5.

MATERIAL AND PAVEMENT INVESTIGATIONS

5.1. INTRODUCTION

This Chapter deals with the survey and investigation of materials and existing pavement for Ayodhya
Bypass of project corridor. The Project Road is a missing link between NH-46 (Guna-Bhopal section) to NH-
146 (Bhopal –Vidisha - Sagar section).

Ayodhya Bypass from Design Chainage Km 0+000 (Existing Chainage Km 0+000 near Ashram Tiraha) to
Design Chainage Km 16+439 (Existing Chainage Km 16+100 near Ratnagiri Tiraha)

For ease in identifying the locations and to calculate the lead, the existing chainages has been mentioned in
this report.

The key map or index map of of the project corridor NH-146 is presented in Figure 5-1.

Figure 5-1: Index Map of Ayodhya Bypass

5.2. APPROACH TO MATERIAL & PAVEMENT INVESTIGATION

As known, soil and aggregate are the prime materials in the road pavement crust and are available
naturally. Due to exposure to atmosphere their characteristics vary from place to place. Material
Investigation Survey is undertaken to identify the source of materials, shortest lead distance from the
nearest alignment chainage, available quantity & its suitability for construction.

Existing road pavement component comprises of subgrade, subbase and bituminous wearing courses.
Investigation along existing pavement has been carried out to assess the adequacy of the existing
pavement layers to cater to the design traffic

Prior to conducting material survey, desk study is very much essential. Hence through interaction with
Government Road Department, Mining Department, Local Contractors, Crusher Owners and other relevant

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sources, required information is availed. Reconnaissance survey of the entire project stretch is done to
understand detail features of the proposed project road alignment as well of vicinity area. Potential
sources for borrow area and quarry area are identified as per the available information. Appropriate
sampling with detail laboratory investigation is executed on the borrow samples and the quarry samples.

5.3. TEST AND SPECIFICATIONS

The material investigation as well various tests including field and laboratory are performed in accordance
with Indian Standards (IS) / Indian Road Congress Publications (IRC) / Ministry of Road, Transport &
Highways Specification (MoRT&H) / American Association of State Highway & Transportation Officials
Standards (AASHTO) / British Standards (BS) / Other relevant standards.

5.4. INVESTIGATION OF EXISTING PAVEMENT, SUBGRADE SOIL &

OGL SOIL IN WIDENING PORTION

5.4.1. General

Road pavement component comprises of subgrade, subbase and bituminous wearing courses.
Investigation along existing subgrade has been carried out to assess the adequacy of the existing pavement
layers apropos to present subgrade strength so that the strengthening and reconstruction requirement can
be established to cater the design traffic. Objectives of investigation also include evaluating the existing
pavement composition; suitability of existing subgrade for pavement design by means of laboratory tests
as well as need for further investigation along the widened part / proposed new alignment.

The following investigations have been conducted to ascertain the pavement condition of the existing
road.

► Existing Pavement Crust Composition

► Existing Pavement Subgrade Soil Investigation

► Widening Portion OGL Soil Investigation

5.4.2. Existing Pavement Crust Composition

To determine the existing pavement thickness and its composition, trial pits have been excavated by JCB at
the edge of existing carriageway at approximately 1 km interval. The trial pits are excavated in staggered
on RHS and LHS of existing pavement in alternate Km for balancing and precision in availing the crust
details. When subgrade level is reached, thickness of various pavement layers is measured at exposed
faces and mean value is calculated for each layer and is also recorded.

The photographs representing crust details of project stretch are presented in Figure 5-2 for Ayodhya
Bypass . The crust composition details are provided in Table 5-1 for Ayodhya Bypass. Moreover, the crust
composition graphical representation is presented in Figure 5-3 for Ayodhya Bypass.

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Km 0+250 LHS Km 3+000 RHS

Km 4+500 LHS Km 6+500 LHS

Km 9+000 RHS Km 11+000 RHS

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Km 13+000 RHS Km 16+000 LHS

Figure 5-2: Photos of Existing Pavement Crust for Ayodhya Bypass

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Table 5-1: Existing Pavement Crust Composition for Ayodhya Bypass

Location Layer Composition Thickness (mm)
TOTAL
Test Pit ID Existing Chainage Grannular
Side Bituminous THICKNESS (mm)
Km WMM GSB
AB TP -1 0+250 LHS 250 200 150 600
AB TP -2 2+500 LHS 300 250 200 750
AB TP -3 4+500 LHS 250 250 200 700
AB TP -4 6+500 LHS 250 250 200 700
AB TP -5 8+500 LHS 200 200 200 600
AB TP -6 10+000 LHS 200 200 250 650
AB TP -7 12+000 LHS 200 200 200 600
AB TP -8 14+000 LHS 200 200 200 600
AB TP -9 16+000 LHS 150 200 200 550
AB TP -10 15+000 RHS 250 200 200 650
AB TP -11 13+000 RHS 200 200 200 600
AB TP -12 11+000 RHS 230 250 250 730
AB TP -13 9+000 RHS 150 250 250 650
AB TP -14 7+000 RHS 250 250 250 750
AB TP -15 3+000 RHS 250 200 200 650
AB TP -16 1+000 RHS 250 200 200 650

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0+250 2+500 4+500 6+500 8+500 10+000 12+000 14+000 16+000 15+000 13+000 11+000 9+000 7+000 3+000 1+000

RHS

RHS

RHS

RHS

RHS

RHS

RHS
LHS

LHS

LHS

LHS

LHS

LHS

LHS

LHS

LHS
0

100

200
THICKNESS (mm)

300

400

500

600

700
Bituminous WMM GSB
800
Figure 5-3: Graphical Representation of Existing Pavement Crust Composition for Ayodhya Bypass

As evident from the data, For Ayodhya Bypass, existing pavement crust consists of Bituminous Layer (BT) varyies from 150 to 300 mm and Granular Layer ranges
from 350 to 400 mm.

