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Pictorial identification key

of important disease vectors in


the WHO South-East Asia Region

2020

9 789290 227588
Pictorial identification key
of important disease vectors in
the WHO South-East Asia Region
Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
ISBN: 978-92-9022-758-8
© World Health Organization 2020
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Contents

1. Foreword........................................................................................................v

2. Acknowledgements....................................................................................... vii

3. Introduction..................................................................................................ix

4. List of vectors and their distribution...............................................................xi

5. How to use key for identification of vectors................................................... 7

6. Bionomics of vectors ................................................................................... 68

7. Bibliography................................................................................................ 78

8. Glossary....................................................................................................... 79

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region iii
Foreword

Major vector-borne diseases (VBDs) together account for around


17% of the estimated global burden of communicable diseases
and claim more than 700 000 lives each year. More than 80%
of the global population live in an area at risk from at least one
major VBD. More than half of the global population live in an
area at risk from two or more major VBDs. Every year more than
one billion people are infected by a VBD. More than one million
people die from VBDs globally.

The WHO South-East Asia Region is particularly affected. In


2018 the Region reported an estimated 8 million malaria cases
and 11 600 malaria deaths. In the past 50 years dengue incidence
has surged more than thirty times the base level. More than
52% of the Region’s population is at risk of dengue, which is now
endemic in 10 of 11 Member States. Chikungunya is endemic in
all Member States except Timor-Leste and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. Zika virus
disease has been reported from India, Indonesia, Thailand and Maldives. The Region accounts
for around 58% of the global burden of lymphatic filariasis. Japanese encephalitis continues to
be a significant public health problem in India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Bangladesh, India, Nepal
and Bhutan report around 6000 cases of leishmaniasis annually.

Member States and partners must continue to aggressively respond. To help do that,
this pictorial key will increase knowledge of mosquito vector fauna, its bionomics and proper
identification to enhance the epidemiologic understanding of VBDs. It is the first pictorial key of
its kind and provides a user-friendly guide for public health workers, school teachers, students,
researchers and other interested groups. The illustrations and terms used throughout are
simplified to facilitate the identification process. Rather than portray every taxonomic character,
the guide deals only with characters that are directly relevant to identifying mosquitoes in the
Region.

I urge all stakeholders to make the most of this tool. In recent years the Region has more
than halved the incidence of malaria and kala-azar, demonstrating what focus and determination
can achieve. WHO will continue to support Member States as together we continue the battle
against VBDs for the health of all people everywhere.

Dr Poonam Khetrapal Singh


Regional Director
WHO South-East Asia Region

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region v
Acknowledgements

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors of WHO South-East Asia is produced
by the World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, Department of
Communicable Diseases (CDS), Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs).

Dr Raman Velayudhan, Coordinator, Vector Ecology and Management, World Health


Organization headquarters, Geneva; Professor A.P. Dash, Vice-Chancellor, Central University
of Tamil Nadu, India; and Professor Murari Lal, retired entomologist, Nepal, made very
valuable suggestions that have enriched the quality of the book. Technical guidance provided
by Dr Ahmed Jamsheed Mohamed, Regional Adviser, NTD, is highly appreciated.

The help and guidance given to produce this document by Dr Tjandra Yoga Aditama,
Ag. Director, Department of Communicable Diseases, Dr Lin Aung, Coordinator (CDS-
Capacity, Policy & Advocacy), and Dr Zaw Lin, Technical Officer, NTD, World Health
Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, is highly acknowledged.

Dr Aruna Srivastava, Mr Sanjeev Gupta, Dr Kumar Vikram and Miss Poonam of the
National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, provided useful information and help.
Mrs Vinita Sharma is acknowledged for her help in preparing the computer drawings. The
authors are also thankful to the NTD unit and the Editing & Design unit, World Health
Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, for their cooperation and help.

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region vii
Introduction

Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) are widespread in the WHO South-East Asia Region. Most
Member States report the transmission of multiple vector-borne diseases, and only one
Member State (DPR Korea) reports transmission of only a single vector-borne disease.
Mosquitoes are most important among vectors as they transmit six major diseases, namely
malaria, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, dengue, chikungunya and Zika virus. Mosquitoes
are characterized by a slender elongated body covered with scales and bearing mouth parts
of the piercing and sucking type. They belong to the phylum Arthropoda, class Insecta,
subclass Pterygota, division Endopterygota, order Diptera, suborder Nematocera, super
family Culicoidea, family Culicidae, and the sub families Culicinae, Anophelinae and
Toxorhynchitinae.

In the WHO South-East Asia Region, malaria is transmitted by Anopheles; filariasis


by Culex, Mansonia, Anopheles and Aedes; Japanese encephalitis by Culex; dengue,
chikungunya, and Zika virus by Aedes and kala-azar by Phlebotomus. Among the more
than 3500 species of mosquitoes in the world, more than 300 species are recorded in the
WHO South-East Asia Region. Of these, 76 species are transmitting vector-borne diseases.
This key covers pictorial mosquito identification of 58 Anopheles species, 9 Culex species,
4 Aedes species, 3 Mansonia and 2 Phlebotomus species.

The key presents maps showing the distribution of vectors of vector-borne diseases in
the WHO SEA Region followed by a list of vectors, a note on how to use the key, and the
stages of vector and body parts that are used in their identification. An important feature
of the key is that it not only covers morphological identification of vectors of VBDs but also
identification of all mosquito species of the associated group, such as maculatus group, dirus
group, etc. It is noteworthy to mention that various keys are available country-wise but this
is the first key that covers all vectors of vector-borne diseases in the Region. The key also
elucidates the bio-ecology of each species, i.e. breeding and resting sites.

