Basic Electrical Engineering

Unit No. -1
ELECTROMAGNETISM
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Review: EMF, Potential Difference, Current, temperature increases, the resistance also
Resistance increases.
Q.1 Distinguish between resistance and Resistivity: It is the property by virtue of which
resistivity and state the factors on which it opposes the flow of current.
resistance and resistivity depends.
Being property it is independent of physical
Ans: Resistance: It is defined on the actual dimensions. It can be measured by considering the
opposition to the flow of current through the
specimen of the same material.
material or substance.
It is denoted by a symbol (R) and it's unit is Factor governing the Resistivity:
ohm (Ω). The mathematical expression for 1. Temperature: As the temperature of the
resistance is,
material increases, it is found that resistivity
also increases.
Where, 2. Addition of Impurity: Resistivity also
= Resistivity of material (Ω m), changes by adding impurity in the material.
l = Length of material (m),
3. Cold Working: Resistivity also changes with
a = Cross-sectional area (m2)
the process of cold working.
Factors Governing the Resistance Value
4. Age Hardening: Due to age hardening, the
From the expression of resistance (Equation 1)
resistivity of the material also changes.
The resistance depends upon the following factors
1. Length : Resistance is directly
 Magnetic Circuit
proportional to length it means as the length of Q.2 Define the following terms related to
conductor increases, it's resistance also magnetic circuit
increases and vice-versa. (i) Magnetic flux (ii) Magnetic flux density (iii)
2. Cross-sectional area : Resistance is Magnetic field strength (iv)Reluctance (v)
inversely proportional to cross sectional area, Permeance (vi) MMF (vii) Permeability (viii)
it means as the cross-sectional area of Absolute permeability (ix)Relative
conductor increases, it's resistance decreases permeability
and vice versa. (i) Magnetic Flux ( ): The total number of lines
3. Type of material: The resistance of material of force existing in a particular magnetic field is
depends on the type of material used. called magnetic flux.
4. Temperature: As the temperature of the The unit of flux is Weber (wb) and flux is
material changes the resistance also changes. denoted by symbol ( ).
Generally, for conducting materials, as

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(ii) Magnetic Flux Density (B): It can be defined It's unit is AT and corresponds to electromotive
as 'The flux per unit area (a) in a plane at right force (EMF) in an electric circuit.
angles to the flux is known as 'flux density'. (vii)Permeability: It is defined as ability or ease
Mathematically, ⁄ with which the magnetic flux permeates through a

The unit of flux density is , also called Tesla given medium.

(viii) Absolute permeability ( ): The ratio of
and denoted as T.
magnetic flux density (B) in a particular medium
(iii) Magnetic Field Strength/ Magnetizing
(other than vacuum or air) to magnetic field
Force/Magnetic Field Intensity (H)
strength (H) producing that flux density is called
It can be defined as 'the force experienced by a
absolute permeability of that medium.
unit N-pole (i.e. N-pole with 1 Wb of pole
strength), when placed at any point in a magnetic
field is known as magnetic field strength at that
Its unit is Henry per metre (H/m).
point.
(ix)Relative Permeability ( : Relative
For Straight conductor permeability of a material is equal to the ratio of
For Solenoid/ Toroid the flux density produced in that material to the
flux density produced in vacuum by the same
Its unit is Newton per Weber i.e. (N/Wb) or
magnetizing force (H).
Amperes per meter (A/m) or Ampere Turns per
B (Material)
meter (AT/m).
Bo(Vacuum)
(iv) Reluctance(S): The opposition offered to the
Q.3 Explain Series Magnetic Circuit
passage of magnetic flux through a material is Figure shows a composite series magnetic circuit
called it's reluctance and is analogous to consisting of three different magnetic materials
A, B, C of different permeabilities µr1, µr2 and µr3
resistance in an electric circuit.
and lengths l1, l2 and l3 and one air gap (µr = 1).
It's unit is AT/wb Each path will have its own reluctance.

