓(𝑢). 𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢

14
 𝑡
−1
1 𝑢2 −4(𝑡−𝑢)
∴𝐿 [ 3 ] == ∫ . 𝑒 𝑑𝑢
𝑠 (𝑠 − 4) 𝑢=0 2

𝑒 −4𝑡 𝑡
= 2
∫𝑢=0 𝑢2 𝑒 4𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑒 −4𝑡 2 𝑒 4𝑢 𝑒 4𝑢 𝑒 4𝑢 𝑢 = 𝑡
= [𝑢 − 2𝑢 +2 ]|
2 4 16 64 𝑢 = 0
𝑒 −4𝑡 2 𝑒 4𝑡 𝑒 4𝑡 𝑒 4𝑡 1
= [𝑡 − 2𝑡 +2 − { }]
2 4 16 64 32

𝑡2 𝑡 1 𝑒 −4𝑡
= − + −
8 16 32 64

𝟏
4. Evaluate 𝑳−𝟏 [ ]by using convolution theorem
𝒔(𝒔−𝟒)

1 1
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠 , , 𝐺(𝑠) = 𝑠−4

1
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 [𝑠 ] = 1

1
𝑔(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝐺(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 [𝑠−4] = 𝑒 −4𝑡

𝑡
By convolution theorem, 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)𝐺(𝑠)] = ∫𝑢=0 𝑓(𝑢). 𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢

𝑡
1
∴ 𝐿−1 𝐿−1 [ ] = ∫ 1. 𝑒 −4(𝑡−𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
𝑠(𝑠 − 4) 𝑢=0

𝑡
= 𝑒 −4𝑡 ∫𝑢=0 𝑒 4𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑒 4𝑢 𝑢 = 𝑡
= 𝑒 −4𝑡 [ ] |
4 𝑢=0
−4𝑡
𝑒 4𝑡 1
=𝑒 [ − { }]
4 4

1 𝑒 −4𝑡
=4 − 4

15
Solutions of IVPs using Laplace Transforms:

1. Using Laplace transform, solve 𝒙" + 𝟓𝒙′ + 𝟔𝒙 = 𝟓𝒆𝟐𝒕 with 𝒙(𝟎) = 𝟐, 𝒙′ (𝟎) = 𝟏.
Sol: Given DE is 𝑥 " + 5𝑥 ′ + 6𝑥 = 5𝑒 2𝑡
Apply Laplace transform on both sides
𝐿{𝑥 " + 5𝑥 ′ + 6𝑥} = 𝐿{5𝑒 2𝑡 }
⟹ 𝐿{𝑥"} + 5𝐿{𝑥′} + 6𝐿{𝑥} = 5𝐿{ 𝑒 𝑡 }
1
⟹ [𝑠 2 𝑋(𝑠) − 𝑠𝑥{0} − 𝑥′{0}] + 5[𝑠𝑋(𝑠) − 𝑥{0}] + 6𝑋(𝑠) = 5
𝑠−2
1
⟹ [𝑠 2 𝑋(𝑠) − 2𝑠 − 1] + 5[𝑠𝑋(𝑠) − 2] + 6𝑋(𝑠) = 5
𝑠−2
1 2𝑠2 +7𝑠−17
⟹ (𝑠 2 + 5𝑠 + 6)𝑋(𝑠) = 2𝑠 + 11 + 5 𝑠−2 = 𝑠−2
2𝑠2 +7𝑠−17
⟹ 𝑋(𝑠) = (𝑠−2)(𝑠2 +5𝑠+6)
2𝑠2 +7𝑠−17
⟹ 𝑋(𝑠) = (𝑠−2)(𝑠+2)(𝑠+3)
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑋(𝑠) = 𝑠−2 + 𝑠+2 + 𝑠+3
1 23
By usual procedure we get , 𝐴 = 4 , 𝐵 = 4 , 𝐶 = −4
1 1 23 𝐵 1
𝑋(𝑠) = + −4
4𝑠 − 2 4 𝑠 + 2 𝑠+3
Taking inverse Laplace transform on both sides
1 1 23 1 1
⟹ 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 { 𝑋(𝑠)} = 𝐿−1 { } + 𝐿−1 { } − 4𝐿−1 { }
4 𝑠−2 4 𝑠+2 𝑠+3
1 23
⟹ 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑒 −2𝑡 − 𝑒 −3𝑡
4 4
1 23 −2𝑡
⟹ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑒 − 𝑒 −3𝑡
4 4

2. Estimate the value of 𝒙(𝒕) at 𝒕 = 𝟏 after solving the initial value problem
𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
+ 𝟐 𝒅𝒕 + 𝟓𝒙 = 𝐞−𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 with 𝒙(𝟎) = 𝟎 and 𝒙′ (𝟎) = 𝟏 by using Laplace
𝒅𝒕𝟐
transforms.

