3.

3 Z Transform
Introduction:

Function Infinite Series Summation form

(1 − 𝑥)−1 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯ ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑥
𝑛

(1 + 𝑥)−1 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 − ⋯ ∑∞
𝑛=0(−1)
𝑛+1 𝑛
𝑥

(1 − 𝑥)−2 1 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3 + ⋯ ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛 𝑥
𝑛−1

(1 + 𝑥)−2 1 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 3 + ⋯ ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛 (−𝑥)
𝑛−1

log(1 + 𝑥) 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥𝑛
𝑥− + − +⋯ ∑∞
𝑛=1(−1)
𝑛+1
𝑛
2 3 4

−log(1 − 𝑥) 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥𝑛
𝑥+ + + +⋯ ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛
2 3 4

𝑒𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥𝑛
1+ + + +⋯ ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛!
1! 2! 3!

𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥𝑛
1− + − +⋯ ∑∞
𝑛=1(−1)
𝑛+1
𝑛!
1! 2! 3!

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 1

Z transform: If 𝑢𝑛 is a discrete real valued function then 𝑍(𝑢𝑛 ) = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑢𝑛 𝑧
−𝑛
whenever the
series converges.

Note: It transforms function of n to function of z. Z transform is a discrete analogue of Laplace

transform.

Basic results: 𝑧 𝑧
𝑧(1) = 𝑧(𝑘 𝑛 ) =
𝑧−1 𝑧+1
𝑧 1 𝑧
𝑧(𝑛) = 𝑧 ( ) = log
(𝑧 − 1)2 𝑛 𝑧−1
𝑧 + 𝑧2 1 1
𝑧(𝑛2 ) = 𝑧 ( ) = 𝑒𝑧
(𝑧 − 1)3 𝑛!
𝑧(𝛿(𝑛)) = 1 𝑧
𝑧(𝑢(𝑛)) =
𝑧−1
𝑧 sin 𝜃 𝑧(𝑧 − cos 𝜃)
𝑧(sin 𝑛𝜃) = 𝑧(cos 𝑛𝜃) = 2
𝑧2
− 2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 1 𝑧 − 2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 1
𝑧 sinh 𝜃 𝑧(𝑧 − cosh 𝜃)
𝑧(sinh 𝑛𝜃) = 2 𝑧(cosh 𝑛𝜃) = 2
𝑧 − 2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝜃 + 1 𝑧 − 2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝜃 + 1

Damping rule: 𝑧(𝑎−𝑛 𝑢𝑛 ) = [𝑧(𝑢𝑛 )]𝑧→𝑧𝑎 𝑧(𝑎𝑛 𝑢𝑛 ) = [𝑧(𝑢𝑛 )]𝑧→𝑧

𝑎

Left shifting rule Right shifting rule

Shifting rule: 1 𝑧(𝑢𝑛+1 ) = 𝑧[𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 ]
𝑧(𝑢𝑛−1 ) = 𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ), 𝑛 ≥ 1 𝑢1
𝑧 𝑧(𝑢𝑛+2 ) = 𝑧 2 [𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 − ]
1 𝑧
𝑧(𝑢𝑛−2 ) = 2 𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ), 𝑛 ≥ 2
𝑧

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 2

Problems:

1. Find the z transformation of the following:

𝟏 𝒏 𝟏 𝒏
(i) 𝒌𝒏 (𝐢𝐢) 𝟏 (𝐢𝐢𝐢) 𝒆𝒂𝒏 (𝐢𝐯) 𝒆−𝟐𝒏 (𝐯) 𝒌 (𝐯𝐢) (𝟐) + (− 𝟑)

(i) 𝑧(𝑘 𝑛 ) = ∑∞ 𝑛 −𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑘 𝑧
𝑘 𝑛
= ∑∞
𝑛=0 ( 𝑧 )