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5.4.3. Existing Pavement Subgrade Soil Investigation

The appraisal of the quality of the subgrade soil beneath existing pavement is accomplished in two steps
namely (a) review of existing subgrade soil information (b) supplementary soil investigation to fully
characterize the subgrade soil.

Trial pits were excavated approximately at every 1 Km intervals up to 1.0m to 1.5m below existing
pavement surface down up to the subgrade top. Subgrade soil sampling in adequate quantity for testing
was done and were sealed and labelled for easy identification and were sent to laboratory for soil
investigation. Moreover, excavated trial pit were backfilled with same excavated material with proper
compaction and the surface is made good. Testing is carried out to provide a representative indication for
the entire study network. The investigations include laboratory testing as described below along with the
approach and methodology adopted in this report.

Subgrade Soil Test

Following laboratory test have been conducted on sub grade soil in accordance with relevant IS Codes.

► Grain Size Analysis - by Wet sieving (24 hours soaked) – As per IS 2720 Part 4

► Atterberg’s Limits (LL, PL & PI) – As per IS 2720 Part 5

► Free Swell Index – As per IS 2720 Part 40

► Compaction Tests (MDD & OMC) – As per IS 2720 Part 8

► CBR (under 4 days soaked) – As per IS 2720 Part 16

► Soil Classification – As per IS 1498

Grain Size Analysis - Wet Sieve Analysis (24 hours soaked)

Wet Sieve Analysis as per IS 2720 part 4 - 1985 has been carried out to find the percentages of gravels,
sand, silt and clay for the soil samples collected. Hydrometer analysis can be carried out on selected soil
samples to ascertain the percentage combination of silt and clay.

Atterberg’s Limits - Casagrande Apparatus and Cone Penetrometer Method

The Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit tests have been conducted as per IS 2720 part 5 - 1985, IS 2720 part 2 -
1973 to evaluate the plasticity characteristics of the Subgrade Soil Samples. The Plasticity Index is the
numerical difference between the Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit for the plastic soils. The Plasticity Index will
be non-Plastic for purely frictional soils such as pure gravel and pure sand.

Soil classification - IS Soil Classification

IS Classifications of Soil Samples has been carried out based on the Grain Size analysis data, plasticity
characteristics and unified soil classification systems. The following symbols are used to designate the type
and Classification of soils.

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G - Gravels W - Well graded

S - Sand P - Poorly graded

M - Silt C - Clay

I - Inorganic O - Organic

L - Low Plasticity GM - Gravelly Silt

H - High Plasticity SP - Poorly graded sand

SM - Silty Sand GW - Well graded sand

CL - Clay with low compressibility CH - Clay with high compressibility

ML - Silt with low compressibility MH - Silt with high compressibility

HRB classifications are also called AASHTO classification of revised Public Roads Administration (PRA) soil
classification system. In these classifications, the soils are subdivided in to seven groups A-1 to A-7 based
on grain size analysis, Atterberg’s limits and percentage fines. A-1, A-2, A-3 soils are granular soils, fines
passing 0.075 mm sieve being less than 35 while A-4, A-5, A-6 and A-7 soils are fine grained or silty clay
soils, passing 0.075 mm sieve being greater than 35 %.

IS Light Compaction and Modified Compaction Tests (AASHTO)

The Dry Density and Moisture Content relationship can be established by conducting IS Light Compaction
Test by compacting soil sample using 2.6 kg rammer falling at a height of 31 cms in 3 layers by giving 25
blows for each layer. The Maximum Dry Density and Optimum Moisture Content can be found out with the
help of Dry Density Vs Moisture Content Plot. By conducting Heavy Compaction Test by compacting soil
sample using 4.89 kg rammer falling at a height of 45 cms in 5 layers by giving 55 blows for each layer. The
Maximum Dry Density and Optimum Moisture Content can be found out with the help of Dry Density Vs
Moisture Content Plot. The Modified Proctor Plot shows more Density and Lesser Moisture Content.

Free Swelling Index Tests

The Free swelling Index Tests was conducted for selected Clayey Soils as per IS 2720 Part 40, by soaking the
soil sample for 24 hours in kerosene and in distilled water. The corresponding readings in both the glass
jars have been measured.

California Bearing Ratio Tests (4 days Soaked)

Statically Compacted Specimens

The mass of the wet soil at the required moisture content to give the desired density when occupying the
standard specimen volume in the mould shall be calculated. A batch of soil is thoroughly mixed with water
to gives the required water content. The correct mass of the moist soils is placed in the mould and
compaction obtained by pressing in the displacer disc, a filter paper being placed between the disc and the
soil.

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Penetration Test

The mould containing the specimen, with the base plate in position but the top face exposed, is placed on
the lower plate of the testing machine. Surcharge weights, sufficient to produce an intensity of loading
equal to the weight of the base material and pavement is placed on the specimen. If the specimen has
been soaked previously, the surcharge is equal to that used during the soaking period. To prevent upheaval
of soil into the hole of the surcharge weights, 2’5 kg annular weight shall be placed on the soil surface prior
to seating the penetration plunger after which the remainder of the surcharge weights is placed. The
plunger is seated under a load of 4 kg so that full contact is established between the surface of the
specimen and the plunger. The load and deformation gauge are then set to zero (In other words, the initial
load applied to the plunger is considered as zero when determining the load penetration relation). Load is
applied to the plunger into the soil at the rate of 1.25 mm per minute. Reading of the load is taken at
penetrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 mm

(The maximum load and penetration are recorded if it occurs for a penetration of less than 12.5 mm). The
plunger is raised and the mould detached from the loading equipment. About 20 to 50 g of soil is collected
from the top 30 mm layer of the specimen and the water content determined according to IS: 2720 (Part
2)-1973*.