All drawings depicted in the key have been designed using Coreldraw 13 software. The
old names of a few species such as An. sundaicus (An. ludlowae, An. epiroticus), An. minimus
(An. flavirostris) and An. umbrosus (An. letifer) have been used in the key.

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region ix
List of vectors and their distribution
A review of literature on vectors of vector-borne diseases revealed that there are 74 species
of mosquitoes and two species of Phlebotomus responsible for the vector-borne diseases
of malaria, dengue, chikungunya, Zika virus disease, Japanese encephalitis, filariasis and
leishmaniasis, in the WHO South-East Asia Region. The vectors transmitting these vector-
borne diseases are listed below and the distribution of these vectors according to disease in
the Region are also illustrated through maps. From the list of vectors and their distribution
it is revealed that malaria is transmitted by 58 species of Anopheles mosquito; filariasis by
5 species of Culex, 3 species of Aedes, 4 species of Mansonia and 8 species of Anopheles
mosquitoes; Japanese encephalitis by 9 species of Culex; dengue, chikungunya and Zika by
2 species of Aedes mosquito; and leishmaniasis by 2 species of Phlebotomus.

Anopheles 27. An. macarthuri Colless, 1956


1. An. aconitus Döenitz, 1902 28. An. maculatus Theobald, 1901
2. An. annularis Van der Wulp, 1884 29. An. minimus Theobald, 1901
3. An. argyropus (Swellengrebel), 1914 30. An. nigerrimus Giles, 1900
4. An. baimaii Sallum & Peyton, 2005 31. An. nilgiricus Christophers, 1924
5. An. balabacensis Baisas, 1936 32. An. nitidus Harrisson, Scanlon and Reid,
6. An. barbirostris Van der Wulp, 1884 1973
7. An. barbumbrosus Strickland and 33. An. nivipes (Theobald), 1903
Chowdhruy, 1927 34. An. notanandai Rattanarithikul & Green,
8. An. bengalensis Puri, 1930 1987
9. An. cracens Sallum & Peyton, 2005 35. An. pallidus Theobald, 1901
10. An. crawfordi Reid, 1953 36. An. paraliae Sandosham, 1959
11. An. culicifacies Giles, 1901 37. An. peditaeniatus Leicester, 1908
12. An. dirus Peyton and Harrison, 1979 38. An. philippinensis Ludlow, 1902
13. An. dravidicus Christophers, 1924 39. An. pseudojamesii Strickland &
14. An. farauti s.s. Laveran, 1902 Chowdhury, 1927
15. An. fluviatilis James, 1902 40. An. pseudowillmori Theobald, 1910
16. An. hackeri Edwards, 1921 41. An. pujutensis Colless, 1948
17. An. introlatus Colless, 1957 42. An. punctulatus Doenitz, 1901
18. An. jamesii Theobald, 1901 43. An. pursati Laveran, 1902
19. An. jeyporiensis James, 1902 44. An. sawadwongporni Rattanarithikul &
20. An. karwari James, 1903 Green, 1987
21. An. kochi Dönitz, 1901 45. An. scanloni Sallum & Peyton, 2005
22. An. koliensis Owen, 1945 46. An. sinensis Weidemann, 1828
23. An. koreicus Yamada & Watanabe, 1918 47. An. sinerodes Yamada, 1924
24. An. latens Sallum, Peyton, Wilkerson, 48. An. splendidus Koidzumi, 1920
2005 49. An. stephensi Liston, 1901
25. An. lestri de Meillon, 1931 50. An. subpictus Grassi, 1899
26. An. lindesayi Giles, 1900 51. An. sundaicus Rodenwaldt, 1925

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region xi
52. An. tessellatus Theobald, 1901 Aedes
53. An. theobaldi Giles, 1901 68. Ae. aegypti (Linnaeus in Hasselquist,
54. An. umbrosus (Theobald), 1903 1762)
55. An. vagus Döenitz, 1902 69. Ae. albopictus (Skuse, 1894)
56. An. varuna Iyengar, 1924 70. Ae. niveus Ludlow, 1903
57. An. willmori James, 1903 71. Ae. vittatus Bigot, 1861
58. An. yatsushiroensis Miyazaki, 1951
Mansonia
Culex 72. Ma. annulifera Theobald, 1901
59. Cx. bitaeniorhynchus Giles, 1901 73. Ma. indiana Edwards, 1930
60. Cx. fuscocephala Theobald, 1907 74. Ma. uniformis Theobald, 1901
61. Cx. gelidus Theobald, 1901
62. Cx. perexiguus Theobald, 1903 Phlebotomus
63. Cx. pseudovishnui Theobald, 1901 75. P. argentipes Annandale & Brunetti,
64. Cx. quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 1908
65. Cx. tritaeniorhynchus Giles, 1901 76. P. papatasi Scopoli, 1786
66. Cx. vishnui Theobald, 1901
67. Cx. whitmorei (Giles, 1904)

xii Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
Distribution of vectors of VBDs in the WHO South-East Asia Region

DPR Korea
Vectors of malaria in South-East Asia

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
1
DPR Korea

Ae. vittatus
Ae. vittatus
Vectors of dengue, chinkungunya and zika in South-East Asia

2 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
b
Vectors of Japanese encephalitis in South-East Asia

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 3
a
a

a
a
a
a
a

a
a
a

a
a
a
Vectors of filarasis in South-East Asia

4 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
Vectors of leishmaniasis in South-East Asia

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 5
How to use key for identification of
vectors

This Pictorial Identification Key of important vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
identifies 76 species belonging to the genera Anopheles, Aedes, Culex and Mansonia of
mosquitoes and genus Phlebotomus of sandflies. The pattern of identification adopted by
this pictorial key differs from the formal couplet method and offers more clear and precise
identification. In using this Key for identification, the page numbers indicated at various
places should be followed for morphological characters and drawings.

