The term Internet of Things(IoT) has emerged over the past few years as

one of the popular “technology buzz” terms. In today’s technological world, IoT
figures prominently in technology discussions due to its rapid growth. There are
multiple ways to define IoT.
Internet of Things refers to the network of physical devices, vehicles, home
appliances, and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and
network connectivity, allowing them to collect and exchange data. The IoT
enables these devices to interact with each other and with the environment and
enables the creation of smart systems and services.
Some examples of IoT devices include:
 Smart home devices such as thermostats, lighting systems, and security
systems.
 Wearables such as fitness trackers and smartwatches.
 Healthcare devices such as patient monitoring systems and wearable medical
devices.
 Industrial systems such as predictive maintenance systems and supply chain
management systems.
 Transportation systems such as connected cars and autonomous vehicles.
The IoT is transforming various industries, from healthcare and manufacturing to
transportation and energy. IoT devices generate vast amounts of data, which can
be analyzed to improve operations, drive innovation, and create new business
opportunities.
IoT systems are typically composed of several components, including IoT
devices, communication networks, gateways, and cloud-based data processing
and storage systems. IoT devices use sensors and other technologies to collect
data, and then send that data to the cloud for analysis and storage. The cloud also
provides a centralized platform for managing and controlling IoT devices and
networks.
IoT development involves a wide range of technologies, including wireless
communication protocols, cloud computing, big data analytics, machine
learning, and security technologies.
Overall, the IoT is a rapidly growing and evolving field that has the potential to
revolutionize a wide range of industries and transform the way we live and work.
As IoT devices and systems become increasingly widespread, the opportunities
for innovation and growth in this field will continue to expand.
According to the definition of IoT, It is the way to interconnect with the help of
internet devices that can be embedded to implement the functionality in everyday
objects by enabling them to send and receive data. Today data is everything and
everywhere. Hence, IoT can also be defined as the analysis of the data that
generates a meaningful action, triggered subsequently after the interchange of
data. IoT can be used to build applications for agriculture, assets tracking, energy
sector, safety and security sector, defense, embedded applications, education,
waste management, healthcare product, telemedicine, smart city applications,
etc.

