KIE 4004 : POWER SYSTEM

KIE 4004 (G2)

KIE 4004 (G1)
Monday 11 am – 1 pm
Tuesday 9 am – 11 am
(venue : KAUDI2 beside
(venue : KDK8 Block Y)
Block Y)
Wednesday, 11 am – 12 pm
Wednesday, 12 – 1 pm
(venue : KAUDI2 beside
(venue : KAUDI2 beside
Block Y)
Block Y)

Lecturers:
1. Dr. Azimah Omar ([email protected])
Office : Level 20, Wisma R&D Universiti Malaya, Jalan Pantai
Baharu

2. Prof. Ir. Dr. Hazlie Mokhlis ([email protected])

Office : Power System Lab, GF, Block E, Faculty of Engineering
 Outcome Based Education

Link to JKE guidebook : JKE_Guidebook.pdf (um.edu.my)

 KIE 4004 mapping to PLOs

Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design

PLO3 systems, components or processes that meet specified needs
Design/Development with appropriate consideration for public health and safety,
of Solutions cultural, societal, and environmental considerations (WK5).

Create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and

PLO5 Modern Tool modern engineering and IT tools, including prediction and
Usage modelling, to complex engineering problems, with an
understanding of the limitations (WK6).

Understand and evaluate the sustainability and impact of

PLO7 Environment &
professional engineering work in the solutions of complex
Sustainability
engineering problems in societal and environmental contexts.
 Knowledge Profile

Link to JKE guidebook : JKE_Guidebook.pdf (um.edu.my)

 Course Learning Objectives
PROGRAMME LEARNING OUTCOMES (PLO)
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES (CLO)
PLO3 PLO5 PLO7
(CLO1) Analyse power system
performance based on load flow methods

Taxonomy level: [C4]
(CLO2) Calculate the effects of
asymmetrical fault

Taxonomy level : [C4]

(CLO3) Select the best protection scheme


for a power system network

Taxonomy level : [C5]

(CLO4) Assess the stability of a power


system

Taxonomy level : [C5]

 Class Schedule (W1-W7)

Week Day Venue

Monday
Week 1 Tuesday Online MS Teams
Wednesday
Monday
Week 2
Tuesday Online MS Teams
Wednesday
Monday KAUDI2 (G2)
Week 3
Tuesday KDK8 (G1)
Wednesday KAUDI2 (G1), KAUDI2 (G2)
Monday KAUDI2 (G2)
Week 4
Tuesday KDK8 (G1)
Wednesday KAUDI2 (G1), KAUDI2 (G2)
Class Schedule (W1-W7)

Week Day Venue

Monday KAUDI2 (G2)
Week 5
Tuesday KDK8 (G1)
Wednesday KAUDI2 (G1), KAUDI2 (G2)
Monday KAUDI2 (G2)
Week 6
Tuesday KDK8 (G1)
Wednesday KAUDI2 (G1), KAUDI2 (G2)
Monday KAUDI2 (G2)
Week 7
Tuesday KDK8 (G1)
Wednesday KAUDI2 (G1), KAUDI2 (G2)
 Course Synopsis
• Introduction to the course & power system (W1)
• Revision on power system fundamentals (W1)
• Power flow analysis
- Network matrix (W2)
- Newton Rhapson (W3-W4)
- Fast Decoupled (W5)
• Fault analysis
– Symmetrical components (W6)
– Balanced and unbalanced faults (W7)
• Protection system (W8-W10)
• Power system stability (W11-W14)
– Swing Equation 8
 Evaluation

Assessment Lecture Topics CLO Assessment Date Percentage (%)

Lecture W1-W7,
Assignment (CO1, CO3) 8th-13th Week 15
Lecture W8-W10
20th Nov 2024,
Pre-Test Lecture W1-W7 (CO1, CO2)
Wednesday
4th Dec 2024,
Test Lecture W1-W7 (CO1, CO2) 25
Wednesday

Total Continuous Assessment (A): 40

Final Exam Q1 Lecture W1-W5 (CO1) Final Exam date 10
Final Exam Q2 Lecture W6-W7 (CO2) Final Exam date 15
Final Exam Q3 Lecture W8-W10 (CO3) Final Exam date 15
Final Exam Q4 Lecture W11-W14 (CO4) Final Exam date 20

Total Final Exam (B): 60

FINAL MARKS (A+B) 100
spectrum.um.edu.my and MS Teams
 Reference Books
1. J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, Thomas J. Overbye,
“Power System Analysis & Design”, 5th Edition, Global
Engineering, Cengage Learning, 2012
2. Hadi Saadat, “Power System Analysis”, Third Edition,
McGraw-Hill, 2011.

