23USECG27 - Internet and its applications Unit 4 1

Unit IV: Web Concepts and Browsers: World-Wide-Web Concepts – Elements of Web –
Clients and Servers – URL and TP –Web Browsers – Netscape Navigator and Communicator-
Microsoft Internet Explorer.
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WORLD WIDE WEB
World Wide Web (abbreviated as WWW or W3, commonly known as the Web) is a
collection of millions of files stored on thousands of computers (called Web servers)
all over the world, accessed through the Internet.
These files represent text documents, pictures, video, sounds, programs and any
other kind of information.

It is important to understand that the Internet and the World Wide Web are not the
same thing. The Internet is a network of computers and other devices used for
communication. The Web is a collection of software and protocols, installed in the
computers on the Internet.
The World Wide Web was invented by Tim Berners Lee in 1989.

ELEMENTS OF WEB

• The Web is based

on a Client/Server
System.
• Client
➢ It is a system
that accesses
services
provided by the
server.
➢ It is the user’s
interface to the
Internet.
• Web Server
➢ It processes
user request
and sends a
reply back to the client.
➢ It is a computer connected to the Internet.
➢ It is responsible for sorting, retrieving and distributing web files.
• Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
➢ The user initiates a request by specifying a URL.
➢ Uniform Resource Locator (URL) tells the location of the web resource.
➢ URL is the address of a resource on the web.
➢ URLs are used by web browsers to locate Internet resources.
➢ A URL specifies the path to the resource. It specifies the protocol to be used in
accessing the resource and the name of the server on which the resource resides.
➢ For example, http://www.google.com
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➢ Eg: http://www.google.com
➢ The first part of a URL specifies the transfer protocol, the method that a computer uses
to access the file. Most web pages are accessed with Hypertext Transfer Protocol, so a
URL usually starts with http. https refers to a secure resource. The s in https stands for
secure. http:// is optional. It is sufficient if you type google.com in the address bar.
➢ The next part of the address denotes the host name of the Web server. The domain name
system (DNS) routes your Web page request to the Web server regardless of its physical
location.
➢ Some URLs Some URLs contain information following the host name of the Web server.
This information specifies exactly which file you want to see, and what directory it is
stored in. If the directory name and filename aren’t specified, you get the default Web
page for that Web server. For example, the URL http://net.gurus.com takes you to the
net.gurus.com Web server.
➢ The last part of the URL tells you what type of web page you are viewing.
Example:
.com – commercial
.org -non-profit organisation
,gov – Government
.in – India
.uk – United Kingdom
• Hypertext
➢ It is text which contains links to other texts.
➢ Hypertext documents are interconnected by hyperlinks.
➢ A hyperlink is a word, phrase, or image that you can click in order to jump to a
new document or a new section within the current document.
➢ They can be activated by a mouse click, keypress or screen touch.
• HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
➢ It is the standard protocol that allows web clients and servers to communicate.
23USECG27 - Internet and its applications Unit 4 3

➢ This protocol is used to carry requests from a browser to a web server and to
transport pages from the web server back to the requesting browser.
• HyperText Markup Language (HTML)
➢ It is the universal language of the web.
➢ It is a language used for writing pages for the web.
➢ HTML allows text to include codes that define fonts, layout, graphics and
hyperlinks.

CLIENTS AND SERVERS

Write from Elements of the Web

URL AND TP
Write about URL from Elements of the Web

TP stands for Transfer Protocol.

Protocols are a set of rules that governs the communication and exchange of data over the
internet. Both the sender and receiver should follow the same protocols in order to
communicate the data.
There are different Protocols used in the Internet:
i)TCP
• TCP stands for Transmission
Control Protocol
• TCP divides the data into packets
at the sender’s side and the same
packets have to be recombined at
the receiver’s end.
• This is done to maintain the
accuracy of the data.
• It is a reliable protocol, i.e it
guarantees the delivery of data.
• A connection is established
between two systems and only then data transfer takes place. Establishing connection is called 3-
way handshake.

ii)SMTP
• SMTP stands for Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol
• It is used to transfer mail from one
user to another
• The client who wants to send the
mail opens a connection to the
SMTP server and then sends the
mail across the connection.
23USECG27 - Internet and its applications Unit 4 4

• The SMTP server is an always in listening mode.