Characteristics of the Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) is characterized by the following key features that
are mentioned below.
1. Connectivity
Connectivity is an important requirement of the IoT infrastructure. Things of IoT
should be connected to the IoT infrastructure. Anyone, anywhere, anytime can
connect, this should be guaranteed at all times. For example, the connection
between people through Internet devices like mobile phones, and other gadgets,
also a connection between Internet devices such as routers, gateways, sensors,
etc.
2. Intelligence and Identity
The extraction of knowledge from the generated data is very important. For
example, a sensor generates data, but that data will only be useful if it is
interpreted properly. Each IoT device has a unique identity. This identification is
helpful in tracking the equipment and at times for querying its status.
3. Scalability
The number of elements connected to the IoT zone is increasing day by day.
Hence, an IoT setup should be capable of handling the massive expansion. The
data generated as an outcome is enormous, and it should be handled
appropriately.
4. Dynamic and Self-Adapting (Complexity)
IoT devices should dynamically adapt themselves to changing contexts and
scenarios. Assume a camera meant for surveillance. It should be adaptable to
work in different conditions and different light situations (morning, afternoon,
and night).
5. Architecture
IoT Architecture cannot be homogeneous in nature. It should be hybrid,
supporting different manufacturers ‘ products to function in the IoT network. IoT
is not owned by anyone engineering branch. IoT is a reality when multiple
domains come together.
6. Safety
There is a danger of the sensitive personal details of the users getting
compromised when all his/her devices are connected to the internet. This can
cause a loss to the user. Hence, data security is the major challenge. Besides, the
equipment involved is huge. IoT networks may also be at risk. Therefore,
equipment safety is also critical.
For more, refer to Challenges to IoT.
7. Self Configuring
This is one of the most important characteristics of IoT. IoT devices are able to
upgrade their software in accordance with requirements with a minimum of user
participation. Additionally, they can set up the network, allowing for the addition
of new devices to an already-existing network.
8. Interoperability
IoT devices use standardized protocols and technologies to ensure they can
communicate with each other and other systems. Interoperability is one of the
key characteristics of the Internet of Things (IoT). It refers to the ability of
different IoT devices and systems to communicate and exchange data with each
other, regardless of the underlying technology or manufacturer.
Interoperability is critical for the success of IoT, as it enables different devices
and systems to work together seamlessly and provides a seamless user
experience. Without interoperability, IoT systems would be limited to individual
silos of data and devices, making it difficult to share information and create new
services and applications.
To achieve interoperability, IoT devices, and systems use standardized
communication protocols and data formats. These standards allow different
devices to understand and process data in a consistent and reliable manner,
enabling data to be exchanged between devices and systems regardless of the
technology used.
Examples of standards used in IoT
MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport): MQTT (Message Queuing
Telemetry Transport) is a publish/subscribe communication protocol used for
IoT device communication.
CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol): CoAP (Constrained Application
Protocol) is a lightweight communication protocol for IoT devices with limited
resources.
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE): Bluetooth Low Energy is a wireless
communication technology used for IoT devices with low power consumption
requirements.
Wi-Fi: A wireless communication technology used for IoT devices that require
high data transfer rates.
Zigbee: A low-power, low-cost wireless communication technology used for IoT
devices.
In addition to communication protocols, IoT systems may also use data formats
such as JSON or XML to ensure that data can be exchanged and processed
consistently across different systems.
Overall, interoperability is essential for creating a seamless IoT ecosystem,
where devices and systems can work together to deliver new and innovative
services and applications.
9. Embedded Sensors and Actuators
Embedded sensors and actuators are critical components of the Internet of
Things (IoT). They allow IoT devices to interact with their environment and
collect and transmit data.
Sensors are devices that can detect changes in the environment, such as
temperature, light, sound, or movement. In IoT systems, sensors are embedded
into devices, allowing them to collect data about the environment.
Actuators are devices that can interact with the environment, such as turning on
lights, opening or closing doors, or controlling the speed of a motor. In IoT
systems, actuators are embedded into devices, allowing them to perform actions
based on data collected by sensors.
Together, sensors and actuators allow IoT devices to collect data about the
environment, process that data, and take action based on the results. This makes
it possible to automate a wide range of processes and tasks, such as home
automation, energy management, and predictive maintenance.
In order to ensure that sensors and actuators can communicate with each other
and with other devices and systems, they use standardized communication
protocols, such as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Zigbee, or Wi-Fi.
Overall, embedded sensors and actuators are essential components of IoT
systems, enabling them to collect and process data and interact with their
environment in new and innovative ways.
IoT devices are equipped with sensors and actuators that allow them to collect
and transmit data, as well as to interact with the environment.
10. Autonomous operation
Autonomous operation refers to the ability of IoT devices and systems to operate
independently and make decisions without human intervention. This is a crucial
characteristic of the Internet of Things (IoT) and enables a wide range of new
applications and services.
In IoT systems, devices and systems are equipped with sensors, actuators, and
processing power, allowing them to collect and process data about the
environment, make decisions based on that data, and take action
For example, an IoT system might use sensors to detect changes in temperature
or light levels in a room, and then use actuators to adjust the temperature or turn