Subgrade Soil Test Results

The chainage wise test results of subgrade soil investigations are presented in Table 5-2 for Ayodhya
Bypass. Moreover, the graphical representation of CBR value of existing pavement subgrade soil against
existing chainage is presented in Figure 5-4 for Ayodhya Bypass.

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Table 5-2:Laboratory Test Results of Existing Pavement Subgrade Soil for Ayodhya Bypass
Grain Size Analysis Atterberg Limits Modified Proctor CBR
Existing Free SwelII @ 95% @97 %
Sl
Chainage Side Index Gravel Sand Silt & Clay LL PL PI MDD OMC Soil Classification
No MDD MDD
(in Km) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (gm/cc) (%)
(%) (%)
1 0+250 LHS 30 65 20 15 38 22 16 1.91 15.80 25 29 GC
2 1+000 RHS 22 55 24 21 30 21 9 2.10 11.00 24 31 GC
3 2+500 LHS 30 66 21 13 38 25 13 1.98 13.60 27 31 GC
4 3+000 RHS 20 61 21 18 40 28 12 1.99 14.00 14 16 GC
5 4+500 LHS 20 55 27 18 42 25 17 1.83 16.54 13 17 GC
6 6+500 LHS 40 39 29 32 36 26 10 1.98 7.57 17 19 GC
7 7+000 RHS 16 48 40 12 32 21 11 2.21 9.20 12 13 GC
8 8+500 LHS 20 42 41 17 NP NP NP 1.99 12.60 49 52 GC
9 9+000 RHS 40 32 53 15 36 26 10 2.05 13.18 29 33 SM
10 10+000 LHS 44 50 39 11 37 24 13 2.13 9.60 15 18 GC
11 11+000 RHS 38 29 59 12 NP NP NP 2.23 10.00 30 36 SM
12 12+000 LHS 39 37 46 17 NP NP NP 2.02 15.00 19 21 SM
13 13+000 RHS 11 33 53 14 NP NP NP 2.22 11.80 17 18 SM
14 14+000 LHS 47 31 35 34 39 26 13 1.97 13.00 5 6 SM
15 15+000 RHS 5 25 48 27 NP NP NP 2.10 12.00 20 26 SM
16 16+000 LHS 22 30 42 28 34 21 13 2.00 12.80 4 6 SC

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Figure 5-4: Graphical Representation of Existing Pavement Subgrade Soil CBR Value for Ayodhya Bypass

CBR @ 95% MDD

60

50

40

30
CBR %

20

10

0
LHS RHS LHS RHS LHS LHS RHS LHS RHS LHS RHS LHS RHS LHS RHS LHS
0+250 1+000 2+500 3+000 4+500 6+500 7+000 8+500 9+000 10+000 11+000 12+000 13+000 14+000 15+000 16+000
Location

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CBR @97 % MDD

60

50

40

30
CBR %

20

10

0
LHS RHS LHS RHS LHS LHS RHS LHS RHS LHS RHS LHS RHS LHS RHS LHS
0+250 1+000 2+500 3+000 4+500 6+500 7+000 8+500 9+000 10+000 11+000 12+000 13+000 14+000 15+000 16+000
Location

Inference

For Ayodhya Bypass, from the existing subgrade soil investigation, it is observed that average optimum moisture content is 12.36% and average maximum dry
density is 2.04 g/cc. The soaked CBR value varies from 4% to 49% at 95% of MDD and 6% to 52% at 97% of MDD. As per Atterberg’s properties of soil it can be
easily stated that its nature varies from non-plastic to medium plasticity. Review of available soil information indicates that the characterstic of existing pavement
subgrade soil varies along the alignment. The principal soil encountered is clayey gravel in nature.

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5.4.4. Proposed New Alignment & Widening Portion OGL Soil

Investigation

For widening of existing 4 lane to 6 lane road for Ayodhya Bypass from existing Km 0+000 to Km 16+100, it
is proposed to utilize the right of way (ROW) available on the left/right side of the existing carriageway.
Similarly, proposed new alignment will traverse along the virgin land. It is prohibited for borrowing of
materials from within the right-of-way.

The appraisal of quality of the native soil along the proposed new alignment and widening portions was
accomplished in two steps, namely (a) review of OGL soil information, (b) supplementary soil investigation
to fully characterize the soil. The OGL soil samples representative to project stretch was collected, properly
sealed and labelled for easy identification. The samples were further sent to laboratory for soil
investigation.

OGL Soil Test

Following laboratory test have been conducted on sub grade soil in accordance with relevant IS Codes.

► Grain size Analysis - by Wet sieving (24 hours soaked) – As per IS 2720 Part 4

► Atterberg’s limits (LL, PL & PI) – As per IS 2720 Part 5

► Free Swell Index – As per IS 2720 Part 40

► Compaction Tests (MDD & OMC) – As per IS 2720 Part 8

► CBR (under 4 days soaked) – As per IS 2720 Part 16

► Soil classification – As per IS 1498

Grain Size Analysis - Wet Sieve Analysis (24 hours soaked)

Wet Sieve Analysis as per IS 2720 part 4 - 1985 has been carried out to find the percentages of gravels,
sand, silt and clay for the soil samples collected. Hydrometer analysis can be carried out on selected soil
samples to ascertain the percentage combination of silt and clay.

Atterberg’s Limits - Casagrande Apparatus and Cone Penetrometer Method

The Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit tests have been conducted as per IS 2720 part 5 - 1985, IS 2720 part 2 -
1973 to evaluate the plasticity characteristics of the Subgrade Soil Samples. The Plasticity Index is the
numerical difference between the Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit for the plastic soils. The Plasticity Index will
be Non-Plastic for purely frictional soils such as pure gravel and pure sand.

