Experiment No………

Aim : To identify the functional groups present in given organic compound.

Physical Examination:

Physical state : Liquid

Colour : Colourless.
Odour: No smell.

Experiment Observations Inference

• Take small amount of organic Brown colour of bromine Unsaturation is present.

compound in a test tube discharged.
dissolved in CCl4. Then add
bromine-water drop wise.

• Baeyer’s test:Take small

amount of organic compound Pink colour of potassium Unsaturation is present.
in a test tube and add 1% permanganate disappears.
Alkaline KMnO4 solution.

RESULT: The given organic compound contains unsaturation.

 Experiment No………

Aim : To identify the functional groups present in given organic compound.

Physical Examination:

Physical state : Liquid

Colour : Colourless.
Odour: Characteristic odour of aldehyde.

Experiment Observations Inference

• Take small amount of organic Brown colour of bromine not Unsaturation is absent
compound in a test tube discharged.
dissolved in CCl4. Then add
bromine-water drop wise.

• Take small amount of organic

compound in a test tube and Orange-yellow ppt. formed. Carbonyl group is present.
add 2, 4-dinitrophenyl May be an aldehyde or a
hydrazine drop wise. Ketone function group present.

• Schiff;s Test: Take 3-4 drops

of the liquid compound Pink colour appears. - CHO functional group
and add 2-3 drops of the present.
Schiff’s reagent.

• Fehling’s test: Take equal

amount of Fehling’s solution A Redish brown / brick red -CHO functional group present.
and Fehling’s solution B in a precipitate of copper (I) oxide
clean dry test tube. To this add formed.
2-3 drops of the liquid
compound .Heat the content of
the test tube in a water bath.

• Benedicts test: Take 5-10 drops

of the liquid compound in a An orange red precipitate -CHO functional group present.
test tube and add few drops of produced.
Benedict’s reagent. Place the
test tube in boiling water bath
for 5 minutes.

• Tollen’s test ; Take small

amount of given organic Shining silver mirror formed on -CHO functional group present.
compound in test tube and add inner side of the test tube.
Tollen’s reagent . Heat in a
water bath for few minute

RESULT: The given organic compound contains aldehyde functional group.

 Experiment No………

Aim : To identify the functional groups present in given organic compound.

Physical Examination:

Physical state : Liquid

Colour : Colourless.
Odour: Characteristic vinegar like smell.

Experiment Observations Inference

• Take small amount of organic Blue litmus turn red Carboxyl or phenolic functional
compound in a test tube and group may be present.
add few drops of Blue litmus
solution.

• Take small amount of the Brisk effervescence are evolved. - COOH functional group
liquid compound in test tube present.
and add pinch of solid Sodium
bicarbonate.

• Ester test: Take small quantity -COOH functional group

of organic compound in a test Sweet fruity smell comes out. present.
tube, add ethanol and 2-3 drops
of conc. Sulphuric acid.
Heat the reaction mixture for
10-15 minutes in a hot water
bath Pour the reaction mixture
in a beaker containing aqueous
sodium carbonate solution to
neutralise excess Sulphuric
acid and excess carboxylic
acid.
• To the given organic
compound add few drops of Red colouration develop -COOH functional group
neutral FeCl3 solution and present.
shake.
.

RESULT: The given organic compound contains carboxylic functional group.

 Experiment No………

Aim : To identify the functional groups present in given organic compound.

Experiment Observations Inference

• Take small amount of organic Brown colour of bromine not Unsaturation is absent
compound in a test tube discharged.
dissolved in CCl4. Then add
bromine-water drop wise.

• Take small amount of organic

compound in a test tube and Orange-yellow ppt. formed. Carbonyl group is present.
add 2, 4-dinitrophenyl May be an aldehyde or a
hydrazine drop wise. Ketone function group present.

• Schiff’s Test: Take 3-4 drops of

the liquid compound and add No action. - CHO functional group absent.
2-3 drops of the Schiff’s
reagent.

• Fehling’s test: Take equal

amount of Fehling’s solution A No precipitate formed. -CHO functional group absent.
and Fehling’s solution B in a
clean dry test tube. To this add
2-3 drops of the liquid
compound .Heat the content of
the test tube in a water bath.

• Tollen’s test ; Take small

amount of given organic No Silver mirror formed -CHO functional group absent.
compound in test tube and add
Tollen’s reagent . Heat in a
water bath for few minute

• m-Dinitrobenzene test: Take

Violet colouration appears which
small amount of given liquid
slowly fades.
〉C=O functional group present.
compound in a clean test tube
and add few fine crystals
m-dinitrobenzene. Then add
dilute sodium hydroxide
solution and shake.
• Nitroprusside test: Take small
Red colouration produced
amount of given organic
compound in test tube and add 〉C=O functional group present.
sodium nitroprusside Shake
and add sodium hydroxide
solution drop wise.

RESULT: The given organic compound contains Ketonic functional group .

 Experiment No………

Aim : To identify the functional groups present in given organic compound.

Physical Examination:

Physical state : Liquid

Colour : Colourless.
Odour: Characteristic alcoholic smell.

Experiment Observations Inference

• Take small amount of organic No action on blue litmus Carboxyl or phenolic functional
compound in a test tube and solution. group may be absent.
add few drops of Blue litmus
solution.

• Take the given pure liquid in a Brisk effervescence are evolved. − OH functional group present.
dry test tube, add a small piece
of sodium metal.