𝑘 𝑘 2
= 1 + (𝑧 ) + (𝑧 ) + ⋯

𝑘 −1
= (1 − )
𝑧

𝑧−𝑘 −1
=( )
𝑧
𝑧
= 𝑧−𝑘
𝑧 𝑧
(ii) 𝑧(𝑘 𝑛 ) = 𝑧−𝑘 . Put 𝑘 = 1, 𝑧(1) = 𝑧−1
𝑧 1
(iii) 𝑧(𝑘 𝑛 ) = 𝑧−𝑘 . Put 𝑘 = 𝑒 𝑎 , 𝑧(𝑒 𝑎𝑛 ) = 𝑧−𝑒 𝑎
𝑧 1
(iv) 𝑧(𝑘 𝑛 ) = 𝑧−𝑘 . Put 𝑘 = 𝑒 −2 , 𝑧(𝑒 −2𝑛 ) = 𝑧−𝑒 −2
𝑧
(v) 𝑧(𝑘) = 𝑧(𝑘1𝑛 ) = 𝑘𝑧(1𝑛 ) = 𝑘 𝑧−1
𝑧
(vi) 𝑧(𝑘 𝑛 ) = 𝑧−𝑘
1 1 𝑛 𝑧 2𝑧
Put 𝑘 = 2 , 𝑧 (2) = 1 = 2𝑧−1
𝑧−
2

1 1 𝑛 𝑧 3𝑧
Put 𝑘 = − 3 , 𝑧 (− 3) = 1 = 3𝑧+1
𝑧+
3

Therefore,
1 𝑛 1 𝑛 1 𝑛 1 𝑛 2𝑧 3𝑧
𝑧 [(2) + (− 3) ] = 𝑧 (2) + 𝑧 (− 3) = 2𝑧−1 + 3𝑧+1

Note:
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
𝑥− + − + ⋯ = log(1 + 𝑥)
2 3 4
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
𝑥+ + + + ⋯ = − log(1 − 𝑥)
2 3 4

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 3

2. Find the z transformation of the following:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(i) 𝒏 , 𝒏 > 𝟎 (ii) 𝒏+𝟏 , 𝒏 ≥ 𝟎 (iii) 𝒏(𝒏+𝟏) , 𝒏 > 𝟎 (iv) 𝒏! , 𝒏 ≥ 𝟎

1
(i) 𝑧 (𝑛) = ∑∞
𝑛=0 (𝑛) 𝑧
−𝑛 1
1 −1
= log (1 − )
𝑧
𝑧 −2 𝑧 −3
= 𝑧 −1 + + +⋯ 𝑧 − 1 −1
2 3
= log ( )
( )
1 2 1 3
( )
𝑧
1 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
= (𝑧) + + +⋯ = log ( )
2 3
𝑧−1
1
= − log (1 − 𝑧)

(ii)
1
𝑧 (𝑛+1) = ∑∞ −𝑛 1 1
𝑛=0 (𝑛+1 ) 𝑧 = −𝑧 log (1 − )
𝑧
𝑧 −1 𝑧 −2 𝑧 −3
=1+ + + +⋯ 1 −1
2 3 4 = 𝑧 log (1 − )
𝑧
𝑧 −2 𝑧 −3 𝑧 −4
= 𝑧 (𝑧 −1 + + + +⋯) 𝑧 − 1 −1
2 3 4 = 𝑧 log ( )
𝑧
1 2 1 3 𝑧
1 ( ) ( )
= 𝑧 {(𝑧) + 𝑧
+ 𝑧
+⋯} = 𝑧 log ( )
2 3 𝑧−1

1 𝑛+1−𝑛
(iii) 𝑧 (𝑛(𝑛+1)) = 𝑧 (𝑛(𝑛+1))

1 1
= 𝑧( − )
𝑛 𝑛+1
1 1
= 𝑧 (𝑛) − 𝑧 (𝑛+1)
𝑧 𝑧
= log ( ) − 𝑧 log ( )
𝑧−1 𝑧−1
𝑧
= (1 − 𝑧) log ( )
𝑧−1
1 1
(iv) 𝑧 (𝑛!) = ∑∞
𝑛=0 (𝑛!) 𝑧
−𝑛