11
 2022/2023 Course Performance

40

Course Average
35 CA : 28.1/40
FSA : 38.3/60
30 Overall : 66.4/100 (B)

25
▪ No more redemption for C-
▪ Need to re-take the course
20 ▪ Might not graduate on time

15

FAILED
10

0
F D D+ C- C C+ B- B B+ A- A A+

12
 Reminders

• Usage of Technologies
• Absence for class/test/final
• Plagiarism (Assignment)
• Cheating/Attempt to cheat

13
INTRODUCTION TO
POWER SYSTEM
 What is Power System?

• A system dedicated to the business of

electric power:
– Generation (Production)
– Transmission (Transportation)
– Distribution (Retailing)

• The system provides a vital service to the

society and should be operated with the goal
of achieving:
– Highest reliability & quality standards
– Lowest operation cost
– Minimum environmental impacts
15
 (Basic) Structure of Power System

Demand
Generation Transmission Distribution Consumption

▪ Distributed to take
▪ Distributed
advantage of energy
▪ No control
sources and
(traditionally)
economies of scale
▪ Centrally operated
11kV 132kV/275kV/325kV/500kV 33kV/11kV
Generation Transmission Distribution

Vs VR
Line

Sending-end
receiving-end
supply side
load side
Step-Up
Step-down
transformer Substation
transformer
Figure 1.1 Basic structures of Power System 16
 Power Substations
• Transmission substations: Change
the line voltage whether to step-up or
step-down to allow further power
transmission.

• Interconnecting substations: Tie

different power system together, to
enable power exchanges between
them, and increase the stability of the
overall network. Examples of
interconnecting stations are between
Malaysia-Singapore as well as
Malaysia-Thailand.

Distribution substations: Change

the medium voltage to low voltage by
using step down transformer. Low
voltage ranges from 240 V single
phase to 415V, 3 phase 50 Hz in
Malaysia.

17
 Power Equipment

• Transformers
– Step-up transformers
– Voltage Regulators
– Phase Shifters
– Step-down Transformers
• Transmission Lines & Cables
• Circuit Breakers & Disconnects
• FACTS Devices
- Shunt & Series Reactors & Capacitors
- Static VAR Compensators
 Power Generation

• Takes place in geographically dispersed power plants

• Power plants normally house multiple generating units
• Generating units can operate based on different:
– Energy Sources
– Energy Conversion processes

Energy Energy Energy Electric

Power
Source Conversion 1 Conversion n

A Generation Unit
 Sources of Energy

• Hydrocarbones (oil, coal, natural gas, etc.)

• Water
• Nuclear
• Wind
• Solar
• Tidal
• Chemical
 Comparison of Energy Sources

Particular/
Water Fuels Nuclear
Energy Source
Initial cost High Low Highest
Running cost Less High Least
Reserves Permanent Exhaustible Inexhaustible
Cleanliness Cleanest Dirtiest Clean
Simplicity
Simplest Complex Most complex

Reliability Most Less More reliable

Hydro-electric Power Station
Kenyir Hidroelectric dam/
Sultan Mahmud
Hydroelectric Power
Stations
Coal-fired Power Station

JanaManjung IPP, Perak, 3 x 700 MW,

Coal fired power generating stations
 Nuclear Power Station
Bruce Nuclear Generating Station
Net Capacity: 6,384 MWe
Country: Canada

World’s second biggest (net capacity) nuclear

power station, Bruce Nuclear Power Generation
is located in Inverhuron and Tiverton, Ontario on
the eastern shore of Lake Huron from where it
takes the water for cooling. The facility covers
about 9.32 square kilometers of land. It is the
largest nuclear station in the world by total
reactor count, and currently the largest working
NPP.
 Power Transmission

• Transmission networks are needed to :

– Connect generating plants to consumption points
– Create large power pools for increased reliability
• High voltage AC transmission offers:
– Higher transmission capacity / Km
– Lower line-voltage drop / Km
– Lower transmission losses / MW transfer
– Reduced right-of-way requirement / MW transfer
– Lower capital and operating costs / MW transfer
 Power Distribution

• Receives electrical energy from the HV/MV levels at bulk

power delivery points.
• Supplies energy to customers:
– At standard voltage levels
– Single phase and/or three-phase
• Main equipment include:
– Distribution transformers (DXF)
– Feeder sections (including underground cables)
– Switches, fuses, reclosures
– Automatic load transfers
– Etc.
 Power Distribution

