Probability And Statistics

Probability and Statistics are the two important concepts in Math.

 Probability is all about chance.
 Statistics is more about how we handle various data using different techniques. It helps to represent
complicated data in a very easy and understandable way.

Statistics and probability are usually introduced in Class 10, Class 11 and Class 12 students are preparing for
school exams and competitive examinations. The statistic has a huge application nowadays in data science
professions. The professionals use the stats and do the predictions of the business. It helps them to predict the
future profit or loss attained by the company.

Table of contents:
 Probability
 Statistics
 Terms
 Probability Topics
 Statistics Topics
 Formulas
 Solved Examples

What is Probability?
Probability denotes the possibility of the outcome of any random event. The meaning of this term is to check
the extent to which any event is likely to happen.
For example, when we flip a coin in the air, what is the possibility of getting a head? The answer to this
question is based on the number of possible outcomes.
Here the possibility is either head or tail will be the outcome. So, the probability of a head to come as a result is
1/2.

The probability is the measure of the likelihood of an event to happen. It measures the certainty of the event.
The formula for probability is given by:
P(E) = Number of Favorable Outcomes/Number of total outcomes
P(E) = n(E)/n(S)
Here,
n(E) = Number of event favorable to event E
n(S) = Total number of outcomes

What is Statistics?

Statistics is the study of the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data. It is a
method of collecting and summarizing the data. This has many applications from a small scale to large scale.
Whether it is the study of the population of the country or its economy, stats are used for all such data analysis.

Statistics has a huge scope in many fields such as sociology, psychology, geology, weather forecasting, etc. The
data collected here for analysis could be quantitative or qualitative. Quantitative data are also of two types such
as: discrete and continuous. Discrete data has a fixed value whereas continuous data is not a fixed data but has a
range. There are many terms and formulas used in this concept.
Terms Used in Probability and Statistics
There are various terms utilized in the probability and statistics concepts, Such as:
 Random Experiment
 Sample Sample
 Random variables
 Expected Value
 Independence
 Variance
 Mean
Random Experiment
An experiment whose result cannot be predicted, until it is noticed is called a random experiment. For example,
when we throw a dice randomly, the result is uncertain to us. We can get any output between 1 to 6. Hence, this
experiment is random.

Sample Space
A sample space is the set of all possible results or outcomes of a random experiment. Suppose, if we have
thrown a dice, randomly, then the sample space for this experiment will be all possible outcomes of throwing a
dice, such as;
Sample Space = { 1,2,3,4,5,6}

Random Variables
The variables which denote the possible outcomes of a random experiment are called random variables. They
are of two types:
1. Discrete Random Variables
2. Continuous Random Variables
Discrete random variables take only those distinct values which are countable. Whereas continuous random
variables could take an infinite number of possible values.

Independent Event
When the probability of occurrence of one event has no impact on the probability of another event, then both
the events are termed as independent of each other. For example, if you flip a coin and at the same time you
throw a dice, the probability of getting a ‘head’ is independent of the probability of getting a 6 in dice.

Mean
Mean of a random variable is the average of the random values of the possible outcomes of a random
experiment. In simple terms, it is the expectation of the possible outcomes of the random experiment, repeated
again and again or n number of times. It is also called the expectation of a random variable.

Expected Value
Expected value is the mean of a random variable. It is the assumed value which is considered for a random
experiment. It is also called expectation, mathematical expectation or first moment. For example, if we roll a
dice having six faces, then the expected value will be the average value of all the possible outcomes, i.e. 3.5.