The first character of an insect to be checked under the microscope or hand-lens is the
mouthparts. In the case of the mosquito the proboscis is long and needle-shaped whereas in
the case of the Phlebotomus (sandfly) it is reduced. The other morphological characteristic is
that the mosquito is bigger than the sandfly in size and the wings of sandflies are always erect.

For further identification of genera of mosquitoes, the length of the palpi is taken into
account. In case of genus Anopheles, the size of the palpi in males and females is equal to
the proboscis but in males palpi are club-shaped. In the case of the genera Culex, Aedes and
Mansonia the size of the palpi is one fourth to half of the proboscis in the female whereas
in males it is longer than the proboscis. In all male mosquitoes the antenna is plumose in
appearance. Flow charts and diagrams under each genus have been provided for further
identification up to species level.

Seventy-four vector species of mosquitoes are divided into four genera, namely
Anopheles, Aedes, Culex and Mansonia, and their species based on morphological characters
of mouth parts, wings, legs and abdomen. For sandflies, characteristics of terminalia, pharynx
and spermatheca are mainly used to identify species.

This pictorial key provides the vector distribution, morphological characters and
brief biology (breeding habits and adult bionomics) of each vector prevalent in the WHO
SEA Region. It also contains a bibliography of literature consulted and a glossary of related
taxonomic terms.

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 7
8
Put the insect under the dissecting microscope/hand-lens to identify the insect up to genus level as given below:

Identification of insect & genus


See mouth part

Fully developed Reduced


See length of palpi See the wings

Equal of probosis Shorter than probosis Always erect


Anopheles Cilicines Phlebotomus

Go to page 19 Identification of genus Go to page 18


See costa of wings Scales of wings
See terminalia

Broader Shorter
Mansonia Aedes/Culex

Go to page 59 Pointed abdomen Blunt abdomen


See wings Aedes Culex

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
Go to page 60 Go to page 60
See abdomen See abdomen
Stages of the insect vector

Anopheles mosquito

Eggs Larva Pupa

Aedes mosquito

Eggs Larva Pupa

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 9
Culex mosquito

Eggs Larva Pupa

Mansonia mosquito

Eggs Larva Pupa

10 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
Phlebotomus (sandfly)

Eggs Larva Pupa

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 11
Generalized diagram of a female adult
Anopheles mosquito

Fore leg
Labium Labellum
Maxillary palpus
Head Antenna

Proboscis
Eye
Occiput
Vertex
Thorax Scutum

Scutellum Wing

Heltere
Meso
Postnotum
Abdomen
Femur
Mid leg
Tibia
1 Cercus
2 Tarsomere
Tarsus 3

4
5
Hind leg

12 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
Body parts of Anopheles mosquito
LABIUM LABELLUM

PROBOSCIS
APICAL PALE BAND
SUB APICAL PALE BAND

MIDDLE DARK BAND

MAXILLARY PALPUS
HEAD
BASAL DARK BAND
ANTENNA
CLYPEUS

TORUS
EYE
VERTEX
OCCIPUT

WINGS

PRE-SECTOR DARK MARK ACCESSORY SECTOR PALE


MIDDLE DARK MARK SUB-COSTAL PALE
HUMERAL DARK SPOT
HUMERAL PALE SPOT PRE-APICAL PALE SPOT
APICAL DARK MARK
BASAL PALE

BASAL DARK

PRE-HUMERAL PALE SPOT


APICAL PALE SPOT

PRE-SECTOR PALE SPOT

SECTOR PALE SPOT PALE FRINGE SPOT


BORDER SCALES

COSTA
REMIGIUM SUBCOSTA
RADIOMEDICAL CROSS VEIN
BASE OF WING

1 APEX OF WING
HUMERAL 2 2.1
4 3 2.2
ANTERIOR
ALULA 6 5 FORKED
CELL POSTERIOR
5. 4.1
5.2 1
MEDIOCUBITAL
4.2
CROSS VEIN FORKED CELL

FRINGE LONGITUDINAL VEINS

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 13
Body parts of Anopheles mosquito
WINGS

h C SC
R R1
REMIGIUM RS R2 +3 R2
UPPER CALYPTER
M
R4+5 R3
ALULA

Cu1 M1
CuA M2
Cu2

FRINGE

R1- radius (1st longitudinal vein); Rs - 2nd longitudinal vein; R2 - upper or anterior branch of 2nd longitudinal; R3 - lower or posterior branch of 2nd
longitudinal vein; R4 + 5 - 3rd longitudinal vein; M - media, 4th longitudinal vein; M1 - upper or anterior branch of 4th longitudinal; M2 - lower or
posterior branch of 4th longitudinal vein; Cu - 5th longitudinal vein; Cu1 - upper or anterior branch of 5th longitudinal vein; Cu2 - lower or posterior
branch of 5th longitudinal vein; CuA (Anal) 6th longitudinal vein; C - costa; SC - Subcosta; h - humeral dark/pale sport.