on the lights based on that data. This allows for the automation of many tasks,
such as energy management, home automation, and predictive maintenance.
Another example of autonomous operation in IoT is self-healing networks,
where IoT devices can automatically detect and repair problems, such as network
outages, without human intervention.
Autonomous operation is made possible by advances in artificial intelligence,
machine learning, and cloud computing, which enable IoT devices and systems
to process and analyze large amounts of data in real time and make decisions
based on that data.
Overall, the autonomous operation is an important characteristic of IoT systems,
allowing them to deliver new and innovative services and applications that can
improve efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance the user experience. IoT devices
are designed to operate autonomously, without direct human intervention,
making it possible to automate a wide range of processes and tasks.
11. Data-driven
Data-driven is a key characteristic of the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT devices
and systems collect vast amounts of data from sensors and other sources, which
can be analyzed and used to make data-driven decisions.
In IoT systems, data is collected from embedded sensors, actuators, and other
sources, such as cloud services, databases, and mobile devices. This data is used
to gain insights into the environment, improve operational efficiency, and make
informed decisions.
For example, an IoT system might use data from sensors to monitor the
temperature and humidity levels in a building, and then use that data to optimize
heating, cooling, and ventilation systems. This can result in significant energy
savings and improved indoor air quality.
Another example of data-driven IoT is predictive maintenance, where data from
sensors and other sources is used to predict when equipment is likely to fail,
allowing for proactive maintenance and reducing the risk of unplanned
downtime.
Data-driven IoT is made possible by advances in big data technologies, such as
distributed data processing and cloud computing, which allow for the efficient
analysis and management of large amounts of data in real time.
Overall, data-driven is an important characteristic of IoT systems, allowing
organizations to make informed decisions and achieve new levels of efficiency,
cost savings, and innovation. IoT devices generate vast amounts of data, which
is analyzed to drive improvements in efficiency, performance, and user
experience.
12. Security
Security is a critical concern for the Internet of Things (IoT), as IoT devices and
systems handle sensitive data and are connected to critical infrastructure. The
increasing number of connected devices and the amount of data being
transmitted over the Internet make IoT systems a prime target for cyberattacks.
To secure IoT systems, multiple layers of security are necessary,
including physical security, network security, and data security.
Physical security involves protecting the physical devices from unauthorized
access or tampering. This can be achieved through measures such as secure
enclosures, access controls, and tamper-proofing.
Network security involves protecting the communication networks that connect
IoT devices, including Wi-Fi networks, cellular networks , and wired networks.
This can be achieved through encryption, secure authentication, and firewalls.
Data security involves protecting the data collected and transmitted by IoT
devices and systems. This can be achieved through encryption, secure storage,
and access controls.
In addition to these technical measures, it is also important to have robust
policies and procedures in place to ensure the security of IoT systems, such as
incident response plans and regular security audits.
Overall, security is a critical concern for IoT systems, and it is essential to
implement multiple layers of security to protect against cyberattacks and ensure
the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of sensitive data. IoT systems are
designed to be secure, protecting against unauthorized access, hacking, and other
security threats.
13. Ubiquity
Ubiquity refers to the widespread and pervasive presence of the Internet of
Things (IoT) devices and systems in our daily lives. The goal of IoT is to create
a seamless and interconnected world where devices and systems can
communicate and share data seamlessly and transparently.
Ubiquity is achieved through the widespread deployment of IoT devices, such as
sensors, actuators, and other connected devices, as well as the development of
IoT networks and infrastructure to support communication and data exchange.
In a ubiquitous IoT environment, devices and systems can be accessed and
controlled from anywhere, at any time, using a variety of devices, such as
smartphones, laptops, and other connected devices.
For example, in a smart home, a person could use their smartphone to control the
temperature, lighting, and other systems in their home, even when they are away.
In addition, ubiquity is also achieved through the integration of IoT with other
technologies, such as artificial intelligence, big data, and cloud computing,
which allow for the creation of more advanced and sophisticated IoT systems
and applications.
Overall, ubiquity is a key characteristic of the IoT, and it is essential for realizing
the full potential of IoT and creating a truly interconnected and smart world. IoT
devices are widely distributed and can be found in a variety of environments,
from homes and workplaces to public spaces and industrial settings.
14. Context Awareness
Context awareness refers to the ability of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and
systems to understand and respond to the environment and context in which they
are operating. This is achieved through the use of sensors and other technologies
that can detect and collect data about the environment.
Context awareness is a critical aspect of IoT, as it enables IoT devices and
systems to make decisions and take actions based on the context in which they
are operating.
For example, in a smart home, a context-aware IoT system could adjust the
temperature, lighting, and other systems based on the time of day, the presence
of people in the home, and other factors.
In addition, context awareness is also used to improve the efficiency and
effectiveness of IoT systems by reducing the amount of data that needs to be
transmitted and processed. For example, a context-aware IoT system might only
collect and transmit data when it is relevant to the current context, such as when
a person is in the room or when the temperature changes significantly.
Physical design of iot

