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Abdullah Abbasi
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7 views

Encoding

encoding lecture

Uploaded by

Abdullah Abbasi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Department of Electrical Engineering.

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad.

PART 2: PHYSICAL LAYER & MEDIA


CHAPTER 4
DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
Conversion Techniques
Data Type Signal Type Approach use
Analog Digital Encoding (Line
coding)
Digital Digital Encoding
(PCM & DM)
Analog Analog Modulation
(AM, FM, PM)
Digital Analog Modulation
(ASK,FSK,PSK)
Line Coding & Decoding

EEE 314: Data Communications 3


& Computer Networks
Data Levels and Signal Levels
Signal Element vs Data Element

EEE 314: Data Communications 5


& Computer Networks
Digital to Digital Conversion
• Technique used for converting digital data
into digital signal is known as Line
Coding.
• It falls into three broad range categories
1.Unipolar
2.Polar
3.Bipolar

EEE 314: Data Communications 6


& Computer Networks
Digital to Digital Conversion
• It falls into three broad range categories
1. Unipolar
2. Polar
3. Bipolar
Unipolar
• Unipolar encoding is the simplest and is
obsolete now.
• It comprises of only one signal level which
mostly is positive. The other usually is zero
voltage.
• Bit rate is same as baud rate i.e one bit per
signal level.
Drawbacks:
• DC component present
• Synchronization which causes loss of data for
long sequence of 0’s and 1’s.
Effect of lack of synchronization

EEE 314: Data Communications 10


& Computer Networks
Polar Encoding
• It uses two voltage levels one is positive
and other is negative
Polar Encoding
NRZ
• Non-Return-to-Zero
• Voltage level is constant during a bit
interval.
• It composes of two schemes.
1. NRZ-L (level)
2. NRZ-I (Inversion)
NRZ
NRZ-L
• 1 = low level
• 0 = high level
NRZ-I
• For each 1 in the bit sequence, the signal
level is inverted.
• Transition from one voltage level to other
represents a 1.
• Drawback:
• No transition for long number of zeros.
Polar NRZ-L and NRZ-I Schemes

EEE 314: Data Communications 17


& Computer Networks
NRZ characteristics
• Two levels
• Bit rate same as baud rate
• Loss of synchronization for long sequence
of 0’s and 1’s.
RZ Encoding
• To overcome the problem of loss of
synchronization RZ is introduced.
• Transition of signal in each bit.
• Three signal levels
• Good synchronization
Drawbacks
• Bit rate is double of baud rate
• Increase in bandwidth
Return to Zero Scheme

EEE 314: Data Communications 20


& Computer Networks
Manchester Biphase Encoding
• The mid-bit transition serves as a clocking
mechanism and also as data.
• Low to high represent a 1 and high to low
represent a 0.
Differential Manchester (biphase)
• Presence of transition in the beginning of a
bit represent a 0.
• Uses inversion in the middle of each bit for
synchronization.
Polar Biphase: Manchester and
Differential Manchester Schemes

EEE 314: Data Communications 23


& Computer Networks
Polar Biphase Encoding
Characteristics
• Two levels
• No DC component
• Good Synchronization
Drawback
• Higher bandwidth due to doubling of baud
rate with respect to data rate.
Bipolar Encoding
• It uses the technique AMI (amplitude
Mark Inversion)
• Uses three voltage levels
• Unlike RZ the zero level is used to
represent a 0.
• Binary 1s are represented by alternating
positive and negative voltages.
Characteristics of Bipolar AMI
• Pseudoternary: same as AMI but
alternating positive and negative pulses
occur for 0 instead of binary 1.
• It has three levels
• No DC components
• Loss of synchronization for long sequence
of 0s
• Lesser bandwidth.
Bipolar Schemes: AMI and Pseudo
ternary

EEE 314: Data Communications 27


& Computer Networks
Relationship between data rate and
baud rate
• D = R/b = R/log2L
Where D is the modulation rate in baud
R is the data rate in bps
L is the number of different signal levels
b is the number of bits per signal element

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