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Notes of database management system hn
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
28 views16 pagesUnit 2 ST 2 Notes-1
Notes of database management system hn
Uploaded by
xech.0017Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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422. Data Manipulation Language (DML)
DML is the part of SQL that manipulates the dat
DML are SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE,
depending on query.
a in the database. The statements you can use in
DML statement can vary from simple to complex
SELECT Statement
The SELECT statement is most used statement in SQL. Every query must begin with SELECT
statement. The following are example of SELECT statement.
Syntax:
SELECT *|ColumnNamet, ColumnName?, ~~
FROM TableName
WHERE ColumnName = Expression ;
Example:
SELECT *
FROM Book
WHERE bkTitle = ‘Taxonomy of DBMS’ ;
This statement return following result set (Assume one row is already inserted)
bkNo biritle bkAuthor bkPublish
1234 Taxonomy of DBMS AGUPTA LAXMI PUB
FROM Clause
SEI
“here oxi! statement always has FROM clat
ata is suppose to access, in this examp!
JM clause indicate the table or view name from
use. The FRO! : n
from data will be retrieve.
Je Book is the table name ————_-—S—hehkekeketettt”~—
102 Database sing,
WHERE Clause .
‘ in criteri in WHERE clause cong,
‘The WHERE clause filters rows that satisfied certain criteria given in W cay
this example the criteria of row selection is BkAuthor = ‘A GUPTA’ This clause is used for: following pan
© Toreview: The WHERE clause tells which records to consider in the query results,
© For each record, the WHERE clause has to be a condition (true or false). IF tis true for g,
record, then that record is considered in the query results. al
Comparison Operators in WHERE Clause Condition
© A condition must have some kind of comparison operator:
Condition Meaning
= Equal to
< Less than
> Greater than
Less than or equal to (at most)
Greater than or equal to (at least)
Not equal
IN Evaluates whether some
S contained in a set of something else,
© Comparison may be used in conjuction with Boolean Connectives: AND, OR and NOT
Some Examples of WHERE, clause:
© To find all employees who are married:
SELECT * FROM Employee
WHERE maritalStatus = ‘M’ ;
Itcan be give'as
SELECT * FROM Employee
WHERE maritalStatus IN
© To find all people who have the occupation of Electrician, Plumber, or Contractor:
SELECT * FROM Employee
WHERE occupation = ‘Electrician’ OR
‘occupation = ‘Plumber’ OR occupation = ‘Contractor’;
The following query also gives the same results as above
SELECT * FROM Employee WHERE occupation IN
(‘Electrician ‘Plumber’, Contractor’) ;
© To find all employees hired between 1990 and 1995 (inclusive).
SELECT * FROM Employee
WHERE yearHired > = 1990 AND yearklred < = 1995;
GROUP BY Clause
GROUP BY clause, asthe name indicated, divides the rows ofa table in smaller groups according to
attribute specified after the GROUP BY clause in SELECT statement. It is used with SELECT statement
Conditional retrieval of rows from within the selected group results can also be done using HAVING
clause. To retrieve the grouped result in order. ORDER BY clause can also be used. The syntax of GROUP
BY clause is 103
SELECT [DISTINCT]
FROM [, ] [WHERE condition]
GROUP BY