• Ester test: Take small quantity

of organic compound in a test Sweet fruity smell comes out. − OH functional group present.
tube, add equal amount of
Acetic acid and 2-3 drops of
conc. sulphuric acid. Heat the
reaction mixture for 10-15
minutes in a hot water bath
Pour the reaction mixture in a
beaker containing aqueous
sodium carbonate solution to
neutralise excess sulphuric acid
and excess carboxylic acid.

• Ceric ammonium nitrate test:

Place about 1 ml of the given Red/Pink colouration − OH functional group present.
compound in a clean dry test- [(ROH)2Ce(NO3)4] develop
tube, add a few drops of ceric
ammonium nitrate
(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6 reagent and .
shake well.

• Acetyl chloride test: Take Pungent smelling HCl gas − OH functional group present.
small amount of given organic produced.
compound in a clean dry test
tube and add few drops of
Acetyl chloride.

RESULT: The given organic compound contains Alcoholic − OH functional group.

 Experiment No………

Aim : To identify the functional groups present in given organic compound.

Physical Examination:

Physical state : Semi solid crystsl/viscous Liquid

Colour : Light pink.
Odour: Characteristic Phenolic smell.

Experiment Observations Inference

• Take small amount of organic Blue litmus turn red Carboxyl or phenolic functional
compound in a test tube and group may be present.
add few drops of Blue litmus
solution.

• Take small amount of the No Reaction. - COOH functional group

liquid compound in test tube absent.
and add pinch of solid Sodium
bicarbonate.

• Ferric chloride test:Take Red/violet colouration develop. Ar-OH functional group

neutral ferric chloride solution present.
in a clean test tube and add
2–3 drops of the liquid
Compound or a crystal (if
solid) and shake.
• Phthalein dye test. Take small
quantity of organic compound Pink colouration appears. Ar-OH functional group
and phthalic anhydride in a present.
clean dry test tube and add
1–2 drops of conc. H2SO4.
Heat the test tube and pour the
reaction mixture carefully into
a beaker containing sodium
hydroxide solution.

• Libermann’s test: Add few

crystals of sodium nitrite in a A deep blue colouration Ar-OH functional group
clean dry test tube and add develops. present.
given compound( phenol).
Heat slowly for half a minute
and allow it to cool. Then add
conc. Sulphuric acid and shake
the tube to mix the contents.
• Bromine water test: Dissolve White ppt formed. Ar-OH functional group
the given organic compound in present.
water and add bromine water

RESULT: The given organic compound contains Phenolic Ar-OH functional group.
 Experiment No………

Aim : To identify the functional groups present in given organic compound.

Physical Examination:

Physical state : Viscous Liquid

Colour : Light brown.
Odour: Characteristic unpleasant garlic smell.

Experiment Observations Inference

• Take small amount of organic Red litmus turn Blue. −NH2 functional group may be
compound in a test tube and present.
add few drops of red litmus
solution.

• Take small amount of the The organic compound dissolves, −NH2 functional group present.
liquid compound in test tube
and add a few drops of dilute
HCl to it. Shake the contents of
the test tube well.

• Carbylamine / Isocyanide test:

Take few drops of the An obnoxious extremely −NH2 functional group present.
compound in a test tube and unpleasant smell of
add 2-3 drops of chloroform carbylamines produced.
followed by addition of an
equal volume of alcoholic
KOH solution. Heat the
contents gently.
• Azo dye test: Dissolve given
organic compound in dil HCl
add NaNO2 cool to 0-5°C in a Orange red dye produced. −NH2 functional group present.
clean test tube. In another test
tube dissolve given organic
compound in NaOH solution at
0-5°C and mix the content of
two test tube,

RESULT: The given organic compound contains Amino −NH2 functional group.
 Experiment No………

Aim: To detect the presence of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the given samples of food stuff.

Experiment Observations Inference

• Molisch’s Test: Take 1–2 ml A red violet ring is produced at Carbohydrate is present.
of aqueous solution of the junction of two layers.
carbohydrate and add
few drops of Molisch’s reagent.
Add conc. H2SO4 slowly along
the side of the test tube.

• Fehling solution test: Mix Reish brown ppt formed. Carbohydrate is present.
equal volume of Fehling
solution A and Fehling solution
B in a test tube and add pinch
of given food stuff. Heat in a
water bath.

• Tollen’s test. : Take a pinch of A shining silver mirror produced Carbohydrate is present.
given food stuff in test tube inside the walls of test tube.
and add Tollen’s reagent, Heat
in a water bath.

• Benedict’s Test: Take about Reddish coloured precipitate Carbohydrate is present.

one ml of aqueous solution of formed.
given food stuff in a test tube
add Benedict’s reagent. Keep
the test tube in a boiling water
bath.

RESULT : The given food stuff contains carbohydrate.

 Experiment No………

Aim: To detect the presence of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the given samples of food stuff.

Experiment Observations Inference

• Biuret Test: To the aqueous Bluish violet colouration Protein is present.

suspension of the food stuff develop.
add NaOH solution. Now add
4–5 drops of 1% CuSO4
solution. Warm the .

• Xanthoprotein Test: Take

about 2 ml of food stuff A yellow colouration produced. Protein is present.
suspension in a test tube and
add a few drops of conc. HNO3
and heat in water bath.

• Ninhydrin Test : Take about Intense blue colouration Protein is present.

2 ml of food stuff suspension
in a test tube and add 3–4 drops
of Ninhydrin solution. Boil the
contents
White ppt. formed, which Protein is present.
• Millon’s Test: Take small changes to brick red on boiling,
quantity of food stuff
suspension and add 2 drops of
Millon’s reagent.

RESULT : The given food stuff contains Protein.