• As soon as it listens for a TCP connection from any client, the SMTP process initiates a connection.
• After successfully establishing a TCP connection the client process sends the mail instantly.

iii)FTP
• FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol
• It is used to move files between local
and remote file systems.
• To transfer a file, 2 TCP connections
are used in parallel: control channel
and data channel.
• The control channel establishes a connection between 2 systems
• The data channel is for transferring the file.
iv)HTTP
• HTTP stands for HyperText Transfer
Protocol
• It is used to transfer hypertext
between two computers.
• The client requests for a web page
from a server.
• The server responds with the
requested information.

v)HTTPS
• HTTPS stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure.
• To make the data transfer more secure, the data is encrypted.
• Encryption is required to ensure security while transmitting sensitive information like
passwords, contact information, etc.
vi)Telnet
• Telnet stands for teletype network.
• It provides access to remote systems on local area
networks or the Internet.
• During telnet operation, whatever is being
performed on the remote computer will be
displayed by the local computer.
• The local computer uses a telnet client program
and the remote computers use a telnet server
program.
vii)POP
• POP stands for Post Office protocol.
• The e-mail sender uses SMTP to send e-
mail to mail server.
• POP is used by e-mail receiver to retrieve e-
mail from a mail server.
23USECG27 - Internet and its applications Unit 4 5

viii)IPv4
• IP stands for Internet Protocol and v4 stands for Version Four (IPv4).
• IPv4 addresses are 32-bit integers expressed in decimal notation.
Example- 192.0.2.126
ix)IPv6
• IPv6 was designed in December 1998 with the purpose of superseding the IPv4. Since the
Internet started to grow exponentially, IPv4 addresses were not sufficient. So IPv6 s being
used.
• It uses a 128-bit address

x)UDP
• UDP stands for User Datagram Protocol
• It is an unreliable and connectionless protocol.
• So, there is no need to establish a connection prior to
data transfer.

WEB BROWSERS

• A Web browser is a software application used for presenting and traversing the
information on World Wide Web, including Web Pages, images, video and other
necessary files (or) data required by users.
• Web Browser is not a hardware, it is a software.
• It is a client side software program which communicates with web servers on the
Internet and request information wanted by users.
Popular Web Browsers are:
✓ Microsoft's Internet Explorer
✓ Netscape Navigator
✓ Google Chrome
✓ Firefox
✓ Apple Safari
✓ Opera

Functions of Web Browser

• Navigation is the first step in
loading a web page. It occurs
whenever a user requests a
page by entering a URL into
the address bar, clicking a
link, submitting a form, as
well as other actions.
• DNS Lookup: Your browser
requests a DNS lookup,
which is eventually fielded by
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a name server, which in turn responds with an IP address

• Once the IP address is known, the browser sets up a connection to the server
• The browser then sends an initial HTTP GET request on behalf of the user.
• Once the server receives the request, it will reply with relevant response and the
contents of the HTML.

Parts of a Web Browser Window

Web browsers have a Graphical User Interface (GUI), which means you can navigate using the
mouse as well as typing. Some features of a web browser are:
Address Bar
The address bar shows the URL of the page you are looking at. To go to a new web page, type
or paste the web address into the address bar and then press Enter.
Links
You can go to a different web page by clicking on a Hyperlink (or link). Text links are often
blue and underlined. You can click on them.
Navigation Buttons
Navigate between web pages using the Back and Forward buttons. After you click on a link
to a new page, press the Back button to go back one page. Once you’ve pressed
the Back button, you can press the Forward button to go forward one page.
Favourites
If you find pages you would like to go to again later you can add them to Favourites (or
Bookmarks). Instead of having to know the web address, just click on the link in your list of
Favourites.
Tabs
Web browsers allow you to have multiple pages open in the same web browser using separate
tabs. You can quickly move between tabs to view the information you need. To open a link in a
new tab, right-click on the link and select ‘Open Link in new tab’. To open a new tab, click the
“+” at the end of the row of tabs.
Search Bar
It is used for performing web searches using a Search Engine such as Google. Simply type what
your looking for into the Search bar and then press Enter, a page of search results will open.

NETSCAPE NAVIGATOR

Netscape Navigator is a web browser created in 1994 by Netscape Communications

Corporation. It is a component of Netscape Communicator.
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• It is the first commercially successful web browser with a graphical user interface.
• The browser is free.
• You can download Netscape Navigator from the internet and use it for personal browsing
without charge.
Netscape Navigator Window