(v) Permeance : It is reciprocal of reluctance and

is defined as ease or readiness with which
magnetic flux developed and is analogous to
conductance in an electric circuit.
Permeance It's unit is Wb/AT

(vi) Magneto motive Force (MMF): It is the

force required to produce flux in a magnetic The total reluctance is the sum of individual
circuit. reluctances as they are joined in series.

l
Total reluctance S T  
a

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= reluctance of A + reluctance of B + reluctance The flux produced by the coil wound on central
of C + reluctance of air core is divided equally at point A between the two
outer parallel paths. Fig. 4.18 (b) shows the
= equivalent electrical circuit where the resistance
R
offered to the EMF. source is R || R = 2 .
as NI = Ø ST
 Flux  divides equally at point A
Total MMF=MMF for Part A, B & C + MMF of  Current I divides equally at point A
air gap The mean length of path ADB = l1 m
The mean length of path ACB = l2 m
NI=Ø (reluctance of part A, B & C+ reluctance of
The mean length of path AB = lc m
air)
AT
=Ø (ST) The reluctance of path ADB=S1 Wb
AT
= The reluctance of path ACB=S2 Wb
AT
NI AT The reluctance of path AB= Sc Wb
Also H= Or NI=H l
l m
Total m.m.f. produced=NI AT
m.m.f.
Total MMF= Flux = Reluctance m.m.f.= ·S1

For path ADBA, NI= Sc + 1 S2

For path ACBA, NI=  Sc + 2 S2
= where, ;

= Total m.m.f. = Sc + 1S1 = Sc + 2S2

Q. 5 Compare electrical and magnetic

circuits
NI=
Similarities
Q.4 Explain Parallel Magnetic Circuit
Figure shows the parallel magnetic circuit
consisting of three parallel magnetic paths ACB,
ADB and AB acted upon by the same MMF
Magnetic circuit Electric Circuit
Provides path for magnetic Provides path for electric
flux current
MMF (F) ; Amp Turn EMF (E) ; Volt

Flux (Ø); Wb Current (I); Amp

(a) S1 = S2 (b)Equivalent Electrical Circuit R1 = R2

Reluctance Resistance (

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 1 1 small distance dx in dt seconds, across the right
Permeance = Conductance =
Reluctance Resistance
angle to the magnetic field. The area swept by the
Flux density; (wb/m )2 Current density;
(A/m2).
conductor is l dx.
Permeability Conductivity According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic
Kirchhoff's MMF and flux Kirchhoff's voltage and induction, EMF induced in the conductor is given
law is applicable to the current law is applicable to
by,
magnetic circuit. the electric circuit.
Dissimilarities
Magnetic Circuit Electric Circuit
Flux cut by conductor = Flux density x area swept
Flux does not actually flows The current actually flows
in the sense which current i.e. there is movement of by conductor = B ( l dx)
flows. electrons in electric circuit.
No magnetic insulator as Many insulators like air,
flux can pass through all the P.V.C., synthetic resin etc.
materials, even air. from which current cannot
pass.
Energy is required to create Energy must be supplied
If the conductor moves at an angle to the
the magnetic flux, but not continuously to maintain magnetic field then e.m.f. induced in the
required to maintain it. the flow of current.
Reluctance of a magnetic Resistance of an electric conductor,
circuit depends on flux (and circuit is constant and is
hence flux density). independent of the current
(or current density) as long The direction of the induced e.m.f. can be
as temperature is kept
determined by Fleming's right hand rule.
constant.
Example: D.C. Generator.