Soil classification - IS Soil Classification

IS Classifications of Soil Samples has been carried out based on the Grain Size analysis data, plasticity
characteristics and unified soil classification systems. The following symbols are used to designate the type
and Classification of soils.
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G - Gravels W - Well graded

S - Sand P - Poorly graded

M - Silt C - Clay

I - Inorganic O - Organic

L - Low Plasticity GM - Gravelly Silt

H - High Plasticity SP - Poorly graded sand

SM - Silty Sand GW - Well graded sand

CL - Clay with low compressibility CH - Clay with high compressibility

ML - Silt with low compressibility MH - Silt with high compressibility

HRB classifications are also called AASHTO classification of revised Public Roads Administration (PRA) soil
classification system. In these classifications, the soils are subdivided in to seven groups A-1 to A-7 based
on grain size analysis, Atterberg’s limits and percentage fines. A-1, A-2, A-3 soils are granular soils, fines
passing 0.075 mm sieve being less than 35 while A-4, A-5, A-6 and A-7 soils are fine grained or silty clay
soils, passing 0.075 mm sieve being greater than 35 %.

IS Light Compaction and Modified Compaction Tests (AASHTO)

The Dry Density and Moisture Content relationship can be established by conducting IS Light Compaction
Test by compacting soil sample using 2.6 kg rammer falling at a height of 31 cms in 3 layers by giving 25
blows for each layer. The Maximum Dry Density and Optimum Moisture Content can be found out with the
help of Dry Density Vs Moisture Content Plot. By conducting Heavy Compaction Test by compacting soil
sample using 4.89 kg rammer falling at a height of 45 cms in 5 layers by giving 55 blows for each layer. The
Maximum Dry Density and Optimum Moisture Content can be found out with the help of Dry Density Vs
Moisture Content Plot. The Modified Proctor Plot shows more Density and Lesser Moisture Content.

Free Swelling Index Tests

The Free swelling Index Tests was conducted for selected Clayey Soils as per IS 2720 Part 40, by soaking the
soil sample for 24 hours in kerosene and in distilled water. The corresponding readings in both the glass
jars have been measured.

California Bearing Ratio Tests (4 days Soaked)

Statically Compacted Specimens

The mass of the wet soil at the required moisture content to give the desired density when occupying the
standard specimen volume in the mould shall be calculated. A batch of soil is thoroughly mixed with water
to gives the required water content. The correct mass of the moist soils is placed in the mould and

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compaction obtained by pressing in the displacer disc, a filter paper being placed between the disc and the
soil.

Penetration Test

The mould containing the specimen, with the base plate in position but the top face exposed, is placed on
the lower plate of the testing machine. Surcharge weights, sufficient to produce an intensity of loading
equal to the weight of the base material and pavement is placed on the specimen. If the specimen has
been soaked previously, the surcharge is equal to that used during the soaking period. To prevent upheaval
of soil into the hole of the surcharge weights, 2’5 kg annular weight shall be placed on the soil surface prior
to seating the penetration plunger after which the remainder of the surcharge weights is placed. The
plunger is seated under a load of 4 kg so that full contact is established between the surface of the
specimen and the plunger. The load and deformation gauge are then set to zero (In other words, the initial
load applied to the plunger is considered as zero when determining the load penetration relation). Load is
applied to the plunger into the soil at the rate of 1.25 mm per minute. Reading of the load is taken at
penetrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 mm

(The maximum load and penetration are recorded if it occurs for a penetration of less than 12.5 mm). The
plunger is raised and the mould detached from the loading equipment. About 20 to 50 g of soil is collected
from the top 30 mm layer of the specimen and the water content determined according to IS: 2720 (Part
2)-1973

OGL Soil Test Results

The chainage wise test results of OGL soil investigations are presented in Table 5-3 for Ayodhya
Bypass .Moreover, the graphical representation of CBR value of OGL soil against existing chainage is
presented in Figure 5-5 for Ayodhya Bypass.

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Table 5-3: Laboratory Test Results of OGL Soil for Ayodhya Bypass
Grain Size Analysis Atterberg Limits Modified Proctor CBR
Existing Free SwelII @ 95% @97 %
Sl
Chainage Side Index Gravel Sand Silt & Clay LL PL PI MDD OMC Soil Classification
No MDD MDD
(in Km) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (gm/cc) (%)
(%) (%)
1 0+400 LHS 20 18 38 44 38 22 16 1.98 12.40 4 5 SC
2 2+500 RHS 30 18 34 48 42 20 22 2.00 11.40 2 3 SC
3 4+000 LHS 10 36 41 23 36 25 11 1.88 16.20 20 25 SM-SC
4 8+000 RHS 38 3 25 72 43 25 18 2.02 8.40 1 2 CI
5 10+000 LHS 30 3 24 73 38 25 13 2.00 10.40 3 4 MI-CI
6 12+000 RHS 6 47 36 17 NP NP NP 2.38 7.60 39 48 GM
7 14+000 LHS 11 48 35 17 29 19 10 2.30 8.00 22 27 GC
8 15+500 RHS 40 36 25 39 42 20 22 1.99 12.71 2 3 GC

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Figure 5-5: Graphical Representation of OGL Soil CBR Value for Ayodhya Bypass

CBR @ 95% MDD

45
40
35
30
25
CBR %

20
15
10
5
0
LHS RHS LHS RHS LHS RHS LHS RHS
0+400 2+500 4+000 8+000 10+000 12+000 14+000 15+500
Location

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CBR @97 % MDD

60

50

40

30
CBR%

20

10

0
LHS RHS LHS RHS LHS RHS LHS RHS
0+400 2+500 4+000 8+000 10+000 12+000 14+000 15+500
Location

Inference

For Ayodhya Bypass, from the results of existing OGL soil investigation, it is observed that average optimum moisture content is 12.36% and average maximum dry
density is 2.04 g/cc. The soaked CBR value varies from 4% to 49% at 95% of MDD and 6% to 52% at 97% of MDD. As per Atterberg’s properties of soil it can be
easily stated that its nature varies from non-plastic to medium plasticity. Review of available soil information indicates that the characterstic of existing pavement
subgrade soil varies along the alignment. The principal soil encountered is clayey gravel in nature.