Devices and Sensors

Types of IoT devices and their functionalities:

IoT devices encompass a wide range of physical objects that are

connected to the internet and communicate with each other.
Some common types of IoT devices include:

 Wearable Devices: These include smartwatches, fitness

trackers, and health monitoring devices. They collect data
about an individual's activity, health, and location.
 Smart Home Devices: These devices automate and control
various aspects of a home, such as lighting, security
systems, thermostats, and appliances. They enable remote
monitoring and control through internet connectivity.
 Industrial IoT Devices: These devices are used in industrial
settings to monitor and control machinery, optimize
processes, and improve operational efficiency. Examples
include sensors in factories, logistics tracking systems, and
remote monitoring equipment.
 Smart Appliances: These are traditional home appliances,
such as refrigerators, washing machines, and ovens,
enhanced with IoT capabilities. They can be controlled
remotely, gather usage data, and offer features like
predictive maintenance.
 Connected Vehicles: IoT devices in vehicles enable features
like real−time GPS tracking, remote diagnostics, and
vehicle−to−vehicle communication for enhanced safety and
efficiency.
The functionalities of IoT devices vary depending on their
intended use, but common features include data collection,
remote control and monitoring, automation, and connectivity to
other devices or cloud platforms.

Sensor technologies used in IoT

Sensors play a crucial role in IoT by collecting data from the

physical environment and converting it into digital information.
Different sensor technologies are employed in IoT devices,
including:

 Temperature Sensors: Measure and monitor temperature

variations.
 Humidity Sensors: Detect and measure humidity levels in the
environment.
 Proximity Sensors: Detect the presence or absence of
objects within a certain range.
 Motion Sensors: Detect motion or movement in their
surroundings.
 Light Sensors: Measure light intensity or detect changes in
light levels.
 Pressure Sensors: Measure pressure variations in gases or
liquids.
 Accelerometers: Detect and measure acceleration, tilt, and
vibration.
 GPS (Global Positioning System) Sensors: Provide location
information using satellite signals.

These sensors enable IoT devices to collect real−time data,

monitor the environment, and respond to specific conditions or
triggers.
Explore our latest online courses and learn new skills at your
own pace. Enroll and become a certified expert to boost your
career.

Examples of IoT devices in different industries

IoT devices have applications in various industries, offering

numerous benefits. Here are a few examples:

 Healthcare: Wearable devices and medical sensors enable

remote patient monitoring, continuous health tracking, and
early detection of health issues. They can help improve
patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs.
 Agriculture: IoT devices are used for precision farming,
monitoring soil moisture levels, temperature, and weather
conditions. They optimize irrigation, automate pest control,
and enhance crop yield.
 Manufacturing: IoT−enabled sensors and devices are used
for predictive maintenance, real−time monitoring of
equipment, inventory management, and supply chain
optimization. They improve operational efficiency and reduce
downtime.
 Transportation and Logistics: Connected vehicles, tracking
devices, and smart logistics solutions enable real−time
tracking of shipments, route optimization, and efficient fleet
management. They enhance supply chain visibility and
reduce transportation costs.
 Energy Management: IoT devices monitor energy
consumption, optimize energy usage, and enable remote
control of devices to save energy and reduce costs in
buildings and homes.
Connectivity

Communication protocols for IoT

Communication protocols are essential for IoT devices to

exchange data and information. Some commonly used protocols
in IoT include:

 MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport): A lightweight

protocol designed for efficient communication in constrained
networks, suitable for low−power devices and unreliable
connections.
 HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): A standard protocol used
for communication between web browsers and servers, also
employed in IoT for web−based interactions and data
transfer.
 CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol): Designed for
resource−constrained devices, CoAP enables efficient
communication and is often used in IoT applications that
require low power and low bandwidth.
 AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol): A protocol for
reliable messaging between devices and applications,
capable of supporting complex messaging scenarios.
 WebSocket: A communication protocol that enables
full−duplex communication over a single, long−lived
connection, facilitating real−time data transfer between IoT
devices and servers.

Wireless connectivity options

Wireless connectivity is a key aspect of IoT, providing flexibility

and mobility. Some common wireless connectivity options used in
IoT devices include:
  Wi−Fi: A widely used wireless networking technology that
enables high−speed data transfer over short to medium
distances. It is suitable for applications with power
availability and the need for high bandwidth.
 Bluetooth: A short−range wireless technology used for
connecting devices in proximity. It is commonly used for IoT
devices that require low power consumption and intermittent
data transfer, such as wearable devices and home
automation systems.
 Zigbee: A low−power, low−data−rate wireless
communication protocol designed for applications with low
power consumption requirements and a large number of
devices. It is commonly used in home automation, smart
lighting, and industrial applications.
 LPWAN (Low−Power Wide Area Network): LPWAN
technologies, such as LoRaWAN and NB−IoT, offer
long−range connectivity with low power consumption,
making them suitable for IoT applications that require wide
area coverage, such as smart city deployments and
agricultural monitoring.

Wired connectivity options

While wireless connectivity is prevalent in IoT, there are also

cases where wired connectivity is preferred for its reliability and
stability. Some common wired connectivity options include:

 Ethernet: A standard wired networking technology that

provides reliable and highspeed data transfer over local area
networks (LANs). Ethernet is commonly used in industrial
settings and for devices requiring high bandwidth and low
latency.
  Powerline Communication: This technology allows data
transmission over existing power lines, eliminating the need
for additional wiring. Powerline communication is often used
in home automation systems and smart meters.