 Electromagnetic Induction 2. Statically induced EMF :

Q6. Explain the following terms: The EMF induced in a conductor when it links
1. Dynamically EMF 2. Statically induced EMF with time varying magnetic field without any
Ans: 1. Dynamically induced EMF : The e.m.f. relative physical movement with respect to
induced in a conductor due to the relative magnetic field.
physical movement with respect to steady Statically induced EMF is further divided into
magnetic field. following types:
Explanation: Self Induced EMF
The EMF induced in the primary winding of the
transformer is a good example of statically self
induced EMF
Explanation:

Consider conductor A of length 'l' mtr. as shown

below within a uniform magnetic field of B
wb/m2. Suppose the conductor moves through a

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As shown in Fig., when the coil is carrying a 1. Self inductance
current, a magnetic field is produced through When current in the coil increases, the changing
changes. Hence the EMF is induced in the coil. magnetic field produced by the current links with
This is known as self induced EMF. The induced coil, hence according to Faraday's law's an EMF is
EMF always opposes the cause producing it. The induced in the coil. The EMF induced in the coil
EMF induced is given as opposes the cause producing it i.e. it opposes
increase in current in the coil. When current in the
coil decreases, the changing magnetic field again
Mutually Induced EMF
induces EMF in the coil which opposes decrease
EMF induced in a conductor when it links with
in current in the coil.
time varying magnetic field created by some
This property of the coil which opposes change in
other coil.
current through it is called as self inductance or
Example : EMF induced in the secondary winding
inductance of the coil.
of the transformer.
Explanation: Henry

2. Mutual inductance
A coil possesses an inductance whenever the flux
linking with it is changed. If the flux produced by
some another coil get linked with coil then the
inductance possessed by the coil is called as
Let us consider the two coils A and B placed mutual inductance.
adjacent to each other as shown in Figure. A part The mutual inductance is defined as it is flux
of flux produced by coil A links the coil B. If the linkage to one coil with respect to change in
current flowing through A changes, the flux current in other coil. It is denoted by M and
produced by coil B also changes. Hence the flux measured in Henry.
linking to the coil B also changes, thus EMF Henry
is induced in the coil B. The EMF induced in the
Q8 Derive Expression for following terms
coil B is called as mutually induced EMF. The
1. Self inductance 2. Mutual inductance
magnitude of mutually-induced EMF is given by
Self Inductance
(EMF induced

in second coil due to current change in first coil)

(EMF induced

in first coil due to current change in second coil)

A coil possesses an inductance whenever the flux
Q7. Define the following terms
linking with it is changed. If the own flux link
1. Self inductance 2. Mutual inductance

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with the coil then the inductance possessed by the As 21 and
coil is called as self inductance. 1 i1
As shown in above figure, current I is responsible
2i1
for producing flux . Therefore, 2=K i1
i 2
K= I = constant
 = Ki 1
 2
K= I = constant 2= I · i1
1
The flux  can be written as,
d2 2 di1
= Differentiating, dt = I dt …(1)
1

 When 21 links with coil B, according to

= I i
Faraday's law a mutually induced e.m.f. e21 is
d  di induced in coil B given by :
Differentiating, dt = I dt …(1)
d2
When current i in the coil is changed EMF e21=– N2 dt
induced in the coil is given by,
–N22 di1
d From (1 )e21= I
E = – N dt 1 dt
di1
 di e21=– M dt …(A)
From equation (1), e= – N I dt
This is magnitude of mutually induced e.m.f.
di
e = –L
dt
…(A) N22
M= I
1
N
where, L = I …(B) =Mutual inductance
As 2 is part of 1
L  Self inductance of the coil
2 =K1 1
Mutual Inductance K1 indicate amount of flux linking with coil B
If the flux produced by some another coil get N2 K1 1
linked with coil then the inductance possessed by M= …(2)
I1
the coil is called as mutual inductance. Q 9. State the factors on which self
The mutual inductance is defined as it is flux inductance and mutual inductance depends.
linkage to one coil with respect to change in
The self and mutual inductance's are given as…
current in other coil. It is denoted by M and
measured in Henry. ,

1. Self and mutual inductance's are directly

proportional to number of turns of the coil.
2. Directly proportional to cross sectional area
of magnetic circuit.
3. Inversely proportional to length of magnetic
circuit.
Let, 1 : Flux produced by current I1 again
4. It is directly proportional to relative
called as self flux of coil A.
permeability (µr) of core. Coils having
2 : Part of 1 linking with coil B,
magnetic material are a core possesses large
again called as mutual flux.
inductance where as coils having non
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 magnetic material as a core like air possesses From above equation coefficient of coupling is
less inductance. defined as it is a ratio of actual mutual inductance
5. As µr varies with flux density, the inductance
between the two coils to maximum possible mutual
varies with respect to flux density.
inductance between two coils.
Q10. Derive expression for coefficient of
Q11. Derive expression for energy stored in
coupling.
inductor per unit volume.