ABDOMEN

3
DORSUM (TERGITES)
4 VENTER (STERNITES)

8
CERCUS

14 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
Body parts of Anopheles mosquito
LEGS

COXA
SPECKING IN LEG
TROCHANTER

FEMUR

TIBIA

TARSAL 3
SEGMENTS
4
5

TARSAL SEGMENTS
5,4 & 3
COMPLETELY WHITE

TARSI WITH BANDS

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 15
Body parts of culicine mosquitoes
Culicines
Genus: Culex, Aedes, Mansonia
Mesothorax
Thorax mesonotum
Scutellum Metathorax
Wing
Proboscis

Palpi
Halter or balancer

Antenna Hair of Scutellum Lower mesepimeral bristle


Prothorax
scutellum (trilobed)

Thorax of Culex showing scutellum and halter (dorsal view)

HEAD

ABDOMEN

WINGS

LEG

16 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
Identification key of
insect vector
Put the insect under the dissecting
microscope/hand-lens and look for the mouth parts

mouth parts are reduced


Proboscis long and (specially proboscis)
needle shape
wings always erect

Phlebotomus (Sandfly)

Go to Page 66

Mosquito

See palpi

Palpi equal to proboscis and Palpi 1/4 to half of the proboscis and
slender in shape slender in the shape (female) and
longer than the proboscis (male)

Palpi of Palpi of Palpi of Palpi of


Female Anopheles Male Anopheles Female Culex, Aedes Male Culex, Aedes
and Mansonia and Mansonia

Go to Page 19 Go to Page 59

18 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
Anopheles
Focus the wing and count the pale area on
costa and subcosta including vein 1

Pale area > 4 < 4 (Less than 4)


Group A Subgenus Cellia Group B Subgenus Anopheles
1. An. aconitus 26. An. pseudojamesi 1. An. argyropus
2. An. annularis 27. An. pseudowillmori 2. An. barbirostris
3. An. balabacensis 28. An. pujutensis 3. An. barbumbrosus
4. An. baimaii 29. An. punctulatus 4. An. crawfordi
5. An. culicifacies 30. An. scanloni 5. An. koreicus
6. An. cracens 31. An. splendidus 6. An. lesteri
7. An. dirus 32. An. stephensi 7. An. lindesayi
8. An. dravidicus (maculatus) 33. An. subpictus 8. An. nilgiricus
9. An. farauti (puncalatus) 34. An. sundaicus 9. An. nigerrimus
10. An. fluviatilis 35. An. sawadwongporn 10. An. nitidus
11. An. hackeri (maculatus) 11. An. paraliae (sinensis)
12. An. introlatus 36. An. tessellatus 12. An. peditaeniatus
13. An. jamesii 37. An. theobaldi 13. An. sineroides
14. An. jeyporiensis 38. An. vagus 14. An. pursati
15. An. karwari 39. An. varuna 15. An. sinensis
16. An. kochi 40. An. willmorei 16. An. umbrosus
17. An. koliensis (puncultatus) 17. An. yatsushiroensis
18. An. latens (leucosphyrirus)
19. An. maculatus
20. An. macarthuri
21. An. minimus
Group C Subgenus Anopheles
22. An. nivipes
23. An. notanandai (maculatus)
24. An. pallidus
25. An. philippinensis

Wing completely dark


1. An. bengalensis

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 19
Group A (Subgenus Cellia)
An. aconitus, An. annularis, An. baimaii, An. balabacensis, An. cracens, An. culicifacies, An. dirus,
An. dravidicus, An. farauti, An. fluviatilis, An. hackeri, An. introlatus, An. jamesii, An. jeyporiensis, An. karwari,
An. kochi, An. koliensis, An. latens, An. macarthuri, An. maculatus, An. minimus, An. nivipes,
An. notanandai, An. pallidus, An. philippinensis, An. pseudojamesi, An. pseudowillmori, An. pujutensis,
An. punctulatus, An. scanloni, An. splendidus, An. stephensi, An. subpictus, An. sundaicus,
An. sawadwongporn An. tessellatus, An. theobaldi, An. vagus, An. varuna, An. willmorei

Specking in legs

Fore leg Fore leg


Hind leg
Hind leg

Present Absent
1. An. baimaii 17. An. pseudowillmori 1. An. aconitus
2. An. balabacensis 18. An. pujutensis 2. An. annularis
3.An. cracens 19. An. punctulatus 3. An. culicifacies
4. An. dirus 20. An. scanloni 4. An. fluviatilis
5. An. dravidicus 21. An. splendidus 5. An. jeyporiensis
6. An. farauti 22. An. stephensi 6. An. karwari
7. An. hackeri 23. An. sundaicus 7. An. minimus
8. An. introlatus 24. An. sawadwongporn 8. An. nivipes
9. An. jamesii 25. An. tessellatus 9. An. pallidus
10. An. kochi 26. An. theobaldi 10. An. philippinensis
11. An. koliensis 27. An. willmorei 11. An. subpictus
12. An. latens 12. An. vagus
13. An. maculatus 13. An. varuna
14. An. macarthuri
15. An. notanandai
16. An. pseudojamesi Go to Page 21 Go to Page 36

20 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
An. baimaii, An. balabacensis, An. cracens, An. dirus, An. dravidicus, An. farauti,
An. hackeri, An. introlatus, An. jamesii, An. kochi, An. koliensis, An. latens, An. macarthuri,
An. maculatus, An. notanandai, An. pseudojamesi, An. pseudowillmori,
An. pujutensis, An. punctulatus, An. scanloni , An. splendidus, An. stephensi,
An. sundaicus, An. sawadwongporn, An. tessellatus, An. theobaldi, An. willmorei