Power and Energy Management

Power requirements of IoT devices can vary based on factors such

as their functionality, processing capabilities, and communication
needs. IoT devices typically fall into two categories:

 Battery−powered devices: These devices operate on limited

battery power and must be designed to optimize energy
consumption to extend battery life. They often employ
low−power components, sleep modes, and efficient power
management techniques.
 Line−powered devices: Devices that are connected to a
power source have more flexibility in terms of power
requirements. However, energy efficiency is still a
consideration to minimize operating costs and environmental
impact.

Battery life and energy−efficient designs

Extending battery life is crucial for many IoT devices to ensure

uninterrupted operation and minimize maintenance.
Energy−efficient designs for IoT devices may include:

 Low−power components: Using low−power microcontrollers,

sensors, and wireless modules helps reduce power
consumption.
 Sleep modes: Devices can be programmed to enter sleep or
idle modes when not actively performing tasks, conserving
energy.
  Optimized data transmission: Transmitting data in a
compressed or aggregated format reduces the amount of
data transferred, saving power.
IoT enabling Technologies

IoT(internet of things) enabling technologies are

1. Wireless Sensor Network
2. Cloud Computing
3. Big Data Analytics
4. Communications Protocols
5. Embedded System
1. Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) :
A WSN comprises distributed devices with sensors which are used to
monitor the environmental and physical conditions. A wireless sensor
network consists of end nodes, routers and coordinators. End nodes
have several sensors attached to them where the data is passed to a
coordinator with the help of routers. The coordinator also acts as the
gateway that connects WSN to the internet.
Example –
 Weather monitoring system
 Indoor air quality monitoring system
 Soil moisture monitoring system
 Surveillance system
 Health monitoring system
2. Cloud Computing :
It provides us the means by which we can access applications as utilities
over the internet. Cloud means something which is present in remote
locations.
With Cloud computing, users can access any resources from anywhere
like databases, webservers, storage, any device, and any software over
the internet.
Characteristics –
1. Broad network access
2. On demand self-services
3. Rapid scalability
4. Measured service
5. Pay-per-use
Provides different services, such as –
 IaaS (Infrastructure as a service)
Infrastructure as a service provides online services such as physical
machines, virtual machines, servers, networking, storage and data
center space on a pay per use basis. Major IaaS providers are Google
Compute Engine, Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure etc.
Ex : Web Hosting, Virtual Machine etc.
 PaaS (Platform as a service)
Provides a cloud-based environment with a very thing required to
support the complete life cycle of building and delivering West web
based (cloud) applications – without the cost and complexity of buying
and managing underlying hardware, software provisioning and
hosting. Computing platforms such as hardware, operating systems
and libraries etc. Basically, it provides a platform to develop
applications.
Ex : App Cloud, Google app engine
 SaaS (Software as a service)
It is a way of delivering applications over the internet as a service.
Instead of installing and maintaining software, you simply access it via
the internet, freeing yourself from complex software and hardware
management.
SaaS Applications are sometimes called web-based software on
demand software or hosted software.
SaaS applications run on a SaaS provider’s service and they manage
security availability and performance.
Ex : Google Docs, Gmail, office etc.
3. Big Data Analytics :
It refers to the method of studying massive volumes of data or big data.
Collection of data whose volume, velocity or variety is simply too massive
and tough to store, control, process and examine the data using
traditional databases.
Big data is gathered from a variety of sources including social network
videos, digital images, sensors and sales transaction records.
Several steps involved in analyzing big data –
1. Data cleaning
2. Munging
3. Processing
4. Visualization
Examples –
 Bank transactions
 Data generated by IoT systems for location and tracking of vehicles
 E-commerce and in Big-Basket
 Health and fitness data generated by IoT system such as a fitness
bands
4. Communications Protocols :
They are the backbone of IoT systems and enable network connectivity
and linking to applications. Communication protocols allow devices to
exchange data over the network. Multiple protocols often describe
different aspects of a single communication. A group of protocols
designed to work together is known as a protocol suite; when
implemented in software they are a protocol stack.
They are used in
1. Data encoding
2. Addressing schemes
5. Embedded Systems :
It is a combination of hardware and software used to perform special
tasks.
It includes microcontroller and microprocessor memory, networking units
(Ethernet Wi-Fi adapters), input output units (display keyword etc. ) and
storage devices (flash memory).
It collects the data and sends it to the internet.
Embedded systems used in
Examples –
1. Digital camera
2. DVD player, music player
3. Industrial robots
4. Wireless Routers etc.

IoT levels & Deployment templates

pdf

domain specific iot

 Home automation is constructing automation for a domestic,

mentioned as a sensible home or smart house. In the IoT home
automation ecosystem, you can control your devices like light, fan, TV,
etc.
 A domestic automation system can monitor and/or manage home
attributes adore lighting, climate, enjoyment systems, and appliances.
It is very helpful to control your home devices.