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5.5. INVESTIGATION OF BORROW AREA SOIL

5.5.1. General

Sub grade is a layer of soil prepared to withstand load of road material, traffic and environmental
conditions. The load on pavement is ultimately received by the sub-grade soil for dispersion to the earth
mass. Therefore, it is essential that at no time, the sub-grade soil is overstressed meaning that the pressure
transmitted on the top of the sub grade is restricted within the allowable limits, not to cause excessive
stress condition or to deform the same beyond elastic limit. Soils that can be used in sub grade and
embankment are identified from various borrow areas located within the vicinity of project road.

Suitable soil conforming to MORT&H specifications in huge quantities will be required to construct
embankment, subgrade and earthen shoulder. An investigation to identify the potential borrow soil
sources have confirmed the availability of suitable soil at number of locations along the project road
corridor. Soil of similar nature is also available from a multitude of other sources, for which negotiations
with private owner(s) may be required during execution phase of the project.

5.5.2. Objective

The borrow area investigation is done in line to following objectives:

► Source mentioning proposed chainage, lead and name of village.

► Direction of the access road i.e. left / right of project road.

► Ownership of land i.e. Government or Private.

► Suitability of soil at various stages of construction work, i.e. fill material, embankment and sub grade
etc.

5.5.3. Borrow Area Locations

Investigation of borrow areas for road construction is carried out to identify the potential sources for
embankment fill material and sub-grade material for new alignment as well for widening and to assess
their general availability, nature and quantum of materials available for the project.

Detailed survey was carried out of prospective borrows areas with the help of local administration dealing
with such matters. Locations mentioned below have been identified as borrow areas for the soils that can
be used for road embankment as well as for sub grade. The visual assessment for suitable quantities
available from soil borrow areas was made. It is learnt from local inquiry that the availability of soil for road
construction is quite scare within the vicinity of the project road as most of the area is builtup / industrial
area. The identified borrow areas are either waste/barren land or hillocks or both, under the ownership of
Private or Government. The details of identified borrow soil source, location, average lead distance from
the project roads, etc is given in Table 5-4. The schematic presentation lead chart of borrow soil source is
presented in Figure 5-7. The photos of borrow soil sampling in progress is presented in Figure 5-6.

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Figure 5-6: Photos of Soil Sampling in Progress

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MQ 01

15 Kms Towards Biaora Road

RHS Start of Stretch I-Ayodhya LHS

Bypass Km 0+000
(Ashram Chowk)
11 Kms

1+000
MQ 02

2+000 23 Kms

3+000 8.5 Kms

MQ 03
4+000
BA 01
5+000

6+000

7+000

8+000

9+000

10+000

11+000

12+000

13+000

14+000

15+000

16+000

End of Stretch I-Ayodhya Bypass

Km 16+100 and Start of Stretch-II
Ratnagiri to Chhawani Adampur
Km 0+000
(Ratnagiri Tiraha)

1+000

2+000

3+000

4+000

5+000

End of Stretch-II Ratnagiri to

Chhawani Adampur Km 5+600
(Chaawani Adampur)

Figure 5-7: Linear Chart for Borrow Area Locations

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Table 5-4: Borrow Area Locations

Existing
Approx.
Sr Borrow Area Chainag Location
Side Lead
No No e Details
(Km)
(Km)
Village Pura Chind Wara at Bagonia division in Bhopal to
1 MQ01 0+000 RHS 15 Km
Biaora Direction
2 MQ02 0+200 LHS Acharpura Village Bhopal Division Towards SH23 11 Km
3 MQ03 0+200 LHS Ratua Village Bhopal Division Towards SH23 22 Km
4 BA01 0+200 LHS Hajjampura Village Bhopal Division Towards SH23 8.5 Km

5.5.4. Borrow Area Soil Test

The following laboratory tests in accordance with given Bureau of Indian Standards have been carried out
for Borrow Soil Pits identified for the project road.

► Grain size Analysis - by Wet sieving (24 hours soaked) – As per IS 2720 Part 4

► Atterberg’s limits (LL, PL & PI) – As per IS 2720 Part 5

► Free Swell Index – As per IS 2720 Part 40

► Compaction Tests (MDD & OMC) – As per IS 2720 Part 8

► CBR (under 4 days soaked ) – As per IS 2720 Part 16

► Soil classification – As per IS 1498

Grain Size Analysis - Wet Sieve Analysis (24 hours soaked)

Wet Sieve Analysis as per IS 2720 part 4 - 1985 has been carried out to find the percentages of gravels,
sand, silt and clay for the soil samples collected. Hydrometer analysis can be carried out on selected soil
samples to ascertain the percentage combination of silt and clay.

Atterberg’s Limits - Casagrande Apparatus and Cone Penetrometer Method

The Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit tests have been conducted as per IS 2720 part 5 - 1985, IS 2720 part 2 -
1973 to evaluate the plasticity characteristics of the Subgrade Soil Samples. The Plasticity Index is the
numerical difference between the Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit for the plastic soils. The Plasticity Index will
be Non-Plastic for purely frictional soils such as pure gravel and pure sand.