Variance
Basically, the variance tells us how the values of the random variable are spread around the mean value. It
specifies the distribution of the sample space across the mean.
List of Probability Topics

Basic probability topics are:

Addition Rule of Probability Binomial Probability Bayes Theorem

Compound Events Compound Probability Complementary Events
Conditional Probability Complementary Events Coin Toss Probability
Dependent Events Experimental Probability Geometric Probability
Independent Events Multiplication Rule of Probability Mutually Exclusive Events
Properties of Probability Probability Line Probability without
Random Variables Simple Event Sample Space
Tree Diagram Theoretical Probability Types of Events
Experimental Probability Axiomatic Probability

List of Statistical Topics

Basic Statistics topics are:

Box and Whisker Plots Comparing Two Means Comparing Two Proportions
Categorical Data Central Tendency Correlation
Data Handling Degree of freedom Empirical Rule
Frequency Distribution Table Five Number Summary Graphical Representation of Data
Histogram Mean Median
Mode Data Range Relative Frequency
Population and Sample Scatter Plots Standard Deviation
Ungrouped Data Variance Data Sets

Probability and Statistics Formulas

Probability Formulas: For two events A and B:

Probability Range Probability of an event ranges from 0 to 1 i.e. 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1

Rule of Complementary Events P(A’) + P(A) = 1
Rule of Addition P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B)
Mutually Exclusive Events P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B)
Independent Events P(A∩B) = P(A)P(B)
Disjoint Events P(A∩B) = 0
Conditional Probability P(A|B) = P(A∩B)/P(B)
Bayes Formula P(A|B) = P(B|A) P(A)/P(B)

Statistics Formulas : Some important formulas are listed below:

Let x be an item given and n is the total number of items.

Mean (Sum of all the terms)/(Total number of terms) = ¯¯¯x=∑xnx¯=∑xn

M = (n+12)th(n+12)th : If n = odd
Median
M = (n2)thterm+(n2+1)thterm2(n2)thterm+(n2+1)thterm2 : If n = even

Mode Most frequently occurring value

Standard S.D(σ)=√∑ni=1(xi−¯x)2nS.D(σ)=∑i=1n(xi−x¯)2n
 Variance V(σ2)=∑ni=1(xi−¯x)2nV(σ2)=∑i=1n(xi−x¯)2n

Solved Examples
Here are some examples based on the concepts of statistics and probability to understand better. Students can
practice more questions based on these solved examples to excel in the topic. Also, make use of the formulas
given in this article in the above section to solve problems based on them.

Example 1: Find the mean and mode of the following data: 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 6, 12, 6, 3, 4.
Solution:
Total Count: 10
Sum of all the numbers: 2+3+5+6+10+6+12+6+3+7=60
Mean = (sum of all the numbers)/(Total number of items)
Mean = 60/10 = 6
Again, Number 6 is occurring for 3 times, therefore Mode = 6. Answer

Example 2: A bucket contains 5 blue, 4 green and 5 red balls. Sudheer is asked to pick 2 balls randomly
from the bucket without replacement and then one more ball is to be picked. What is the probability he
picked 2 green balls and 1 blue ball?
Solution:
Total number of balls = 14
Probability of drawing
1 green ball = 4/14
another green ball = 3/13
1 blue ball = 5/12
Probability of picking 2 green balls and 1 blue ball = 4/14 * 3/13 * 5/12 = 5/182.

Example 3: What is the probability that Ram will choose a marble at random and that it is not black if
the bowl contains 3 red, 2 black and 5 green marbles.
Solution:
Total number of marble = 10
Red and Green marbles = 8
Find the number of marbles that are not black and divide by the total number of marbles.
So P(not black) = (number of red or green marbles)/(total number of marbles)
= 8 /10
= 4/5
Example 4: Find the mean of the following data: 55, 36, 95, 73, 60, 42, 25, 78, 75, 62
Solution:
Given: 55 36 95 73 60 42 25 78 75 62
Sum of observations = 55 + 36 + 95 + 73 + 60 + 42 + 25 + 78 + 75 + 62 = 601
Number of observations = 10
Mean = 601/10 = 60.1
Example 5: Find the median and mode of the following marks (out of 10) obtained by 20 students:
4, 6, 5, 9, 3, 2, 7, 7, 6, 5, 4, 9, 10, 10, 3, 4, 7, 6, 9, 9
Solution:
Given: 4, 6, 5, 9, 3, 2, 7, 7, 6, 5, 4, 9, 10, 10, 3, 4, 7, 6, 9, 9
Ascending order: 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10
Number of observations = n = 20
Median = (10th + 11th observation)/2
= (6 + 6)/2
=6
Most frequent observations = 9
Hence, the mode is 9.