MODERN OPERATING SYSTEMS

Third Edition
ANDREW S. TANENBAUM

Chapter 1
Introduction

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 What Is An Operating System (1)

A modern computer consists of:

• One or more processors

• Main memory
• Disks
• Printers
• Various input/output devices

Managing all these components requires a layer of

software – the operating system

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What Is An Operating System (2)

Figure 1-1. Where the operating system fits in.

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 The Operating System as an Extended
Machine

Figure 1-2. Operating systems turn ugly hardware into beautiful

abstractions.
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The Operating System as a Resource
Manager

• Allow multiple programs to run at the same time

• Manage and protect memory, I/O devices, and
other resources
• Includes multiplexing (sharing) resources in two
different ways:
• In time
• In space

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 History of Operating Systems

Generations:

• (1945–55) Vacuum Tubes

• (1955–65) Transistors and Batch Systems
• (1965–1980) ICs and Multiprogramming
• (1980–Present) Personal Computers

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Transistors and Batch Systems (1)

Figure 1-3. An early batch system.

(a) Programmers bring cards to 1401.
(b)1401 reads batch of jobs onto tape.
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 Transistors and Batch Systems (2)

Figure 1-3. (c) Operator carries input tape to 7094.

(d) 7094 does computing. (e) Operator carries output tape to
1401. (f) 1401 prints output.
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Transistors and Batch Systems (4)

Figure 1-4. Structure of a typical FMS job.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 ICs and Multiprogramming

Figure 1-5. A multiprogramming system

with three jobs in memory.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Computer Hardware Review

Figure 1-6. Some of the components

of a simple personal computer.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 CPU Pipelining

Figure 1-7. (a) A three-stage pipeline. (b) A superscalar CPU.

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 Multithreaded and Multicore Chips

Figure 1-8. (a) A quad-core chip with a shared L2 cache.

(b) A quad-core chip with separate L2 caches.
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 Memory (1)

Figure 1-9. A typical memory hierarchy.

The numbers are very rough approximations.
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 Memory (2)

Questions when dealing with cache:

• When to put a new item into the cache.

• Which cache line to put the new item in.
• Which item to remove from the cache when a
slot is needed.
• Where to put a newly evicted item in the larger
memory.

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 Disks

Figure 1-10. Structure of a disk drive.

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 I/O Devices

Figure 1-11. (a) The steps in starting an I/O device and

getting an interrupt.
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 Buses

Figure 1-12. The structure of a large Pentium system

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 The Operating System Zoo

• Mainframe operating systems

• Server operating systems
• Multiprocessor operating systems
• Personal computer operating systems
• Handheld operating systems
• Embedded operating systems
• Sensor node operating systems
• Real-time operating systems
• Smart card operating systems
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Operating System Concepts
• Processes
• Address spaces
• Files
• Input/Output
• Protection
• The shell
• Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
• Large memories
• Protection hardware
• Disks
• Virtual memory

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Processes

Figure 1-13. A process tree. Process A created two child

processes, B and C. Process B created three child
processes, D, E, and F.

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 Files (1)

Figure 1-14. A file system for a university department.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Files (2)

Figure 1-15. (a) Before mounting, the files on the CD-ROM are not
accessible. (b) After mounting, they are part of the file
hierarchy.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Files (3)

Figure 1-16. Two processes connected by a pipe.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 System Calls

Figure 1-17. The 11 steps in making the system call

read(fd, buffer, nbytes).
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
System Calls for Process Management

Figure 1-18. Some of the major POSIX system calls.

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System Calls for File Management (1)

Figure 1-18. Some of the major POSIX system calls.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
System Calls for File Management (2)

Figure 1-18. Some of the major POSIX system calls.

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 Miscellaneous System Calls

Figure 1-18. Some of the major POSIX system calls.

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 A Simple Shell

Figure 1-19. A stripped-down shell.

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 Memory Layout

Figure 1-20. Processes have three segments:

text, data, and stack.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Linking

Figure 1-21. (a) Two directories before linking /usr/jim/memo to

ast’s directory. (b) The same directories after linking.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Mounting

Figure 1-22. (a) File system before the mount.

(b) File system after the mount.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Windows Win32 API

Figure 1-23. The Win32 API calls that roughly correspond

to the UNIX calls of Fig. 1-18.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Operating Systems Structure

Monolithic systems – basic structure:

• A main program that invokes the requested

service procedure.
• A set of service procedures that carry out the
system calls.
• A set of utility procedures that help the service
procedures.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Monolithic Systems

Figure 1-24. A simple structuring model for a monolithic system.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Layered Systems

Figure 1-25. Structure of the THE operating system.

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 Microkernels

Figure 1-26. Structure of the MINIX 3 system.

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 Client-Server Model

Figure 1-27. The client-server model over a network.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Virtual Machines (1)

Figure 1-28. The structure of VM/370 with CMS.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Virtual Machines (2)

Figure 1-29. (a) A type 1 hypervisor. (b) A type 2 hypervisor.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 The World According to C

• The C language
• Header files
• Large programming projects
• The model of run time

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 The Model of Run Time

Figure 1-30. The process of compiling C and header files to

make an executable.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639