Soil classification - IS Soil Classification

IS Classifications of Soil Samples has been carried out based on the Grain Size analysis data, plasticity
characteristics and unified soil classification systems. The following symbols are used to designate the type
and Classification of soils.

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G - Gravels W - Well graded

S - Sand P - Poorly graded

M - Silt C - Clay

I - Inorganic O - Organic

L - Low Plasticity GM - Gravelly Silt

H - High Plasticity SP - Poorly graded sand

SM - Silty Sand GW - Well graded sand

CL - Clay with low compressibility CH - Clay with high compressibility

ML - Silt with low compressibility MH - Silt with high compressibility

HRB classifications are also called AASHTO classification of revised Public Roads Administration (PRA) soil
classification system. In this classifications, the soils are subdivided in to seven groups A-1 to A-7 based on
grain size analysis, Atterberg’s limits and percentage fines. A-1, A-2, A-3 soils are granular soils, fines
passing 0.075 mm sieve being less than 35 while A-4, A-5, A-6 and A-7 soils are fine grained or silty clay
soils, passing 0.075 mm sieve being greater than 35 %.

IS Light Compaction and Modified Compaction Tests (AASHTO)

The Dry Density and Moisture Content relationship can be established by conducting IS Light Compaction
Test by compacting soil sample using 2.6 kg rammer falling at a height of 31 cms in 3 layers by giving 25
blows for each layer. The Maximum Dry Density and Optimum Moisture Content can be found out with the
help of Dry Density Vs Moisture Content Plot. By conducting Heavy Compaction Test by compacting soil
sample using 4.89 kg rammer falling at a height of 45 cms in 5 layers by giving 55 blows for each layer. The
Maximum Dry Density and Optimum Moisture Content can be found out with the help of Dry Density Vs
Moisture Content Plot. The Modified Proctor Plot shows more Density and Lesser Moisture Content.

Free Swelling Index Tests

The Free swelling Index Tests was conducted for selected Clayey Soils as per IS 2720 Part 40, by soaking the
soil sample for 24 hours in kerosene and in distilled water. The corresponding readings in both the glass
jars have been measured.

California Bearing Ratio Tests (4 days Soaked)

Statically Compacted Specimens

The mass of the wet soil at the required moisture content to give the desired density when occupying the
standard specimen volume in the mould shall be calculated. A batch of soil is thoroughly mixed with water
to gives the required water content. The correct mass of the moist soils is placed in the mould and

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compaction obtained by pressing in the displacer disc, a filter paper being placed between the disc and the
soil.

Penetration Test

The mould containing the specimen, with the base plate in position but the top face exposed, is placed on
the lower plate of the testing machine. Surcharge weights, sufficient to produce an intensity of loading
equal to the weight of the base material and pavement is placed on the specimen. If the specimen has
been soaked previously, the surcharge is equal to that used during the soaking period. To prevent upheaval
of soil into the hole of the surcharge weights, 2’5 kg annular weight shall be placed on the soil surface prior
to seating the penetration plunger after which the remainder of the surcharge weights is placed. The
plunger is seated under a load of 4 kg so that full contact is established between the surface of the
specimen and the plunger. The load and deformation gauge is then set to zero (In other words, the initial
load applied to the plunger is considered as zero when determining the load penetration relation). Load is
applied to the plunger into the soil at the rate of 1.25 mm per minute. Reading of the load is taken at
penetrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 mm

(The maximum load and penetration is recorded if it occurs for a penetration of less than 12.5 mm). The
plunger is raised and the mould detached from the loading equipment. About 20 to 50 g of soil is collected
from the top 30 mm layer of the specimen and the water content determined according to IS : 2720 ( Part
2 )-1973

5.5.5. Borrow Area Soil Test Results

The test results of borrow area soil investigations is presented in Table 5-5. The graphical representation of
CBR value of borrow area soil against existing chainage is presented in Figure 5-8.

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Table 5-5 Laboratory Test Results of Borrow Soil for Project

Grain Size Analysis Atterberg Limits Modified Proctor CBR
Existing Free SwelII @ 95% @97 %
Sl
Chainage Side Index Gravel Sand Silt & Clay LL PL PI MDD OMC Soil Classification
No MDD MDD
(in Km) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (gm/cc) (%)
(%) (%)
1 0+000 RHS 9 58 23 19 36 21 15 2.04 12.42 9 10 GC
2 0+200 LHS 12 75 15 10 34 17 17 2.03 9.80 7 9 GC
3 0+200 LHS 23 72 14 14 34 21 13 1.89 13.00 8 10 GC
4 0+200 LHS 24 8 21 71 36 27 9 1.92 12.92 7 8 CL

Figure 5-8: Graphical Representation of Borrow Soil CBR Value for Ayodhya Bypass

CBR @ 95% MDD

10
9
8
7
6
5
CBR%

4
3
2
1
0
RHS LHS LHS LHS
0+000 0+200 0+200 0+200
Location

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CBR @97 % MDD

12

10

6
CBR%

0
RHS LHS LHS LHS
0+000 0+200 0+200 0+200
Location

5.5.6. Inference

From the results of borrow soil, it is observed that average optimum moisture content is 12.04% and average maximum dry density is 1.97 g/cc. The soaked CBR
value varies from 7% to 9% at 95% of MDD and 8% to 10% at 97% of MDD. As per Atterberg’s properties of soil it can be easily stated that its nature varies from
non-plastic to medium plasticity. Review of available soil information indicates that the characterstic of existing pavement subgrade soil varies along the
alignment. The principal soil encountered is clayey gravel in nature.

