| COURSE STRUCTURE v |

CHAPTER 6 FURTHER MATRIX REVIEW EXERCISE 2 191

ALGEBRA 137
6.1 TRANSPOSING A MATRIX 138
EXAM PRACTICE 199
6.2 THE DETERMINANT OF A
3 x 3 MATRIX 142
6.3 THE INVERSE OF A 3 x 3 MATRIX GLOSSARY 201
WHERE IT EXISTS 146
6.4 USING MATRICES TO REPRESENT ANSWERS 204
LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS IN
3 DIMENSIONS 152
6.5 USING INVERSE MATRICES TO INDEX 244
REVERSE THE EFFECT OF A
LINEAR TRANSFORMATION 160
6.6 THE EIGENVALUES AND
EIGENVECTORS OF 2 x 2 AND
3 x 3 MATRICES 165
6.7 REDUCING A SYMMETRIC MATRIX
TO DIAGONAL FORM 175
CHAPTER REVIEW 6 185
24 CHAPTER2 FURTHER COORDINATESYSTEMS |

y
Because the ellipse is
symmetrical about they-axis,
the above de 「ivation will also
work for a focus (-ae, 0) with a
a
directrix x = -;
e

x
”}
O
-a

- Expl orethe focI

and directices of an el il pse

＿
using GeoGebra.
x=---::-
e
x =－
｛／
e

X2 y2
For an ellipse with equation — + — =1, and a> h,
a2 b2
• the eccentricity, 0 < e < 1, is given by h2 = a2 (1 - e2 ) Foci is the plural of focus and
． ．
directrices is the plural of direct rix.
• the foci are at（士ae, O)
• the directrices are x =土一 a
e
Notice that the foci are on the major axis which in this case is the x-axis because a> b

If the major axis is along they-axis (b> a), then the foci will be on they-axis at (0, 土 be) and the
directrices will have equationsy =士 立 The eccentricity will be given by a2 = b叮1- e2 )
e

llv 11D ANALYSIS

Find the foci of the ellipses with the following equations and give the equations of the directrices.

a
灶y2
—+ =I
9
－4 b
灶 y2
—+—=l
16 25
In each case sketch the ellipse, and show the directrices and foci.
No

．
ba
ab
厂
ha

d_
3 e

21
tece
t
at

n
ab
sm

＿
＿,
＿

x2 — y2
，J
us
>

a + = 1
I
e
`
2

—
I'
＿
,

9. 4
5 一
胪＝砍1-e匀gives 4 = 9(1-e匀so e2 = �
'

9
污 Use （士ae, O)
So e= —
Foci are at（土污， 0) a
Usex= 土 e 一

9
Directrices are x =土 一一－
污
y
2
3

,
Y

-2
9污

9－
x

x
＝

＝
污
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 90 CHAPTER4 lNTEGRATlON
|
@) J
19 Given that I,1 = see n x dx ,
a by writing sec" x = sec 11 -2 x sec2 x, show that, for n ;;,, 2,
(n - 1)/,, = sec11 -2 x tan x + (n - 2)1,,_ 2 (9 marks)

J:
b find /5 (3 marks)
1
c Hence show that I · sec 5 x dx = � {7丘＋3 ln(l＋丘）｝ (6 marks)
o 8
@) 20 a Show, by using a suitable substitution for x, that

J 尸dx ＝孚 arcsin（号） ＋沪亡豆＋ C (8 marks)

b Hence show that the area of the region enclosed by the ellipse with equation
灶 ）） 2

＿）
—+ — =1 is 1r ab. (5 marks)
a2 护

巨四》 The diagram shows a Cornu spiral whi ch has pa「ametric equations
CREATIVITY

厂 f。 （了,cos f （了）中
du y = 。ISIn 0冬l冬a
。

Find the length of the Co 「 nu spiral.

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- 190CHAPTER6 FURTHER MATRIXALGEBRA
|

20 A diagonal matrix is a square matrixin which all of the elements which are not on the
d O 0

f)
a 0
diagonal from the top left to the bottom right of the matrix are zero.(� �) and (��
0
b (00 �
and are diagonal matrices.

21 To 「educe a symmetric matrix A to a diagonal matrix D:

1 Find normalised eigenvectors of A.
2 Form an o「thogonal matrixP with columns consisting of the normalised eigenvectors of A
3 Write down PT, the t「anspose of the mat 「ixP.
T
4 The diagonal matrix Dis given by P AP = D

22 When symmetric matrix A is reduced to a diagonal matrix D, the elements on the diagonal are
the eigenvalues of A.
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| GLOSSARY 203 |
singular matrix a matrix in which the determinant transpose (of a matrix) where the columns and rows in
= 0, and therefo「e the inverse of the matrix does not a matrix are interchanged. The transpose of matrix A is

（： :)
exist. denoted by AT
For example, A = 1 vector a quantity that has both a magnitude and a

。
direction. Geometrically, a vector is a directed line
det A= 4 x 1 - Z x Z = 0 and� is not defined segment whose length is the magnitude of the vector
so A is singular with an arrow indicating the direction
symmetry when a shape looks the same following a variable a quantity that is able to be changed, i.e. not
transformation such as reflection or rotation constant
tangent the vector product (cross product) a vector that is
(i) trigonometric function that is equal to the ratio of perpendicular to two vectors and is therefore normal to
the side opposite to an acute angle (in a right-angle the plane that contains them. The vector product of the
triangle) to the adjacent. vectors a and b is defined as;
(ii) line that touches a curve at a point without crossing ax b = lallbl sin Bn where n is a unit vector
over and matching the gradient of the curve at that perpendicular to both a and b
point. vertex (plural vertices) where two lines meet at an
sinhx angle, especially in a polygon
tanh (hyperbolic tangent) defined as tanh x =
coshx
transformation a linear mapping that is either a
reflection, rotation or stretch
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 ANSWERS 243|
|

7 i 巴
3
ii ; 5coshx-4 sinhx = s �)-4(�) C 1
1

i入
3
-2:-,.
0
I」
1-
1
=0
e又＋9e-• e2'+9
= 2ex ＝呻(1 －入）［（－2-入）（1 -入）－OJ-0[0(1 -入）－3]
2
b iarctan（詈） ＋ C + 3[0- 3(-2 -入）］＝ 0
今庄－12入－16 = 0
8 a 入＝ 4 今（入＋2）（灶－2入－8) = 0
b Uses the third row and 入＝ 4 to give -,（入＋ 2）（入＋ 2 ）（入－4) = 0 =}入＝－2,4
6k + 6 = 24 ⇒ k = 3 x+l y+l z-5
d ＝ ＝
13 10 7