Sol: Given x’’+2𝑥 ′ + 5𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡

Apply Laplace transform on both sides
𝐿{𝑥 " + 2𝑥 ′ + 5𝑥} = 𝐿{𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡}
⟹ 𝐿{𝑥"} + 2𝐿{𝑥′} + 5𝐿{𝑥} = 𝐿{ 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 𝑡}
1
⟹ [𝑠 2 𝐿{𝑥} − 𝑠𝑥{0} − 𝑥 ′ {0}] + 2[𝑠𝐿{𝑥} − 𝑥{0}] + 5𝐿{𝑥} = (𝑠2 +1)
𝑠⟶𝑠+1

16
 1
⟹ [𝑠 2 𝑋(𝑠) − 0 − 1] + 2[𝑠 𝑋(𝑠) − 0] + 5𝑋(𝑠) =
(𝑠 + 1)2 + 1
1 𝑠2 +2𝑠+3
⟹ (𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 5)𝑋(𝑠) = 1 + 𝑠2 +2𝑠+2 = 𝑠2 +2𝑠+2

𝑠2 +2𝑠+3
⟹ 𝑋(𝑠) = (𝑠2 +2𝑠+2)(𝑠2 +2𝑠+5)
𝐴𝑠+𝐵 𝐶𝑠+𝐷
Let 𝑋(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +2𝑠+2 + 𝑠2 +2𝑠+5
1 2
By usual procedure we will get 𝐴 = 0, 𝐶 = 0, 𝐵 = 3 , 𝐶 = 3
1 1 2 1
⟹ 𝑋(𝑠) = 3 𝑠2 +2𝑠+2 + 3 𝑠2 +2𝑠+5
1 1 2 1
⟹ 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 { 𝑋(𝑠)} = 3 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 +2𝑠+2} + 3 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 +2𝑠+5}

1 −1 1 2 1
= 𝐿 { 2 2
} + 𝐿−1 { }
3 (𝑠 + 1) + 1 3 (𝑠 + 1)2 + 22
1 1 1 2
= 𝐿−1 { 2 2
} + 𝐿−1 { }
3 (𝑠 + 1) + 1 3 (𝑠 + 1)2 + 22
1 1 1 2
= 𝑒 −𝑡 𝐿−1 { 2 2
} + 𝑒 −𝑡 𝐿−1 { 2 }
3 𝑠 +1 3 𝑠 + 22

𝑒 −𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡
⟹ 𝑥(𝑡) = sin 𝑡 + sin 2𝑡
3 3
𝑒 −𝑡
⟹ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡)
3
𝑒 −1
The value of 𝑥(𝑡) at 𝑡 = 1 is 𝑥(1) = (sin 1 + sin 2) = 0.00642
3

3. 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 (𝑫𝟐 − 𝟒𝑫 + 𝟓)𝒚 = 𝟎 with 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝒚′ (𝟎) = 𝟐 by using Laplace transforms.

Sol:
Given DE is 𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 ′ + 5𝑦 = 0
Apply Laplace transform on both sides
⟹ 𝐿 {𝑦 ′′ } − 4𝐿 {𝑦 ′ } + 5𝐿{𝑦} = 0 ------2M
⟹ (𝑠 2 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)) − 4{𝑠𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑦(0)} + 5𝑌(𝑠) = 0

Given 𝑦(0) = 1 & 𝑦′(0) = 1

⟹ (𝑠 2 𝑌(𝑠) − 2𝑠 − 2) − 4{𝑠𝑌(𝑠) − 2} + 5𝑌(𝑠) = 0
⟹ (𝑠 2 − 4𝑠 + 5)𝑌(𝑠) − 2 = 0
⟹ (𝑠 2 − 4𝑠 + 5)𝑌(𝑠) = 2𝑠 + 6
2𝑠 + 6
⟹ 𝑌(𝑠) = 2
(𝑠 − 4𝑠 + 5)

17
 2(𝑠 − 2) + 10
⟹ 𝑌(𝑠) =
(𝑠 − 2)2 + 12
2(𝑠 − 2) + 10 2𝑠 + 10 𝑠 1
⟹ 𝑦 = 𝐿−1 { } = 𝑒 2𝑡 −1
𝐿 { } = 𝑒 2𝑡
[2𝐿−1
{ } + 𝑒 2𝑡
10𝐿−1
{ }
(𝑠 − 2)2 + 12 𝑠 2 + 12 𝑠 2 + 12 𝑠 2 + 12
= 𝑒 2𝑡 [2 cos 𝑡 + 10 sin 𝑡]

The solution of the problem is 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑡 [2 cos 𝑡 + 10 sin 𝑡].

𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
4.Find the solution of an initial value problem 𝒅𝒕𝟐 − 𝟒 𝒅𝒕 + 𝟖𝒙 = 𝒆𝟐𝒕

with 𝒙(𝟎) = 𝟐, 𝒙′ (𝟎) = 𝟐.

𝑑2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Sol: Given DE is − 4 𝑑𝑡 + 8𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑡
𝑑𝑡 2

Apply Laplace transform on both sides

⟹ 𝐿 {𝑥"} − 4𝐿 {𝑥′} + 8𝐿{𝑥} = 𝐿{𝑒 2𝑡 } ---
1
⟹ (𝑠 2 𝑋(𝑠) − 𝑠𝑥(0) − 𝑥′(0)) − 4{𝑠𝑋(𝑠) − 𝑥(0)} + 8𝑋(𝑠) = 𝑠−2
Given 𝑥(0) = 2 & 𝑥′(0) = 2
1
⟹ (𝑠 2 𝑋(𝑠) − 2𝑠 − 2) − 4{𝑠𝑋(𝑠) − 2} + 8𝑋(𝑠) = 𝑠−2
1
⟹ (𝑠 2 − 4𝑠 + 8)𝑋(𝑠) − 2𝑠 + 6 =
𝑠−2
1
⟹ (𝑠 2 − 4𝑠 + 8)𝑋(𝑠) = 2𝑠 − 6 +
𝑠−2
2
2𝑠 − 10𝑠 + 11
⟹ (𝑠 2 − 4𝑠 + 8)𝑋(𝑠) =
𝑠−2
2𝑠 2 − 10𝑠 + 11
⟹ 𝑋(𝑠) =
(𝑠 − 2)(𝑠 2 − 4𝑠 + 8)
𝐴 𝐵𝑠 + 𝑐
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑋(𝑠) = + 2
(𝑠 − 2) (𝑠 − 4𝑠 + 8)
1 7 11
By usual procedure we will get 𝐴 = , 𝐵 = , 𝐶 = −
4 4 2
7 11
1 1 𝑠− 2
⟹ 𝑋(𝑠) = + 4
4 (𝑠 − 2) (𝑠 2 − 4𝑠 + 8)
7
1 1 (𝑠 − 2) − 2
⟹ 𝑋(𝑠) = + 4
4 (𝑠 − 2) (𝑠 − 2)2 + 22 )
7
1 −1 1 (𝑠 − 2) − 2
⟹𝑥= 𝐿 { } + 𝐿−1 { 4 }
4 (𝑠 − 2) (𝑠 − 2)2 + 22 )

18
 7
1 2𝑡 𝑠−2
⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝑒 𝐿 { 42
2𝑡 −1
}
4 (𝑠 + 22 )
1 2𝑡 7 𝑠 2
⟹𝑥= 𝑒 + 𝑒 2𝑡 [ 𝐿−1 { 2 } − 𝐿−1
{ }]
4 4 (𝑠 + 22 ) (𝑠 2 + 22 )

1 7
⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑒 2𝑡 [ cos 2𝑡 − sin 2𝑡]
4 4
1 2𝑡 1
The solution of the given problem is 𝑥 = 4 𝑒 + 4 𝑒 2𝑡 {7 cos 2𝑡 − 4 sin 2𝑡}

𝟓. 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 (𝑫𝟐 + 𝟐)𝒚 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒕 with 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟑, 𝒚′ (𝟎) = 𝟏