HV / MV
Network Large Industrial Commercial Residential
Industrial Customers & Municipal Customers
Customers Customers

Bulk
33/11 11/0.4 400/230
Power DXF DXF DXF

Point 33KV 11 KV 400 V 230V

 Roles of Power Engineers

• Generation Planning
– How much electricity to generate ?
– Where, when and using what type of fuel ?
• Operation planning
– Power flow studies
– Fault analysis
– Stability studies
– Economic load dispatch
– Load frequency control
• Improvement and Expansion Planning
– Contingency Analysis
– New DG/RE and/or load integrations.
 Power System Constraints

o Constraints are the conditions or extreme limits on the

variables of a system that must be met.
o The most important power system constraints are:
– Equality power balance constraint
49.5𝐻𝑧 ≤ 𝑓(𝑡) ≤ 50.5𝐻𝑧
– Inequality constraints on frequency
– Voltages and thermal limits for stability purpose
0.95𝑝𝑢 ≤ 𝑉(𝑡) ≤ 1.05𝑝𝑢
Total Generation (t) = Total Demand (t)
n m max
Pg (t ) =  Pgi (t ) = Pd (t ) =  Pdj 𝑃𝑗𝑘 ≤ 𝑃𝑗𝑘
i =1 j =1

P g 1 (t) P d 1 (t)

P g 2 (t) P d 2 (t)
Network
 
P g n (t) P d m (t)

29
 Power System Constraints
• To be able to meet the power balance constraint, the total demand must be
predicted. However, loads pattern usually follow nearly periodic daily cycles.
As a result, the demand is generally approximately predictable.
• As the demand is not perfectly predictable, the scheduled generation must be
planned to be able to track the load in time. Tracking errors lead to deviation
on the system frequency from its nominal value.

Figure 1.4 Frequency variation Source : https://www.gso.org.my/LandingPage.aspx

• Notice that if Pg(t)>Pd(t) for long enough time, the frequency will
start drifting towards infinity. On the other hand, if Pg(t)<Pd(t) for
long enough time, the frequency will start drifting towards zero. 30
 Why Study Power System?
• It’s the most complex man-made engineering systems and among the important
components of infrastructure of a modern society.
• Humans' activities nowadays demand and depend on high level of electrical
quality, reliability and security.
• In PS study, various field of sciences and economics are involved such as:

Energy Materials & Networks & Electronics

conversion Insulators system theory

Control &
Mathematics, Statistics Communicatio
Microeconomics
& Optimization n Systems
(Market theories)

The main goals on PS study is to ensure the PS planning, expansion and operation
are:
• Cost-efficient
Risk
analysis/finance/i
• Reliable
nvestment theory
• Has high quality
• Secure
31
ELECTRICITY SUPPLY
INDUSTRY IN MALAYSIA

An Overview
Malaysia’s Power Plants
Independent Power Producers (IPPs)
 Large Scale Solar Farm (Q1, 2024)

Source : https://www.st.gov.my/eng/web/industry/details/2/17
 Large Scale Solar Farm

61 MWp UiTM Solar Park I, Gambang, Pahang Large Scale Solar Farm
(Commercial Operation Date: 5th April 2019)
Source : https://solar.uitm.edu.my/uitm-solar-farms/
 Real-Time Solar Generation Profile

Source : https://www.gso.org.my/SystemData/Solar.aspx
 Installed Capacity

Source : https://www.st.gov.my/eng/general/add_counter/940/download/read_count
 Performance Highlights

Source : https://www.st.gov.my/eng/general/add_counter/940/download/read_count
 National Grid

• Transmission network of TNB comprise of 132 kV, 275

kV and 500 kV system known as the National Grid.
• The system spans the whole of Peninsular Malaysia,
connecting power stations owned by TNB and IPPs to
the customers.
• The National Grid is interconnected to Thailand’s
transmission system operated by Electricity Generating
Authority of Thailand (EGAT) in the North via a HVDC
interconnection with a transmission capacity of 300 MW
and a 132 kV HVAC overhead line with maximum
transmission capacity of 80 MW.
• In the South, the National Grid is connected to
Singapore’s transmission system at Senoko via two 230
kV submarine cables with a firm transmission capacity of
200 MW.
 National Grid

Source : http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/national_energy_grid/malaysia/index.shtml
 Transmission System

Source : https://www.st.gov.my/eng/general/add_counter/940/download/read_count
 Distribution System

Source : https://www.st.gov.my/eng/general/add_counter/940/download/read_count
Q&A