 It’s going to in addition incorporates domestic security such as access

management and alarm systems. Once it coupled with the internet,
domestic gadgets are a very important constituent of the Internet of
Things.
 A domestic automation system usually connects controlled devices to
a central hub or gateway.
 The program for control of the system makes use of both wall-
mounted terminals, tablet or desktop computers, a smartphone
application, or an online interface that may even be approachable off-
site through the Internet.
 Smart Home automation refers to the use of technology to control and
automate various functions in a home, such as lighting, heating, air
conditioning, and security. In the context of IoT (Internet
of Things) and M2M (Machine-to-Machine) communications, home
automation systems can be controlled and monitored remotely through
a network connection.
 One of the key benefits of IoT-enabled home automation is the ability
to control and monitor a wide range of devices and systems from a
single, centralized location, such as a smartphone or tablet. This can
include everything from lighting and temperature control to security
cameras and alarm systems.
 Another advantage of IoT-enabled home automation is the ability to
remotely monitor and control devices, even when away from home.
This can be useful for controlling energy consumption and ensuring
the safety and security of the home.
 IoT-enabled home automation systems typically involve the use of
smart devices, such as thermostats, light bulbs, and security cameras,
that can be controlled and monitored through a centralized hub or app.
These smart devices can communicate with each other and with the
centralized hub using wireless protocols such as Zigbee, Z-Wave, and
Bluetooth.
 In addition, IoT-enabled home automation systems can integrate with
other smart home technologies, such as voice assistants like Alexa
and Google Home, to provide additional functionality and
convenience.
 Overall, IoT-enabled home automation can provide many benefits to
homeowners, including increased convenience, energy efficiency, and
security. However, it is important to ensure the security of these
systems, as they may be vulnerable to hacking and other cyber
threats.

Components :
Here, you will see the smart home components like smart lighting, smart
appliances, intrusion detection, smoke/gas detector, etc. So, let’s discuss
it.
Component-1 :
Smart Lighting –
 Smart lighting for home helps in saving energy by adapting the life to
the ambient condition and switching on/off or dimming the light when
needed.
 Smart lighting solutions for homes achieve energy saving by sensing
the human movements and their environments and controlling the
lights accordingly.
Component-2 :
Smart Appliances –
 Smart appliances with the management are here and also provide
status information to the users remotely.
 Smart washer/dryer can be controlled remotely and notify when the
washing and drying are complete.
 Smart refrigerators can keep track of the item store and send updates
to the users when an item is low on stock.
Component-3 :
Intrusion Detection –
 Home intrusion detection systems use security cameras and sensors
to detect intrusion and raise alerts.
 Alert can we inform of an SMS or an email sent to the user.
 Advanced systems can even send detailed alerts such as an image
shoot or short video clips.
Component-4 :
Smoke/gas detectors –
 Smoke detectors are installed in homes and buildings to detect smoke
that is typically an early sign of Fire.
 It uses optical detection, ionization for Air sampling techniques to
detect smoke.
 Gas detectors can detect the presence of harmful gases such as CO,
LPG, etc.
 It can raise alerts in the human voice describing where the problem is.
 Domain specific iot-cities