𝑧 −2 𝑧 −3
= 𝑧 −1 + + +⋯
2! 3!
1 2 1 3
1 ( ) ( )
𝑧 𝑧
= (𝑧) + + +⋯
2! 3!
1
= 𝑒𝑧

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 4

 𝒅
3. Prove that 𝒛(𝒏𝒑 ) = −𝒛 𝒅𝒛 𝒛(𝒏𝒑−𝟏 )
∞
𝑑 𝑑
−𝑧 𝑧(𝑛𝑝−1 ) = −𝑧 ∑(𝑛𝑝−1 ) 𝑧 −𝑛
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑛=0
∞

= −𝑧 ∑ 𝑛𝑝−1 (−𝑛) 𝑧 −𝑛−1

𝑛=0
∞

= ∑(𝑛𝑝 ) 𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=0
= 𝑧(𝑛𝑝 )

4. Find the z transformation of the following:

𝟏
(i) 𝒏 (ii) 𝒏𝟐 (iii) (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (iv) (𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝒏 + 𝟐) (v) 𝟐 (𝒏 − 𝟏)(𝒏 + 𝟐) (vi) (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟐

𝑑
(i) 𝑧(𝑛) = −𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑧(𝑛0 )

𝑑 𝑑 𝑧 𝑧−1−𝑧 𝑧
= −𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑧(1) = −𝑧 𝑑𝑧 (𝑧−1) = −𝑧 ((𝑧−1)2 ) = (𝑧−1)2

𝑑
(ii) 𝑧(𝑛2 ) = −𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑧(𝑛)

𝑑 𝑧 (𝑧−1)(𝑧−1−2𝑧) 𝑧(𝑧+1)
= −𝑧 𝑑𝑧 (𝑧−1)2 = −𝑧 { (𝑧−1)4
} = (𝑧−1)3

(iii) 𝑧(𝑛 + 1)2 = 𝑧(𝑛2 + 2𝑛 + 1)

𝑧(𝑧+1) 𝑧 𝑧
= (𝑧−1)3 + 2 (𝑧−1)2 + 𝑧−1

(iv) 𝑧((𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)) = 𝑧(𝑛2 + 3𝑛 + 2)

𝑧(𝑧+1) 𝑧 𝑧
= (𝑧−1)3 + 3 (𝑧−1)2 + 2 𝑧−1

1 1
(v) 𝑧 [2 (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 + 2)] = 2 𝑧(𝑛2 + 𝑛 − 2)

1 𝑧(𝑧+1) 𝑧 𝑧
= 2 {(𝑧−1)3 + (𝑧−1)2 − 2 𝑧−1}

(vi) 𝑧(2𝑛 − 1)2 = 𝑧(4𝑛2 − 4𝑛 + 1)

𝑧(𝑧+1) 𝑧 𝑧
= 4 (𝑧−1)3 − 4 (𝑧−1)2 + 𝑧−1

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 5

5. Find the z transformation of the following:
𝒏𝝅 𝒏𝝅
(i) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝜽 (ii) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝜽 (iii) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 (iv) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒

𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝜃 −𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝜃 +𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝜃

(i) 𝑧(sin 𝑛𝜃) = 𝑧 ( ) (ii) 𝑧(cos 𝑛𝜃) = 𝑧 ( )
2𝑖 2

1 𝑛 𝑛 1 𝑛 𝑛
= 2𝑖 [𝑧(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) − 𝑧(𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ) ] = 2 [𝑧(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) + 𝑧(𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ) ]

1 𝑧 𝑧 1 𝑧 𝑧
= 2𝑖 [𝑧−𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑧−𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ] = 2 [𝑧−𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑧−𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ]

1 𝑧(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 −𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ) 1 2𝑧 2 −𝑧(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 +𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )

= [ ] = [ ]
2𝑖 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1 2 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1

1 𝑧(2𝑖 sin 𝜃) 1 2(𝑧 2 −𝑧 cos 𝜃)

= 2𝑖 [𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1] = 2 [𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1]

𝑧(sin 𝜃) 𝑧 2 −𝑧 cos 𝜃
= 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1 = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1

𝑧 2 −𝑧 cos 𝜃
(iii) 𝑧(cos 𝑛𝜃) = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1