When the coil of inductance 'L' Henry is

The mutually induced EMF in coil B due to
current I1 is.. connected across supply, the lines of forces are
---(1) created.
The mutually induced EMF in coil A due to Due to the lines of force linking to the coil, EMF
current I2 is.. is induced in the coil. It is given as
---(2) di
Hence, the mutual inductance between the two e = – L dt
coils is given by ……… But e = –v (as induced e.m.f. is always opposed
---(3)
by the cause producing it as per Lenz's law)
---(4) di di
– v = – L dt , v = L dt … (1)
Multiplying equation (1) and (2)
Multiplying both sides of equation (1) by i dt we
have
v i dt = L i di

where, But v i dt be the electrical energy supplied to the

coil by source.
Taking square root
Total energy supplied by the source to the coil
M √
when current varies from 0 to I
Whenever there is 100% flux linkage between two
Energy stored =∫ =∫
coils, the mutual inductance between the two
coils is said to be maximum. ( ) [ ] Joule

If √ Energy stored per unit volume

Then coefficient of coupling Energy stored= (As )
---(5) Also
√

Therefore Energy stored=

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( where a l is the volume) magnetizing coil of 200 turns produces a total flux
of 1.2 mWb in the iron. Calculate: i) Flux density
Energy stored per unit volume = Joule
in the iron ii) Absolute and relative permeability
List of Formulas of iron iii) Reluctance of the circuit
[1 Wb/m2, 0.002 H/m, 1590, 3.33x106 AT/Wb]

3. A mild steel ring of 30 cm mean circumference
 ;
has a cross sectional area of 6 cm2 and has a
 ; winding of 500 turns on it. The ring is cut through
 ; at a point so as to provide an air gap of 1mm in
the magnetic circuit. It is found that current of 4
 Ampere in the winding produces a flux density of
1T in the air gap. Find (i) Relative permeability of
 e =-N Volt; mild steel (ii) L of winding. [197.5, 0.075 H]
 e = ; 4. A closed magnetic circuit is composed of two
 sections. Section A has a length of 40 cm and
cross sectional area of 10mm2. Section B has a
 ; length of 50 cm and cross sectional area of
14mm2. Both the sections are made up of same
 material having permeability of 650. A coil with
400 turns is wound over one of the section. Find
 ; the current required in the coil so as to develop a
flux density of 1.4 Tesla in section B. [4.54 Amp]

5. A ring has a diameter of 21 cm and across
 √
sectional area of 10 cm2.The ring is made up of
 Energy Stored= Joule; semicircular sections of cast iron and cast steel
with each joint having reluctance equal to an air
 Energy Stored per unit volume = Joule gap of 0.2mm. Find the Ampere turns required to
produce a flux of 8 x 10-4Web. The relative
permeability of cast steel and cast iron are 800 and
Numericals for Practise: 166 respectively. [1783]
1. A coil of 500 turns and resistance 20 Ohm is
wound uniformly on an iron ring of mean 6. A rectangular iron core is shown in the fig. It
circumference 50 cm and cross-sectional area has a mean length of magnetic path of 100 cm,
4cm2. It is connected to a 24 V d. c. supply. Under cross section of (2cm x 2cm), relative
these conditions, the relative permeability of iron permeability of 1400 and an air-gap of 5 mm cut
is 800. Calculate the values of (i) Magnetomotive in core. The three coils carried by the core have
force of the coil (ii) Magnetising force (iii) Total number of turns N1 = 335, N2 = 600 and N3= 600;
flux in iron (iv) Reluctance of the ring [600AT, and the respective currents are 1.6 A, 4 A and 3 A.
1200 AT/m, 0.483mWb, 1.24x106 AT/Wb] The direction of currents are as shown. Find the
flux in the air-gap. [5.63µWb]
2. A magnetic circuit consists of an iron ring of
mean circumference 80cm with cross-sectional
area 12cm2 throughout. A current of 2A in