 IoT can be used in many ways to make cities more efficient ranging
from managing the traffic, controlling air pollution, handling waste
management, creating smart buildings, planning for natural
disasters, etc. So let’s see how modern technologies combined with
civic planning can result in smart cities that are more efficient and
cost-effective.
 1. Traffic Management
 It is important to control the traffic in cities otherwise there are huge
traffic jams in popular places and totally empty streets otherwise.
This also depends on the design and layout of the roads but it can
be managed by having smart traffic lights. For example, the traffic
lights should automatically adjust according to the volume of the
traffic so that green lights should have a longer duration where
there more traffic and shorter duration when the streets are empty.
Sensors can also be embedded in roads and bridges to monitor
their conditions so that they can be repaired when there is much
wear and tear. After all, roads with potholes are also a major cause
of traffic pollution!
 2. Air Pollution
 Air pollution is a major problem in many metropolitan cities where
the particulate matter in the air is so high it is damaging to the lungs
in the long run. But IoT along with machine learning can be used to
reduce air pollution. This is possible by collecting data related to city
pollution like emissions from vehicles, pollen levels, airflow
direction, weather, traffic levels, etc using IoT from various sources
and then calculating pollution forecasts to see the trends in pollution
so they can be controlled.
 3. Healthcare
 Healthcare is an extremely important aspect of life, especially in
current times when non-communicable diseases like heart problems
and cancer are increasing in big cities while there are still a lot of
deaths from infectious diseases in poorer places. In such a
situation, IoT technology can surely help in enhancing the
healthcare system so that the best healthcare is received by
everybody. One example of this is microbots that can directly enter
 the bloodstream and reach any place inside the body to deliver
medicines. Another application of IoT and sensors in healthcare is
remote patient monitoring wherein patients can be monitored 24/7
and emergency responders called if there are any problems.
 4. Public Transport
 Public transport, whether it be buses or trains, are at the heart of
any city. This is especially true in big cities where there are big
traffic jams and the metro train can be a lifesaver! However, smart
public transport can streamline traffic and also make commuters’ life
much easier. It is very convenient when the trains and buses are
connected with a single app and you know exactly when the next
service will arrive and how long you need to wait. In addition to that,
predictive analytics can be used to optimize the routes of public
transport which provide maximum benefit and minimum cost.
 5. Water Management
 There is no life without water! But water is also a finite resource
which is reducing at an alarming rate. Therefore, using smart water
management techniques in cities so that water can be conserved
for future generations is a good idea. Sensors can be used to
monitor water levels, pipe conditions, tank pressures, etc. in
municipal water pipelines and tanks to optimize water management.
These will ensure that water is not wasted and that problems like
leaky pipes or high pressure in tanks can be handled without any
loss of water. Sensors can also be used to monitor the groundwater
levels so that they can be replenished if there is a groundwater
shortage.
 6.Buildings
 Cities are obviously incomplete without buildings and larger cities
have a lot of skyscrapers as well. Now the challenge is to build
smart buildings using IoT where all the functionalities like lighting,
air conditioners, heating, security, etc. can be connected and
controlled from a single source. This will reduce the costs of
operating a building as well as increase efficiency. For example, air
conditions and heaters in a building can be set to change the
internal temperature according to the outside temperature. Sensors
can also be used to monitor the air quality inside the building and
also automatically switch on lights only when there are people. All
these actions will save a lot of energy and also reduce the electricity
bill!
 7. Waste Management
 Waste management systems in a city can be optimized so that
there is efficient waste collection and disposal which helps in
keeping the city clean and hygienic. After all, mismanagement of
waste can lead to contamination of the soil, air, and water as well
as provide a breeding ground for a host of bacteria (not to mention
the horrible smell!) But IoT technology with sensors in the waste
bins can be used to find when the bins are full and dispose of them
accordingly. This is better than just disposing the waste on
particular days only when the bind might not be full sometimes or
overflowing with the danger of contamination on other days.
 8. Parking
 It doesn’t sound like parking is a problem but it is actually a big
headache, especially in large cities. Less available space means
that drivers have to waste their time finding parking spaces and
increase road traffic in this process ( while also becoming more and
more irritated!) This issue can be solved by using IoT connected
sensors around the city that point out the empty parking spaces
around wherever your destination is. This data will also allow city
officials to see where there is congestion due to less parking space
and where there is lots of empty space available. This can then be
used to optimize parking and prevent traffic jams as well as driver
irritation!
 9. Natural Disaster Management
 It is not possible to prevent natural disasters like hurricanes,
earthquakes, tsunamis, etc. but it is entirely possible to anticipate
these disasters before they occur and then manage them
effectively. For example, sensors in combination with IoT can be
used to anticipate when earthquakes are going to occur by
analyzing the makeup of the ground, seismic plate interaction,
energy propagation in the ground, etc. Similarly, sensors can be
used to obtain flood detection data like river level readings, rainfall
records, terrain and elevation of an area, etc. to predict when and
where a flood might occur and the severity of the flood as well.
 10. Infrastructure
 The infrastructure of a city i.e. its roads, buildings, etc are
essentially what form the city. And smart infrastructure is a very
important part of creating a smart city. This includes using IoT along
with sensors to use technology intelligently which can save energy
and cost for a city. An example of this is using smart streetlights
along the roads that only turn on when they detect motion and stay
 off the rest of the time. This will definitely save energy and reduce
the cost to the city

UNIT-III
Contents [hide]
 1 Introduction to IoT Design Methodology
 2 1. Purpose and Requirements Specification
 3 2. Process Specification
 4 3. Domain Model Specification
 5 4. Information Model Specification
 6 5. Service Specifications
 7 6. IoT Level Specification
 8 7. Functional View Specification
 9 8. Operational View Specification
 10 9. Device and Component Integration
 11 10. Application Development

 Introduction to IoT Design Methodology

 Designing IoT systems can be a complex and challenging task as
these systems involve interactions between various components. A
wide range of choices are available for each component. IoT
designers often tend to design the system keeping specific products
in mind.