Banding pattern of palpi

4 banded palpi
1. An. baimaii
2. An. balabacensis
3. An. cracens Apical pale band nearly equal
to the pre apical dark band
4. An. dirus
1. An. jamesii
5. An. farauti
2. An. pseudojamesi
6. An. hackeri
3. An. sundaicus
7. An. introlatus
Apical pale band nearly equal
8. An. kochi to the sub apical pale band
Go to Page 31
9. An. koliensis 1. An. dravidicus
10. An. latens 2. An. notanandai
11. An. macarthuri 3. An. maculatus
12. An. pujutensis 4. An. pseudowillmori
13. An. punctulatus 5. An. sawadwongporn
14. An. scanloni 6. An. splendidus
15. An. tessellatus 7. An. stephensi
8. An. theobaldi
Go to Page 22 9. An. willmorei

Go to Page 33

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 21
An. baimaii, An. balabacensis, An. cracens, An. dirus, An. farauti,
An. hackeri, An. introlatus, An. kochi, An. koliensis, An. latens,
An. macarthuri, An. pujutensis, An. punctulatus, An. scanloni, An. tessellatus

A big white spot at


the tibiotarsal joint
of hind leg

Hind leg Hind leg

Present Absent
1. An. baimaii 1. An. farauti
2. An. balabacensis 2. An. kochi
3. An. cracens 3. An. koliensis
4. An. dirus 4. An. punctulatus
5. An. hackeri 5. An. tessellatus
6. An. introlatus
7. An. latens An. farauti, An. kochi, An. koliensis,
8. An. macarthuri
An. punctulatus , An. tessellatus
9. An. pujutensis
11. An. scanloni Banding on hind leg tarsomeres

Hind leg Hind leg

Narrowly banded Joints with broad pale bands


An. tessellatus An. kochi, An. farauti, An. koliensis,
An. punctulatus

22 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
An. farauti, An. kochi, An. koliensis, An. punctulatus

Tufttop black scale on each segment of the abdomen

Present Absent
An. kochi 1. An. farauti
2. An. koliensis
3. An. punctulatus

Other important characters for An. kochi

Vein 6 (anal) with three small dark areas and inner costa interrupted

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 23
An. farauti, An. koliensis, An. punctulatus
See proboscis

Completely dark White patch of scales on the


An. farauti ventral surface towards the apex
An. koliensis

Apical half of the proboscis white scale


An. punctulatus

24 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
An. baimaii, An. balabacensis, An. cracens, An. dirus, An. hackeri,
An. introlatus, An. latens, An. macarthuri, An. pujutensis, An. scanloni

Length of proboscis

Distinctly longer than the fore femur


1. An. hackeri
2. An. pujutensis
Slightly longer than the fore femur
1. An. baimaii
2. An. balabacensis
3. An. cracens
4. An. dirus
5. An. introlatus
6. An. latens
7. An. macarthuri
8. An. scanloni

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 25
An. hackeri & An. pujutensis
Apical pale band on the palpi

Much smaller than the preapical dark band Nearly equal to the preapical dark band

An. hackeri An. pujutensis

Other important characters for An. hackeri & An. pujutensis


Accessory sector pale spot on vein R
Small and shorter than basal dark spot

An. hackeri Longer than basal dark spot

An. pujutensis

26 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
An. baimaii, An. balabacensis, An. cracens, An. dirus, An. introlatus,
An. latens, An. macarthuri, An. scanloni

Presector dark mark spot on vein R

Present Absent
1. An. baimaii An. macarthuri
2. An. balabacensis
3. An. cracens Other characters for An. macarthuri
4. An. dirus Hind tibia with narrow apical extension of dark
5. An. introlatus scales on ventral surface
6. An. latens
7. An. scanloni

An. baimaii, An. balabacensis, An. cracens, An. dirus, An. introlatus,
An. latens, An. scanloni
Accessory sector pale (ASP) spot on costa

Present Absent
1. An. introlatus 1. An. baimaii
2. An. latens 2. An. balabacensis
3. An. cracens
4. An. dirus
5. An. scanloni

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 27
An. introlatus, An. latens

Apical pale band of palpi

Pale band present Pale band absent


An. introlatus An. latens

An. baimaii, An. balabacensis, An. cracens An. dirus, An. scanloni
Apical pale band of hind tibia with dark linear extension
onto basal portion on ventral surface

Present Absent
An. scanloni 1. An. baimaii,
2. An. balabacensis
3. An. cracens
4. An. dirus

28 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
An. baimaii, , An. balabacensis , An. cracens , An. dirus
A long pale spot on vein 6 at level of presector
dark spot (PSD) of costa

Present
An. baimaii

Absent
1. An. balabacensis
2. An. cracens
3. An. dirus

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 29
An. balabacensis, An. cracens, An. dirus

Posteromedical patch of dark scales on abdominal sternum VI

Broad Reduced
An. cracens 1. An. balabacensis
2. An. dirus

An. balabacensis, An. dirus


A pale spot at the level of presector dark mark on vein 1

Extended basally but not reaching up to the distal end of humeral dark
mark on the costa
An. balabacensis

30 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
Extended basally but reaching up to the distal end of humeral
dark mark on the costa
An. dirus

An. jamesii, An. pseudojamesi and An. sundaicus

Hind tarsomeres 5, 4 and 3

Hind leg Hind leg

Completely pale Small bands at the joints


1. An. jamesii An. sundaicus
2. An. pseudojamesi

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 31
An. jamesii and An. pseudojamesi
Area at the bifurcation of wing vein 5 (Cu) and inner costa