𝜋
𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑧(𝑧−cos )
2
Put 𝜃 = 2 , 𝑧 (cos )= 𝜋
2 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos +1
2

𝑧2
= 𝑧 2 +1

𝑧(sin 𝜃)
(iv) 𝑧(sin 𝑛𝜃) = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1

𝜋
𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑧(sin )
4
Put 𝜃 = , 𝑧 (sin )= 𝜋
4 4 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos +1
4

𝑧
√2
= 2𝑧
𝑧 2 − +1
√2

𝑧
=
√2𝑧 2 −2𝑧+√2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 6

 𝒏𝝅 𝒏𝝅
6. Find the z transformation of the following: (i) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝒏 + 𝟓) (ii) 𝐜𝐨𝐬( 𝟐 + )
𝟒
𝑧(sin 𝜃)
(i) 𝑧(sin 𝑛𝜃) = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1

𝑧(sin 3)
Put 𝜃 = 3 , 𝑧(sin 3𝑛) = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 3+1

𝑧 2 −𝑧 cos 𝜃
𝑧(cos 𝑛𝜃) = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1

𝑧 2 −𝑧 cos 3
Put 𝜃 = 3, 𝑧(cos 3𝑛) = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 3+1

Therefore,

𝑧[sin(3𝑛 + 5)] = 𝑧[sin 3𝑛 cos 5 + cos 3𝑛 sin 5]

= cos 5 × 𝑧(sin 3𝑛) + sin 5 × 𝑧(cos 3𝑛)

𝑧(sin 3) 𝑧(cos 3)
= cos 5 × 𝑧 2−2𝑧 cos 3+1 + sin 5 × 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 3+1

𝑧
= 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 3+1 (cos 5 . sin 3 + sin 5 . cos 3 )

𝑧(sin 8)
= 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 3+1

𝑧(sin 𝜃)
(ii) 𝑧(sin 𝑛𝜃) = 𝑧 2−2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1

𝜋
𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑧(sin )
2
Put 𝜃 = 2 , 𝑧 (sin )= 𝜋
2 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos +1
2

𝑧 2 −𝑧 cos 𝜃
𝑧(cos 𝑛𝜃) = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos 𝜃+1

𝜋
𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑧 2 −𝑧 cos 𝑧2
2
Put 𝜃 = , 𝑧 (cos )= 𝜋 = 𝑧 2 +1
2 2 𝑧 2 −2𝑧 cos +1
2

Therefore,

𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝜋
𝑧 [cos ( 2 + 4 )] = 𝑧 [cos cos 4 − sin sin 4 ]
2 2

1 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
= 𝑧 [cos − sin ]
√2 2 2

1 𝑧 2 −𝑧
= (𝑧 2 +1)
√2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 7

7. Find the z transformation of the following:
𝒏𝝅
(i) 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒏𝜽 (ii) 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒏𝜽 (iii) 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 ( 𝟒 + 𝜽)

𝑒 𝑛𝜃 −𝑒 −𝑛𝜃 𝑒 𝑛𝜃 +𝑒 −𝑛𝜃
(i) 𝑧[sinh 𝑛𝜃] = 𝑧 ( ) (ii) 𝑧[cosh 𝑛𝜃] = 𝑧 ( )
2 2

1 𝑛 𝑛 1 𝑛 𝑛
= [𝑧(𝑒 𝜃 ) − 𝑧(𝑒 −𝜃 ) ] = [𝑧(𝑒 𝜃 ) + 𝑧(𝑒 −𝜃 ) ]
2 2
1 𝑧 𝑧 1 𝑧 𝑧
= [ − ] = [ + ]
2 𝑧 − 𝑒 𝜃 𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝜃 2 𝑧 − 𝑒 𝜃 𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝜃

1 𝑧(𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝜃 ) − 𝑧(𝑧 − 𝑒 𝜃 ) 1 𝑧(𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝜃 ) + 𝑧(𝑧 − 𝑒 𝜃 )

= [ ] = [ ]
2 (𝑧 − 𝑒 𝜃 )(𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝜃 ) 2 (𝑧 − 𝑒 𝜃 )(𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝜃 )

1 𝑧(𝑒 𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝜃 ) 1 2𝑧 2 − 𝑧(𝑒 𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝜃 )
= [ 2 ] = [ 2 ]
2 𝑧 − 𝑧(𝑒 𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝜃 ) + 1 2 𝑧 − 𝑧(𝑒 𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝜃 ) + 1

1 2𝑧(sinh 𝜃) 1 2𝑧(cosh 𝜃)
= [ 2 ] = [ 2 ]
2 𝑧 − 2𝑧(cosh 𝜃) + 1 2 𝑧 − 2𝑧(cosh 𝜃) + 1

𝑧(sinh 𝜃) 𝑧(cosh 𝜃)
= =
𝑧2 − 2𝑧(cosh 𝜃) + 1 𝑧2 − 2𝑧(cosh 𝜃) + 1

𝑧(cosh 𝜃)
(iii) 𝑧[cosh 𝑛𝜃] = 𝑧 2 −2𝑧(cosh 𝜃)+1

𝜋
𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑧(cosh )
4
Put 𝜃 = 4 , 𝑧 [cosh ( 4 )] = 𝜋
𝑧 2 −2𝑧(cosh )+1
4

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 8

8. Find the z transformation of the following: (i) 𝜹(𝒏) (ii) 𝒖(𝒏)

1, 𝑛 = 0
(i) Dirac delta function is defined as 𝛿(𝑛) = {
0, 𝑛 ≠ 0

𝑧[𝛿(𝑛)] = ∑∞
𝑛=0[𝛿(𝑛)] 𝑧
−𝑛

= 𝛿(0)𝑧 0 + 𝛿(1)𝑧 −1 + 𝛿(2)𝑧 −2 + 𝛿(3)𝑧 −3 + ⋯

= (1)𝑧 0 + (0)𝑧 −1 + (0)𝑧 −2 + (0)𝑧 −3 + ⋯

=1

1, 𝑛 ≥ 0
(ii) Unit step function is defined as 𝑢(𝑛) = {
0, 𝑛 < 0

𝑧[𝑢(𝑛)] = ∑∞
𝑛=0[𝑢(𝑛)] 𝑧
−𝑛

= 𝑢(0)𝑧 0 + 𝑢(1)𝑧 −1 + 𝑢(2)𝑧 −2 + 𝑢(3)𝑧 −3 + ⋯

= (1)𝑧 0 + (1)𝑧 −1 + (1)𝑧 −2 + (1)𝑧 −3 + ⋯

1 1 2 1 3 1 4
= 1+( )+( ) +( ) +( ) +⋯
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧

1
=
1
1−𝑧
𝑧
=
𝑧−1

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 9

 9. Find the z transformation of the following:
(i) 𝒌𝒏 𝒏 (ii) 𝒆−𝒂𝒏 𝒏𝟐 (iii) 𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝜽 (iv) 𝒆𝒌𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒏𝜽 (v) 𝒆−𝒂𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝜽

By Damping rule,
𝑧(𝑎−𝑛 𝑢𝑛 ) = [𝑧(𝑢𝑛 )]𝑧→𝑧𝑎 𝑧(𝑎𝑛 𝑢𝑛 ) = [𝑧(𝑢𝑛 )]𝑧→𝑧
𝑎

(i) 𝑧(𝑘 𝑛 𝑛) = [𝑧(𝑛)]𝑧→𝑧

𝑘

𝑧 𝑧/𝑘 𝑘𝑧
= [(𝑧−1)2 ] = 𝑧 2 = (𝑧−𝑘)2
𝑧→𝑧/𝑘 ( −1)
𝑘

(ii) 𝑧(𝑒 −𝑎𝑛 𝑛2 ) = [𝑧(𝑛2 )]𝑧→𝑧𝑒 𝑎

𝑧+𝑧 2 𝑧𝑒 𝑎 +𝑧 2 𝑒 2𝑎
= [(𝑧−1)3 ] = (𝑧𝑒 𝑎 −1)3
𝑧→𝑧𝑒 𝑎

(iii) 𝑧(𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜃) = [𝑧(cos 𝑛𝜃)]𝑧→ 𝑧