 We will look at a generic design methodology which is independent of
specific product, service or programming language. IoT systems
designed with this methodology will have reduced design time, testing
time, maintenance time, complexity and better interoperability.
The steps involved in the designing of an IoT system or application can be
summarized as shown in the below figure:
Let’s discuss all the ten steps in the IoT design methodology with the help
of a case study: Home Automation System.

1. Purpose and Requirements Specification

First step is to define the purpose and requirements of the system. In this
step, the system purpose, behavior and requirements are captured.
Requirements can be:

 Data collection requirements

 Data analysis requirements
 System management requirements
 Security requirements
 User interface requirements

For home automation system the purpose and requirements specification is

as follows:

A home automation system that allows controlling the

Purpose
lights remotely using a web application

Home automation system should support two modes:

auto and manual
Behavior Auto: System measures the light level in the room and
switches on the light when it is dark
Manual: Allows remotely switching lights on and off

System System should provide remote monitoring and control

Management functions

Data
System should perform local analysis of the data
Analysis

Application Application should be deployed locally, but should be

Deployment accessible remotely

Security Should provide basic security like user authentication

2. Process Specification

The use cases of the IoT system are formally described based on or
derived from the purpose and requirements specifications. The process
specification for home automation system is as shown below.
3. Domain Model Specification

The domain model describes the main concepts, entities and objects in the
domain of the IoT system to be designed. Domain model defines the
attributes of the objects and relationships between objects. The domain
model is independent of any specific technology or platform.
Using domain model, system designers can get an understanding of the
IoT domain for which the system is to be designed. The entities, objects
and concepts defined in the domain model of home automation system
include the following:

• The physical identifiable objects in the environment

Physical
Entity • IoT system provides information about the physical entity
(using sensors) or performs actuation upon the physical entity

• Virtual entity is a representation of the physical entity in the

Virtual digital world
Entity
• For every physical entity there is a virtual entity

• Devices provide a medium for interaction between physical

and virtual entities
Device
• Devices are used to gather information from or perform
actuation on physical entities

• Resources are software components which can be either on-

device or network-resources

Resource • On-device resources are hosted on the device and provide

sensing or actuation (eg: operating system)
• Network-resources include software components that are
available on the network (eg: database)

• Services provide an interface for interacting with the physical

entity
Service
• Services access resources to perform operations on physical
entities
 4. Information Model Specification

Information model defines the structure of all the information in the IoT
system. Does not describe how the information is stored and represented.
To define the information model, we first list the virtual entities. Later more
details like attributes and relationships are added. The information model
specification for home automation system is as shown below:
5. Service Specifications

The service specification defines the following:

 Services in the system

 Service types
 Service inputs/output
 Service endpoints
 Service schedules
 Service preconditions
 Service effects

For each state and attribute in the process specification and information
model, we define a service. Services either change the state of attributes or
retrieve their current values. The service specification for each state in
home automation systems are as shown below:
6. IoT Level Specification

Based on the requirements we will choose the IoT application deployment

level. The deployment level for home automation system is shown in the
below figure.
7. Functional View Specification

The functional view defines the functions of the IoT systems grouped into
various functional groups. Each functional group provides functionalities for
interacting with concepts in the domain model and information related to
the concepts.
The functional groups in a functional view include: Device, Communication,
Services, Management, Security, and Application. The functional view
specification for home automation system is shown in the below figure:

The mapping between the IoT level and the functional groups is as shown
in the below figure.
8. Operational View Specification

In this step, various options related to the IoT system deployment and
operation are defined, such as:

 Service hosting options

 Storage options

 Device options

 Application hosting options

The options chosen for home automation system are as shown in the
below figure.
9. Device and Component Integration

In this step the devices like sensors, computing devices and other
components are integrated together. The interconnection of different
components in our home automation system are as shown in the figure
given below.
10. Application Development

Using all the information from previous steps, we will develop the
application (code) for the IoT system. The application interface for home
automation system is shown below.
UNIT-IV

LOGICAL DESIGN USING PYTHON

Introduction to Python
•
Installing Python
•
Python Data Types & Data Structures
•
Control Flow
•
Functions
•
Modules
•
Packages
•
File Input/Output
•
Date/Time Operations
•
Classes
PYTHON