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5.6. INVESTIGATION OF QUARRY MATERIALS

5.6.1. General

Quarry materials like stone metal, sand and granular material are equally important as soil for road
construction. Investigation of quarry area is carried out to ascertain the potential source which can be used
for construction of different pavement layers like Bituminous Concrete, Dense Bituminous Macadam, Wet
Mix Macadam, Granular Sub-base, Cement Concrete, etc. The information about the existing stone metal
quarries, sand quarries and granular material quarries were collected from local authority, contractors, and
other sources and from direct observations and site visits.

The objective of this investigation is to identify, inspect and evaluate the aggregate sources, which would
supply pavement (bituminous & non-bituminous courses) and concrete quality aggregate in ample
quantities. Existing and known quarries/crushing plants and other potential extraction sources of materials
in the project vicinity have been inspected.

5.6.2. Objective

The quarry area investigation is done in line to following objectives:

► Source mentioning existing chainage, lead and name of village.

► Direction of the access road i.e. left / right of project road.

► Ownership of quarries i.e. Government or Private.

► Suitability of quarry material.

5.6.3. Linear Chart for Quarry Material Source

The source location of various quarry material is presented in linear diagram in Figure 5-9

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5.2 KM
AQ 1
Biaora
329+600
AQ 2
5.8 KM
100 Km
Project Corridor Start SQ 1, Hosangabad,
Section of Ayodha 0+000
Narmada River
Bypass

222 KM (NH-22)

FQ 1 Sarni

Project Corridor End LEGEND:

Ratnagiri Tiraha
Section of Ayodha 16+100
SAND
Bypass
AGGREGATE
I
Figure 5-9: Lead Chart for Material Quarry

5.6.4. Aggregate Quarry Locations

The stone metal quarry locations mentioned in Table 5-6 provides details of investigated sources. The
photos of stone metal sampling in progress are presented in Figure 5-5.

Table 5-6: Stone Metal Quarry Locations

Quarry
Sr From Project
Area Quarry Location Details Side Lead
No Chainage
No (in Km)
Shahpura Village, Parvaliya Sadak at Km
1 AQ1 0+000 RHS 15 Km
329+000 of Bhopal to Biaora Road (NH 46)

On conducting the inventory for stone metal, it is observed that hilly terrain rock is the source for
aggregate. The visited quarries with crusher are Hariom Stone Crusher and Rahul Stone Crusher. Here the
rocks are crushed to different sizes of aggregate for construction purpose.

At quarry locations contractor can establish their own crusher to fulfil the requirement of aggregates for
the project. These quarries have the potential to meet aggregate demand for bituminous and non-
bituminous construction of the project road including concrete aggregates.

During execution phase of the project, the contractor might have to discover some more quarries, obtain
quarry lease and install their own crushing plant to ensure quality of work as well as un-interrupted supply
of aggregates so that the project is completed within stipulated time period.

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Figure 5-10: Photographs for Aggregate Sampling

5.6.5. Aggregate Test

The following laboratory tests in accordance with given Bureau of Indian Standards were conducted on
stone metal quarries identified for project road.

► Water Absorption & Specific Gravity Test – As per IS 2386 Part 3

► Aggregate Impact Value – As per IS 2386 Part 4

► Coating & Stripping Value Test – As per IS 6241

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Specific Gravity and Water Absorption Test

Specific Gravity and Water Absorption Test as per IS 2386 part 3 has been carried out by adopting wire
basket method for coarse aggregate above 4.75 mm size and pycnometer method for aggregate finer than
4.75 mm size.

Wire Basket Method

Dry representative aggregate sample soaked in water for 24 hours at room temperature to achieve SSD
condition. Place SSD sample in the wire basket and immersed in distilled water at a temperature between
22°C and 32°C with a cover of at least 5 cm of water above the top of the basket. On immersion entrapped
air is removed from the sample by slightly lifting and dropping 25 times at the rate of about one drop per
second.

Weigh basket and the sample in water (Weight A1). Now remove basket and the aggregate from the water
and allow it to drain for a few minutes, after which the aggregate is dried by dry clothes, weigh empty
basket in water (Weight A2), Dry removed aggregate at room temp till SSD condition and then weight it
(Weight B), Oven dry aggregate at 100 to 110°C temperature for 24 hours, cool it and again weight it
(Weight C).

Pycnometer Method

Place sample of about 500 g of aggregate of size finer than 4.75 mm in the tray with distilled water at a
temperature of 22°C to 32°C for 24 ± l/2 hours. Drain water from sample by filter paper and expose sample
to air to achieve saturated surface dry condition and then weight it (Weight A).

Place aggregate in the pycnometer and then fill distilled water. Remove entrapped air by rotating the
pycnometer on its side with the hole in the apex of the cone being covered with a finger. Clean
pycnometer from outside and then weigh it (Weight B). Pour the material of the pycnometer into the tray
with care. Weight pycnometer filled with distilled water to the same level as before and cleaned from
outside (Weight C).

After draining water from sample by filter paper, sample is placed in the oven at 100 to 110°C temperature
for 24 hours. Then cool sample at room temperature and then weighed (Weight D). Min two tests shall be
made.

Aggregate Impact value test

Aggregate Impact value test as per IS 2386 part 4 has been carried on stone of different aggregate of
different source.

Place 12.5 mm passing and 10mm retained IS Sieve oven dried aggregate in cylindrical measure in three
layers with each layer subjected to 25 strokes by tamping rod. Level top surface by tamping rod and weigh
aggregate (A) gms

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Place machine on leveled surface with hammer guide columns are vertical, fix cup in position on base plate.
Fill sample in cup by giving 25 strokes from tamping rod with top surface leveled. Allow hammer to fall
from 380mm height and give 15 blows at interval less than 1 second Remove crushed aggregate from cup,
sieve through 2.36mm sieve and then is weighted (B) Gms.

Calculation

B Where
Aggregate Impact Value (%) = ×100
A

Where;

B = weight of fraction passing the 2.36 mm sieve

A = weight of oven-dried sample taken initially.

