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32 views4 pages

Science Reviewer

Yes

Uploaded by

lolilee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SCIENCE REVIEWER

Atomic Theory

Definition:
The atomic theory is a fundamental scientific concept that describes the nature of matter at the
atomic level. It proposes that matter is composed of indivisible particles called atoms, which
combine to form molecules. The theory has evolved over time, with significant contributions from
scientists like John Dalton, J.J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, and Niels Bohr.

Key Points:
• Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter.
• Atoms of the same element are identical.
• Atoms of different elements have different properties.
• Compounds result from the combination of atoms in fixed ratios.
• Atoms are neither created nor destroyed in chemicalreactions.

Electron Diagram/Electron Model

Definition:
The electron diagram, also known as the electron model, represents the arrangement of
electrons in an atom. Electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus in energy
levels or shells. The electron model helps visualize the distribution of electrons in an atom.

Key Points:
• Electrons occupy specific energy levels around thenucleus.
• The first energy level can hold up to 2 electrons, whilesubsequent levels can hold more.
• Electrons fill lower energy levels before moving to higherones.
• The electron configuration determines the chemicalproperties of an atom.

Electron Configuration/Valence Electron

Definition: Electron configuration is the distribution of electrons in an atom's electron shells.


Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell and play a crucial role in determining
the chemical properties of an element.

Key Points:
• Electron configuration is written using the notation: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶, representing the arrangement
of electrons in different orbitals.
• Valence electrons are involved in chemical bonding and reactions.
• Elements with similar electron configurations exhibit similar chemical behavior.
• The group number on the periodic table indicates the number of valence electrons.

Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Compounds

Definition:
Ionic, covalent, and metallic compounds are types of chemical compounds formed by the
combination of elements.

Key Points:

Ionic Compounds:
- Formed through the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
- Result in the formation of ions (charged particles).
- Have high melting and boiling points.
- Examples include NaCl (table salt) and MgO (magnesium oxide).

Covalent Compounds:
- Formed through the sharing of electrons between atoms.
- Do not produce ions; instead, molecules are formed.
- Generally have lower melting and boiling points than ionic compounds.
- Examples include H₂O (water) and CO₂ (carbon dioxide).

Metallic Compounds:
- Formed by the pooling of electrons between metal atoms in a structure known as a "sea of
electrons."
- Have high electrical and thermal conductivity due to the free movement of electrons.
- Are generally malleable and ductile, meaning they can be shaped or stretched without
breaking.
- Possess high melting and boiling points.
- Examples include Fe (iron), Cu (copper), and Al (aluminum).

Chemical Bonding:

Chemical bonding is the process where atoms combine to form molecules or compounds
through the sharing or transferring of electrons. The type of bond formed depends on the
difference in electronegativity between the atoms involved.
Valence Electrons:
Valence electrons are the electrons found in the outermost shell of an atom. These electrons
are crucial in forming chemical bonds because they are involved in the interaction between
atoms. The number of valence electrons determines an atom's chemical reactivity and bonding
ability. Group Number.

Lewis Symbol (Dots):


The Lewis symbol, also known as the Lewis dot structure, represents the valence electrons of
an atom as dots around the symbol of the element. Each dot corresponds to one valence
electron. These symbols are used to predict how atoms will bond by showing how they share or
transfer electrons. For example, the Lewis symbol for oxygen (O) would have six dots,
representing its six valence electrons.

CARBON COMPOUNDS

Definition: Carbon compounds, also known as organic compounds, are compounds primarily
composed of carbon and hydrogen. They form the basis of life and are diverse in structure and
function.

Key Points:

• Organic compounds often contain other elements like oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and
phosphorus.
• The ability of carbon to form long chains and ringscontributes to the diversity of organic
molecules.
• Essential biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids,and nucleic acids are carbon
compounds.

Common Examples of Compounds

1. Gasoline
Definition: A fuel made from oil, used in cars and engines.
Example: Gasoline is used in car engines.

2. Kerosene
Definition: A fuel made from oil.
Example: Kerosene is used in lamps.

3. LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)


Definition: A mixture of propane and butane gases, used for cooking and heating.
Example: LPG is used in gas stoves and heaters.

4. Ethanol
Definition: A type of alcohol used as fuel and in drinks.
Example: Ethanol is used in alcoholic beverages and as a fuel additive.

5. Acetone
Definition: A liquid used to clean or dissolve things.
Example: Acetone is used in nail polish remover.

6. Acetic Acid
Definition: A sour liquid found in vinegar.
Example: Acetic acid is found in vinegar and used in cooking.

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