Pale and inner costa mainly dark


An. jamesii

Dark and inner costa interrupted


An. pseudojamesi

32 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
An. dravidicus, An. maculatus, An. notanandai, An. pseudowillmori,
An. sawadwongporni, An. splendidus, An. stephensi, An. theobaldi, An. willmori

Dark band at 4th tarsomere of hind leg

Hind leg Hind leg Hind leg Hind leg

Present Completely white Absent Completely black


1. An. dravidicus An. splendidus An. theobaldi An. stephensi
2. An. maculatus
3. An. notanadai
4. An. pseudowillmori
5. An. sawadwongporni
6. An. willmori

An. dravidicus, An. maculatus, An. notanandai, An. pseudowillmori,


An. sawadwongporni, An. willmori
Narrow to broad scales on abdomen II to VI

Present Absent
1. An. dravidicus An. pseudowillmori
2. An. maculatus
3. An. notanandai,
4. An. sawadwongporni
5. An. willmori

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 33
Other important characters for An. pseudowillmori

Vein 2 longer than vein R2+3 (about double the length)

An. dravidicus, An. maculatus, An. notanandai,


An. sawadwongporni, An. willmori
Number of dark sport on vein 3

3 dark spots 2 dark spots


An. dravidicus 1) An. maculatus 2) An. notanandai,
3) An. sawadwongporni 4) An. willmori

Others characters for An. maculatus, An. notanandai,


An. dravidicus An. sawadwongporni An. willmori
Broad sqatulate pale scales
abdominal terga II-VI

Abdominal terga IV-VIII with


dark scales on posterolateral
corners, sometimes on III Present Absent
An. willmori 1) An. maculatus
2) An. notanandai,
3) An. sawadwongporni

34 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
An. maculatus, An. notanandai, An. sawadwongporni

Black and pale spots on vein 5.1, 4.2 and


division on vein 2.1

Equal
An. notanandai

Longer
An. sawadwongporni* and An. maculatus*

* Further identification based on egg characters

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 35
An. aconitus, An. annularis, An.culicifacies, An. fluviatilis, An. jeyporiensis,
An. karwari, An. minimus, An. nivipes, An. pallidus, An. philippinensis.
An. subpictus, An. vagus and An. varuna

Hind leg tarsomeres 5, 4 and 3

Hind leg Hind leg

Completely pale Dark


1. An. annularis 1. An. aconitus
2. An. nivipes 2. An. culicifacies
3. An. pallidus 3. An. fluviatilis
4. An. philippinensis 4. An. jeyporiensis
5. An. karwari
6. An. minimus
Go to Page 37
7. An. subpictus
8. An. vagus
9. An. varuna

Go to Page 40

36 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
An. annularis, An. nivipes, An. pallidus and An. philippinensis
Apical pale band nearly equal to preapical dark band

Area at the bifurcation of wing vein 5 (Cu)

Dark
An. annularis

Pale
1. An. nivipes
2. An. pallidus
3. An. philippinensis

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 37
An. nivipes, An. pallidus and An. philippinensis
Apex of hind tarsomere 1

Hind leg Hind leg

With small pale band Without any pale band


1. An. nivipes An. pallidus
2. An. philippinensis

38 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
An. nivipes and An. philippinensis
Pre-sector dark mark of vein 1 (R1)

Not reaching up to the distal end of humeral dark mark on the costa
An. philippinensis

Reaching beyond the distal end of humeral dark mark of the costa
An. nivipes

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 39
An. aconitus, An. culicifacies, An. fluviatilis, An. jeyporiensis, An. karwari,
An. minimus, An. subpictus, An. vagus and An. varuna
Banding pattern of palpi

Apical pale band nearly equal to the Apical and sub-apical pale band equal
pre-apical dark band and separated by a small or same sized
1. An. culicifacies dark band called intervening dark band
2. An. fluviatilis 1. An. aconitus

3. An. jeyporiensis 2. An. minimus

4. An. subpictus 3. An. varuna

Pre-apical dark band 1/4 or 1/5 Four banded palpi


of the apical pale band An. karwari
An. vagus

40 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
Other important characters for An. karwari

Fore leg

- Legs without specking


- 5th tarsomere of hind leg pale

Other important characters for A. vagus

Fore leg

Broad band on tarsomeres

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 41
An. culicifacies, An. fluviatilis, An. jeyporiensis and An. subpictus
Banding pattern of palpi

Apical pale band nearly equal Apical pale band smaller than
to the pre-apical dark band pre-apical dark band and thin palpi
An. culicifacies, An. fluviatilis An. jeyporiensis
and An. subpictus

Other important characters for An. jeyporiensis


Small bands on fore leg tarsomeres
Distance of the anterior forked cell from the
base of the costa compared to that of
posterior forked cell is less

Fore leg

42 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
An. culicifacies, An. fluviatilis and An. subpictus
Broad pale bands on the foreleg tarsal segments

Fore leg Fore leg

Present Absent
An. subpictus An. culicifacies, An. fluviatilis

Wing vein 3 (R4+5) and inner costa

Mostly dark and inner costa interrupted


An. culicifacies

Mostly pale and inner costa dark


An. fluviatilis

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 43
Other important character for An. culicifacies

Vein 2.1 (R2), 2.2 (R3), 4.2 (M2) and 5.1 (Cu1) with fringe spots

Interruption by a dark spot at basal area of vein 1 (R1)

Other important character for An. fluviatilis

Fringe spot present on all the veins except vein 6 (anal)