𝑎

𝑧(𝑧−cos 𝜃)
= [𝑧2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+1]
𝑧→𝑧/𝑎

𝑧 𝑧
( −cos 𝜃)
𝑎 𝑎
= 𝑧2 2𝑧
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+1
𝑎2 𝑎

𝑧(𝑧−𝑎 cos 𝜃)
= 𝑧2 −2𝑧 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+𝑎2

(iv) 𝑧(𝑒 𝑘𝑛 sinh 𝑛𝜃) = [𝑧(sinh 𝑛𝜃)]𝑧→ 𝑧

𝑒𝑘

𝑧 sinh 𝜃
= [𝑧2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝜃+1] 𝑧
𝑧→ 𝑘
𝑒

𝑧
sinh 𝜃
𝑒𝑘
= 𝑧 2 𝑧
−2 𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝜃+1
𝑒2𝑘 𝑒

𝑧 𝑒𝑘 sinh 𝜃
= 𝑧2 −2𝑧 𝑒𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝜃+𝑒2𝑘

(v) 𝑧[𝑒 −𝑎𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜃] = [𝑧(sin 𝑛𝜃)]𝑧→𝑧𝑒 𝑎

𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
=[ ]
𝑧2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+1 𝑧→𝑧𝑒 𝑎

𝑧𝑒𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
=
𝑧2 𝑒2𝑎 −2 𝑧𝑒𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+1

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 10

 10. Find the z transformation of the following:
(i) 𝜹(𝒏 − 𝟏) (ii) 𝒖(𝒏 − 𝟏)

By left shifting rule,

1
𝑧(𝑢𝑛−1 ) = 𝑧 𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ), 𝑛 ≥ 1

1
𝑧(𝑢𝑛−2 ) = 𝑧 2 𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ), 𝑛 ≥ 2

1 1 1
(i) 𝑧[𝛿(𝑛 − 1)] = 𝑧 𝑧[𝛿(𝑛)] = 𝑧 (1) = 𝑧
1 1 𝑧 1
(ii) 𝑧[𝑢(𝑛 − 1)] = 𝑧 𝑧[𝑢(𝑛)] = 𝑧 (𝑧−1) = 𝑧−1

11. Find the z transformation of the following:

𝟏
(i) (𝒏+𝟏)! (ii) 𝜹(𝒏 + 𝟏) (iii) 𝒖(𝒏 + 𝟐)

By right shifting rule,

𝑧(𝑢𝑛+1 ) = 𝑧[𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 ]
𝑢1
𝑧(𝑢𝑛+2 ) = 𝑧 2 [𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 − ]
𝑧

(i) 𝑧(𝑢𝑛+1 ) = 𝑧[𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 ]

1 1 1
Put 𝑢𝑛+1 = (𝑛+1)! , 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑛! , 𝑢0 = 0! = 1

1 1
𝑧 [(𝑛+1)!] = 𝑧 [𝑧 (𝑛! ) − 1 ] = 𝑧[𝑒 1/𝑧 − 1]

(ii) 𝑧(𝑢𝑛+1 ) = 𝑧[𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 ]

Put 𝑢𝑛+1 = 𝛿(𝑛 + 1), 𝑢𝑛 = 𝛿(𝑛) , 𝑢0 = 𝛿(0) = 1

𝑧[𝛿(𝑛 + 1)] = 𝑧[𝑧(𝛿(𝑛) ) − 1 ] = 𝑧[1 − 1] = 0

𝑢1
(iii) 𝑧(𝑢𝑛+2 ) = 𝑧 2 [𝑧(𝑢𝑛 ) − 𝑢0 − ]
𝑧

Put 𝑢𝑛+2 = 𝑢(𝑛 + 2), 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑢(𝑛), 𝑢0 = 𝑢(0) = 1, 𝑢(1) = 1

1 𝑧 1
𝑧[𝑢(𝑛 + 2), ] = 𝑧 [𝑧(𝑢(𝑛)) − 1 − 𝑧] = 𝑧 [𝑧−1 − 1 − 𝑧]

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 11