Sol: Given DE is 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 2 sin 3𝑡
Apply Laplace transform on both sides
⟹ 𝐿 {𝑦 ′′ } + 2𝐿{𝑦} = 2𝐿{sin 3𝑡}
3
⟹ (𝑠 2 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)) + 2𝑌(𝑠) = 2. 𝑠2 +9
6
⟹ (𝑠 2 𝑌(𝑠) − 3𝑠 − 1) + 2𝑌(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +9
6
⟹ (𝑠 2 + 2)𝑌(𝑠) = 3𝑠 + 1 +
+9 𝑠2
3𝑠 1 6
⟹ 𝑌(𝑠) = 2 + 2 + 2
𝑠 + 2 𝑠 + 2 (𝑠 + 9)(𝑠 2 + 2)
3𝑠 1 6 1 6 1
⟹ 𝑌(𝑠) = 2 + 2 + 2 − 2
𝑠 +2 𝑠 + 2 7𝑠 + 2 7𝑠 + 9
3𝑠 13 1 6 1
⟹ 𝑌(𝑠) = 2 ++ 2
− 2
𝑠 +2 7 𝑠 +2 7𝑠 + 9
−1 { 𝑠 13 −1 1 6 1
⟹𝑦=𝐿 𝑌(𝑠)} = 3𝐿 {𝑠2 +2} + 7 𝐿 {𝑠2 +2} − 7 𝐿−1 {𝑠2 +9}
−1

13 2
⟹ 𝑦 = 3 cos(√2 𝑡) + cos(√2 𝑡) − 7 sin 3𝑡
7
13 2
The solution of the given problem is 𝑦 = 3 cos(√2 𝑡) + cos(√2 𝑡) − 7 sin 3𝑡.
7

𝝅
5.Estimate the value of 𝒙(𝒕) at 𝒕 = 𝟒 after solving the boundary value problem

𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝝅
+ 𝟐𝟓𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕 with 𝒙(𝟎) = 𝟏 and 𝒙 ( 𝟐 ) = 𝟏 by means of Laplace transform
𝒅𝒕𝟐
technique.

𝑑2 𝑥
Sol: Given DE is + 25𝑥 = cos 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 2
⇒ 𝐿{𝑥"} + 4𝐿{𝑥} = 𝐿{cos 𝑡}
𝑠
⇒ 𝑠 2 𝑋(𝑠) − 𝑠𝑥(0) − 𝑥′(0) + 25𝑋(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +1

19
 𝜋
Given 𝑥(0) = 1 and 𝑥 (2 ) = 1 , take 𝑥 ′ (0) = 𝑘
𝑠
⇒ 𝑠 2 𝑋(𝑠) − 𝑠 − 𝑘 + 25𝑋(𝑠) = 2
𝑠 +1
2
𝑠
⟹ (𝑠 + 25)𝑋(𝑠) = 𝑠 + 𝑘 + 2
𝑠 +1
𝑠 𝑠 𝑘
⟹ 𝑋(𝑠) = (𝑠2 +1)((𝑠2 +25) +𝑠2 +25 + 𝑠2 +25
𝑠 𝐴𝑠+𝐵 𝐶𝑆+𝐷
Let = + 𝑠2 +25
(𝑠2 +1)((𝑠2 +25) 𝑠2 +1
1 1
By usual procedure we get 𝐴 = 3 , 𝐶 = − 3 , 𝐵 = 0, 𝐷 = 0
𝑠 1 𝑠 1 𝑆
= −
(𝑠 2 + 1)((𝑠 2 + 25) 24 𝑠 2 + 1 24 𝑠 2 + 25

1 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑘
𝑋(𝑠) = 24 (𝑠2 +1 − 𝑠2 +25) + 𝑠2 +25 + 𝑠2 +25
1 −1 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑘
𝐿 { 2
⟹𝑥= − 2 } + 𝐿−1 { 2 } + 𝐿−1 { 2 }
24 𝑠 + 1 𝑠 + 25 𝑠 + 25 𝑠 + 25
1 𝑘
⇒ 𝑥 = 24 (cos 𝑡 − cos 5𝑡) + cos 5𝑡 − 5 sin 5𝑡
𝜋
Given 𝑥 (2 ) = 1
1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝑘 𝜋 1 𝑘
1 = 24 (cos 2 − cos 5 2 ) + cos 5 2 − 5 sin 5 2 = 24 (0) + 0 − 5
⟹ 𝑘 = −5
𝟏
(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓𝒕) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓𝒕 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝒕
⟹𝒙=
𝟐𝟒
𝜋 1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 23
at 𝑡 = 4 , 𝑥 = 24 (cos 4 − cos 5 4 ) + cos 5 4 + sin 5 4 = − 12√2

20