44 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
An. aconitus, An. minimus and An. varuna
Intervening dark band on the palpi

Very small (in most of the Nearly equal to the pre-apical


specimens dark band absent) dark band
An. aconitus 1. An. minimus
2. An. varuna

Other important characters for An. aconitus


Apical half of the proboscis light yellow (fluorescent)

Interruption can be and can not be seen on inner costa

Fringe spot on vein 6


(anal) present

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 45
An. minimus, An. varuna
Inner costa

Dark
An. varuna

Interruptions can be seen at least in one wing


An. minimus

46 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
Other important characters for An. varuna
- Proboscis generally dark, some time half of its yellow

-Vein 5.1 (Cu 1) with


two dark areas

- Fringe spot absent on vein 6 (anal)

Other important characters for An. minimus


- Proboscis generally dark,
some time fluorescence can
be seen towards lower side

- Vein 5.1 (Cu 1) with


three dark areas

- Fringe spot absent on vein 6 (anal)

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 47
Group-B (Subgenus Anopheles)
An. argyropus, An. barbirostris, An. barbumbrosus, An. crawfordi,
An. koreicus, An. lensteri, An. lindesayi. An. nilgiricus, An. nitidus,
An. nigerrimus, An. paraliae, An. pursati, An. peditaeniatus, An. sinensis,
An. sineroides, An. umbrosus and An. yatsushiroensis

Banding pattern of palpi

Completely dark Small pale bands at Four banded palpi


the joints (tip of the palpi pale)
1. An. barbirostris
An. yatsushiroensis 1. An. argyropus
2. An. barbumbrosus
2. An. crawfordi
3. An. koreicus Go to Page 53 3. An. lasteri
4. An. lindesayi 4. An. nitidus
5. An. nilgiricus 5. An. nigerrimus
6. An. umbrosus 6. An. paraliae
7. An. pursati
Go to Page 49 8. An. peditaeniatus
9. An. sinensis
10. An. sineroides

Go to Page 54

48 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
An. barbirostris, An. barbumbrosus, An. koreicus, An. lindesayi,
An. nilgiricus, An. umbrosus

Hind femur with


pale area

Hind leg Hind leg

Present Absent
1. An. lindesayi 1. An. barbirostris
2. An. nilgiricus 2. An. barbumbrosus
3. An. koreicus
An. lindesayi, An. nilgiricus 4. An. umbrosus (An. letifer)
Pale area on the tip of wing veins

Pale area present on the tip of veins 1 (R1), 2.1 (R2), 4.2 (M2) and 6 (anal)
An. lindesayi

Pale area present on the tip of veins 1 (R1), 2.1 (R2), 6 (anal) and sometime 5.2 (Cu2)
An. nilgiricus

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 49
Other important characters for
An. nilgiricus
Hind femur: a pale ring present nearly
equal to the femur

Hind leg

Other important characters for An. lindesayi


Hind femur: with basal pale ring occupying 1/5 of the femur

Hind leg

An. barbirostris, An. barbumbrosus, An. koreicus, An. umbrosus


Ventral side of 7th abdominal segment

With tuft of dark scales Without any tuft


An. umbrosus 1. An. barbirostris
2. An. barbumbrosus
3. An. koreicus

50 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
Other important characters for An. umbrosus

Foreleg tarsomeres with narrow Hind leg tarsomeres with bands


pale bands at the joints

Fore leg Hind leg

Fringe spot present on vein 1 (R1) and 3 (R4+5)


An. umbrosus

An. barbirostris, An. barbumbrosus, An. koreicus


Fringe spot on vein 2.1 (R2), 2.2 (R3), 3 (R4+5) and 4.1 (M1)

Fringe spot present on vein 2.2, 3, & 4.1 the veins, sternie without scales
An. barbumbrosus

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 51
Fringe spot present on vein 3 (R4+5) only,
An. barbirostris

Fringe spot present on vein 2.1 (R2), 2.2 (R3), 3 (R4+5) and 4.1 (M1)
An. koreicus

Other important characters for An. barbumbrosus & An. barbirostris

Sternie without tuft of scales Sternie with tuft of scales


An. barbumbrosus An. barbirostris

52 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
An. yatsushiroensis

Apical pale band present laterally

Other important characters for An. yatsushiroensis

Fringe spot present on wing 2.1 (R2) & 5.2 (Cu2)

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 53
An. argyropus, An. crawfordi, An. lasteri, An. nitidus, An. nigerrimus,
An. paraliae, An. pursati, An. peditaeniatus, An. sinensis, An. sineroides
Basal & apical pale bands on hind tarsomeres

Present Absent
1. An. argyropus 1. An. crawfordi
2. An. nitidus 2. An. lasteri
3. An. nigerrimus 3. An. pursati
4. An. peditaeniatus 4. An. paraliae
5. An. sinensis
6. An. sineroides

An. argyropus, An. nitidus, An. nigerrimus, An. peditaeniatus


Pale scale on inner costa and fringe spot on vein 5.2 (Cu2)

Present Absent
1. An. nigerrimus 1. An. argyropus
2. An. nitidus 2. An. peditaeniatus

54 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
An. nigerrimus, An. nitidus
Size of basal dark mark on wing vein 5 (Cu)

Small (0.2 x length of Cu stem)


An. nitidus

Long (0.4 x length of Cu stem)


An. nigerrimus

An. argyropus, An. peditaeniatus


Size of pale bands on hind leg tarsomeres

Hind leg Hind leg

Broad Small
An. argyropus An. peditaeniatus

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 55
An. crawfordi, An. lesteri, An. pursati, An. paraliae,
An. sinensis, An. sineroides
Fringe spot on vein 2.1 (R2), 2.2 (R3) and 3 (R4+5)