Coating and Stripping Value

Stripping Value test has been performed according to IS 6241 on clean oven dried aggregate of size passing
20 mm and retained on 12.5 mm IS Sieve.

The aggregate and bitumen then heated up to 120oC and 160oC respectively in separate container.

5% bitumen by wt of aggregate has been added and mixed thoroughly.

The mix was then kept inside controlled water bath at 40oC for 24 hours, then it was visually inspected and
percentage of coating retained was defined.

5.6.6. Aggregate Test Results

The results of laboratory tests carried on aggregate of different quarries identified for project road is given
in Table 5-7.

Table 5-7: Results of Laboratory Test of Quarry Aggregate

Quarry Area Impact Value Specific Gravity
%
Sr No Water Absorption (%)
Bulk Oven Dry Bulk SSD Apparent Coating
No (%)
1 AQ1 18.16 2.676 2.709 2.767 1.23 >95%

5.6.7. Inference

Test results of aggregate samples from the above sources indicate fair quality (conforming MORT&H
specifications) with respect to aggregate impact value, specific gravity & water absorption test. For the
aggregate tested, the average aggregate impact value is 18.16%, bulk oven dry specific gravity is around
2.68 and water absorption 1.23 %. Moreover the % coating is observed to be > 95%. The Combined Index
of aggregate needs to be controlled at the time of construction by effective means. If required,
antistripping agent can be considered to satify required coating criteria. The quarries have the potential to

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meet aggregate requirement for bituminous and non-bituminous construction of the road project including
aggregates required for concrete.

5.7. SAND QUARRY

A detail survey along the project road has been carried out and sources for river sand identified. The basic
guidelines considered for selection of river sand sources are as under:

► Visual inspection for suitability of material

► Lead distance from the project road

► Estimated quantity of the material

However, gradation of natural sand is expected to vary from place to place and time to time.

5.7.1. Sand Quarry Locations

The sand quarry location mentioned in Table 5-8 provides description of investigated sources. The photos
of river sand sampling is presented in Figure 5-11.

/
Figure 5-11 : Photos of Narmada River Sand Quarry

Table 5-8: Sand Source Location

Project
Sr No Sand Source No River
Chainage (Km) Sand Source Details

1 SQ1 Narmada River 0+000 Lead: 100 Km Towards Hosangabad

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5.7.2. Sand Test

The following laboratory tests in accordance with given Bureau of Indian Standards were conducted on
sand (fine aggregate) collected from sources identified for the project road to check its suitability for road
and structure works.

► Grain Size Analysis – As per IS 2386 Part 1

► Fineness Modulus – As per IS 2386 Part 1

► Specific Gravity & Water Absorption – As per IS 2386 Part 3

Grain Size Analysis

This test was carried out according to IS 2386 part 1 on clean oven dried sand samples of various sources. 2
Kg of fresh clean sand has been taken and sieved successively on the appropriate recommended IS Sieves
starting with the largest.

The weight retained on each fraction of sieve was then recorded and Cumulative percentage passing was
calculated and result expressed % passing on Each Fraction of Sieve. According to table no. 4 of IS 383, the
zone has been classified.

Fineness Modulus

The Fineness modulus (FM) is an empirical figure obtained by adding the total percentage of the sample of
and sand retained on sieves above 150 micron and dividing the sum by 100.

Specific Gravity and Water Absorption Test

Specific Gravity and Water Absorption Test has been carried according to IS 2386 part 3. Placed the sample
of about 500 g of sand in the tray and pulverized with distilled water at a temperature of 22°C to 32°C for
24 ± l/2 hours. Drain water from sample by filter paper and expose sample to air to achieve saturated
surface dry condition and then weight it (Weight A). Sand was then poured inside the pycnometer and then
filled with distilled water. Entrapped air was removed by rotating the pycnometer on its side with the hole
in the apex of the cone being covered with a finger. Clean pycnometer from outside and then weigh it
(Weight B). The material of the pycnometer was then poured into the tray with care. Weight pycnometer
filled with distilled water to the same level as before and cleaned from outside (Weight C).

After draining water from sample by filter paper, sample is placed in the oven at 100 to 110°C temperature
for 24 hours. Then cool sample at room temperature and then weighed (Weight D). Min two tests shall be
made.

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5.7.3. Sand Test Results

The results of laboratory tests conducted on river sand sources identified for the project road is tabulated in Table 5-9.

Table 5-9: Results of Laboratory Test of Sand Quarry

% Passing the Sieve Size (mm)
Sr No Sand Source No Fineness Modulus Zone Remark
10.0 4.75 2.36 1.18 0.600 0.300 0.150 0.075
1 SQ1 99 97 95 89 69 13 5 -- 2.33 Zone-III Suitable for Concrete works

5.7.4. Inference

From the sand test conducted it is observed that all the sand source falls within Zone III, so source is suitable for concrete works.

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5.8. MANUFACTURED MATERIALS

5.8.1. General

For construction of any road projects varieties of materials are used, some are naturally available material
like soil, aggregate, gravelly material and sand while some are manufactured materials like Cement, Steel
and Bitumen. Following paragraph gives the details of availability of manufactured material within
reasonable lead of the project road.

5.8.2. Cement

The cement can be procured from Indore.

5.8.3. Steel

Good quality steel can be available from Indore.

5.8.4. Bitumen

Bitumen can be procured from refinery or storage from Indore or nearby.

5.8.5. Other Construction Materials

Water

Ground water and surface water in the vicinity of the project road is considered as a source of water.
Major source of water is surface water i.e. rivers that flows nearby and across the proposed road project
alignment. The water for construction can be made available from these rivers.

5.8.6. Flyash

There is no thermal power plant within circumferential distance of 100 km from project road.

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