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 13. Calculate the inductance of a ring shaped coil
having a mean diameter of 200 mm wound on a
wooden core of diameter 20 mm. The winding is
evenly wound and contains 500 turns.
If the wooden core is replaced by an iron core
which has relative permeability of 600 when the
current is 5 A, calculate the new value of
inductance. [157 mH , 94.2 mH]

14. Two identical coils P and Q each with 1500

2
7. An iron ring of 40 cm diameter and 7 cm cross turns, are placed in parallel planes near to each
section has an air gap of 2mm.it is uniformly other, so that 70% of the flux produced by current
in coil P links with coil Q. If a current of 4 A is
wound with 750 turns of wire and carries a current
passed through any one coil, it produces a flux of
of 3 Ampere. The iron takes 60 % of the total 0.04 mWb linking with itself. Find the self-
mmf. Find the (i) Total mmf ii) Flux iii) inductances of the two coils, the mutual
Reluctance iv) Flux density [2250AT, inductance and coefficient of coupling between
6 them. [15 mH, 15 mH , 10.5 mH , .7 V]
0.395mWeb, 5.696 x10 AT/ Web, 0564 T]
8. A 100 cm long straight conductor carrying 50 A
15. Two coils A and B in a magnetic circuit have
lies perpendicular to a uniform field of 1 Web/m2.
600 and 500 turns respectively. A current of 8
Find i) force on the conductor ii) power required Amp in coil A produces a flux of 0.04 wb. If the
to move the conductor at a uniform speed of 5 co-efficient of coupling is 0.2. Calculate (i) The
m/s. [50 N , 250 Watt] self inductance of coil A when B is open circuited,
(ii) Flux linkage with coil B, (iii) Mutual
9. A conductor carrying a current of 100 A at a inductance, (iv) Emf induced in B when flux
right angle to the magnetic field has a density of changes from zero to full value in 0.02 sec.
0.5 Tesla. Calculate the force on the conductor per [ 3 H , 4 Web-T ,0.5 H , -200 V]
meter length. Also find emf generated by a
16. Two coils A and B have self-inductances of
conductor in 1 second when the flux of 0.5 Web is 120 mH and 300 mH respectively. A current of 1
cut at a uniform rate. [50 N/m, 0.5 V] A through coil 'A' produces flux linkage of 100
µWb turns in coil 'B'. Calculate, (i)Mutual
10. A magnetic flux of 900 µWb passing through inductance between the coils.(ii) Average e.m.f.
a coil of 1000 turns is reversed in 0.2 Sec. induced in coil 'B' if current of 1A in coil 'A' is
Calculate average value of emf induced. [9 V] reversed at a uniform rate in 0.1 sec. Also find the
coefficient of coupling. [100 H, 0.2 mV, 0.527]
11. Calculate the inductance of a toroidal coil of
100 turns wound uniformly on a nonmagnetic core 17. A conductor of length 10 cm carrying 5 A is
placed in a uniform magnetic field of flux density
of mean diameter 140 mm and cross section area
1.25 tesla. Find the force acting on the conductor
of 750 mm2 [21.4 Micro-Henry] if it is placed (i) along the lines of magnetic flux,
(ii) perpendicular to the lines of flux, and (iii) at
12. Calculate the inductance of a toroid 25 cm 30° to the flux. [0, 0.625 N, 0.3125 N ]
mean diameter and cross section area 6.25 cm2
wound uniformly with 1000 turns of a wire. Also
calculate the emf induced when a current
increasing at the rate of 200 A/S flows in the
winding. [1mH , - 0.2 V]