• Navigator runs inside a window that provides you with an array of menus, buttons, labels,
and information displays.
• From top to bottom, it contains: Menu bar, Navigation toolbar, Location toolbar, Personal
toolbar, viewing window, and Status bar.
• You can display a context menu by right-clicking on the Navigator window.
• The purpose of the context menu is to let you choose quickly from among the most likely
actions.
The Menu Bar
• The menu bar provides a complete set of commands.
• Click any of the words on this bar to see a drop-down menu of options.
The Navigation Toolbar Buttons
The Navigation toolbar contains the following buttons
• Back: Returns you to the Web page previously displayed in the viewing window.
• Forward: Click the Forward button to go to the next page you had opened earlier.
• Home: Returns you to the start page.
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• Search: Sends you to Netscape’s Net Search page, which contains links to most of the major
search engines.
The Location Toolbar
The Location toolbar contains the following objects:
• Bookmarks button: Opens the Bookmarks menu.
• Bookmark icon: Represents the URL of the current page. Drag the bookmark icon onto
the Bookmarks button to create a bookmark for the current page.
The Personal Toolbar
• When you first use Navigator, the Personal toolbar may be empty.
• You can fill it with buttons connected to the Web sites that you use most often.
• Delete buttons from the Personal toolbar: Select items from the Personal Toolbar
folder and press DELETE on the keyboard.
• Create a button for a bookmark: Select a bookmark in the Edit Bookmarks window
and then select File | Add Selection to Toolbar. The bookmark or folder is copied into the
Personal Toolbar folder, and a button corresponding to the bookmark or folder appears on
the Personal toolbar.
• Rearrange buttons on the Personal toolbar: Drag-and-drop items in the Edit
Bookmarks window to rearrange the corresponding buttons.
The Viewing Window
Web pages are displayed in the viewing window.
The Status Bar
• The Status bar sits at the bottom of the Navigator window. It contains the following items:
• Lock icon Tells you whether you have a secure connection. If the icon is locked, a secure
connection is established. If the icon is unlocked, the connection is insecure.
• Connection icon Tells whether Navigator is working online or offline.
• Download bar Displays a shaded rectangle, moving back and forth, while Navigator is
downloading small files.
• Status message area Keeps you informed about what Navigator is doing.
Context Menus
• If using the toolbar or menu bar is tough, you can use a context menu.
• Right-click inside the Navigator window to display it.
Tabs
Several tabs can be opened. Each tab is used to display a web page.

MICROSOFT INTERNET EXPLORER

• Microsoft Internet Explorer is one of the most popular Web browsers.
• It was originally developed for Windows
• Internet Explorer (IE) is now available for a wide variety of platforms, like UNIX
Acquiring and Installing Internet Explorer
• Microsoft Internet Explorer comes free with Windows Operating System.
• It installs automatically during the installation.
23USECG27 - Internet and its applications Unit 4 9

Internet Explorer Window

The IE runs inside a window that provides you with an array of menus, buttons, labels, and
information. Its features are listed below:

Standard Buttons Toolbar

• It enables you to invoke the most frequent commands with a single click.
• It contains the following buttons:
• Back Returns you to the Web page previously displayed in the viewing window.
• Forward: Click the Forward button to go to the next page you have browsed earlier.
• Stop Interrupts the process of downloading a page from the Web.
• Refresh Asks the server to send the most recent version of the page you are viewing.
• Home Returns you to your Start page.
• Search Opens one of the major Internet search engines in the Explorer bar.
• Favorites, History, and Channels: Display the Favorites, History, or Channels folder
trees on the Explorer bar.
• Fullscreen Shrinks all icons and toolbars and maximizes the viewing area.
Address Bar
The Address bar displays the URL of the currently displayed Web page.
Links Bar
• The Links bar is a row of icons linked to Web pages.
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• It is the easiest way to put links to Web sites that you visit regularly.
Explorer Bar
The Explorer bar displays Search, History, Favorites, or Channels.
Viewing Window
The viewing window displays Web pages.
Status Bar
• The status bar displays a variety of useful information.
• When the cursor passes over a link in the viewing window, the URL of the link appears in
the status bar.
• When IE is downloading a Web page, the status bar shows the progress.
Context Menus
• If using the toolbar or menu seems tough, you can use a context menu.
• Right-click an item in the Internet Explorer window to display a menu

Opening a Page
To open a web page, do one of the following:
• When you select File | Open from IE’s menu bar, an Open dialog box appears. Select the file
to open.
• Type the page’s URL or local file address into the Address bar

Searching Within a Page

• To find a word, phrase, or character string within the current Web page, select Edit | Find
from the menu.
• A Find dialog box appears.
• Type what you want to find into the Find What box

Saving the Current Page

Do the following:
• Click File | Save
• The Save As Type list in the Save Web Page dialog box provides these three options:
➢ Web Page, Complete The page is saved exactly as you see it, with .htm extension
➢ Web Page, HTML Only You save the basic HTML document: the text, the formatting,
and the links to other Web pages.
➢ Text Only Only the text of the basic HTML document is saved. Formatting, images, and
links are all lost.

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