Present in all the 3 veins


1. An. lesteri
2. An. sinensis
3. An. sineroides
4. An. crawfordi

Present only on 2.1, 2.2 veins


1. An. pursati
2. An. paraliae

An. pursati, An. paraliae


Humeral cross vein with dark scales

Present Absent
An. pursati An. paraliae

56 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
An. lesteri, An. sinensis, An. sineroides and An. crawfordi
Vein 6 (anal) with 3 dark spots

Present Absent
An. sineroides 1. An. lesteri
2. An. crawfordi
3. An. sinensis

An. lesteri, An. sinensis, An. crawfordi


Size of pale bands on hind leg tarsomeres

Hind leg Hind leg Hind leg

Medium Very small Small


An. crawfordi An. lesteri An. sinensis

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 57
Group C (Subgenus Anopheles)
An. bengalensis

Wing completely dark

Other important characters for An. bengalensis

Prescuttlar space of thorax without setae

58 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
Genus: Culex, Aedes and Mansonia

See wing

Scales small & black


Aedes & Culex

Go to Page 60

Broad black and pale scales


Mansonia
Go to Page 65

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 59
Culex and Aedes
See abdomen and leg

Blunt, leg generally without white band Pointed, legs with white bands
Culex species Aedes species

Hind leg Hind leg

Cx. bitaeniorhynchus, Cx. fuscocephala, Cx. gelidus, Ae. aegypti , Ae. albopictus,

Cx. perexiguus, Cx. pseudovishnui, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Ae. niveus, Ae. vittatus

Cx.tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. vishnui, Cx. whitmorei Go to Page 63

Proboscis and tarsi

Proboscis and tarsi without band Proboscis & tarsi with bands

1. Cx. bitaeniorhynchus
2. Cx. gelidus
3. Cx. pseudovishnui
1. Cx. fuscocephala 4. Cx. tritaeniorhynchus
2. Cx. perexiguus Hind leg 5. Cx. vishnui
Hind leg
3. Cx. quinquefasciatus 6. Cx. whitmorei

60 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
Cx. fuscocephala, Cx. perexiguus and Cx. quinquefasciatus,
pale bands on abdominal terga

Cx. quinquefasciatus Cx. perexiguus Cx. fuscocephala

Cx. bitaeniorhynchus, Cx. gelidus, Cx. pseudovishnui, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus,


Cx. vishnui, Cx. whitmorei
White spots on wings

Present
Cx. bitaeniorhynchus

Absent
1. Cx. gelidus
2. Cx. pseudovishnui
3. Cx. tritaeniorhynchus
4. Cx. vishnui
5. Cx. whitmorei

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 61
Cx. gelidus, Cx. pseudovishnui, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus,
Cx. vishnui and Cx. whitmorei
Dark pale scaled area on hind femur

Present
Cx. vishnui

Absent
1. Cx. gelidus
2. Cx. pseudovishnui
3. Cx. tritaeniorhynchus
4. Cx. whitmorei

Cx. gelidus, Cx. pseudovishnui,


Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. whitmorei

Proboscis with accesssory pale patches

Present Absent
Cx. tritaeniorhynchus 1. Cx. gelidus
2. Cx. pseudovishnui
3. Cx. whitmorei

62 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
Cx. gelidus, Cx. pseudovishnui, Cx. whitmorei
See pattern of scales on mesonotum & scutellum

Cx. gelidus

Cx. whitmorei
Cx. pseudovishnui

Ae. aegypti , Ae. albopictus, Ae. niveus and Ae. vittatus


See thorax

Mesonotum marked with


a pair of lateral curved
white lines Mesonotum with narrow
(Half moon shape) median silvery white line
Ae. aegypti Ae. albopictus Mesonotum with 4 to 6
small white spots Mesonotum covered
Ae. vittatus with white scales
Ae. niveus

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 63
Other important characters for Ae. aegypti , Ae. albopictus,
Ae. vittatus, and Ae. niveus

Hind leg Hind leg

Ae. aegypti Ae. albopictus

Hind leg Hind leg

Ae. vittatus Ae. niveus

64 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
Mansonia
Ma. annulifera, Ma. uniformis and Ma. indiana

Wing with broad, often asymmetrical scales; dark and pale scales intermixed

Mansonia
See mesonotum and scutellum

Mesonotum with 4 round


white spots and mid-mode
of scutellum with broad
white scales
Ma. annulifera Mesonotum marked with
a pair of sublateral greenish
stripes and scutellum black
Mesonotum dark brown
Ma. uniformis with same white scales
scutellum black
Ma. indiana

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 65
Sandfly (Phlebotomus)
identification of genus Phlebotomus, Subgenus Phlebotomus, Euphlebotomus and their
species is based on morphological characters and male or female genitalia

1. Abdominal tergites 2-6, uniformly erect hairs


2. Cibarium without teeth
3. Wings always erect

Subgenus: Phlebotomus Subgenus: Euphlebotomus


1. Terminalia very long. paramere with 1. Style with 5 -6 spines
2 long dorsal processes 2. Coxite with basal process
2. Style long with 5 short spines 3. Paramere with 1-2 ventral process or
3. Coxite with long and thick setae in a tubercle
distal part and very small basal process 4. Short aedeagus with long lateral spine
4. Surstyles with short spines

Coxite style

Sub basal hairy process Spines

Paramere
0.1

Aedeagus
Surstyle
Ejaculatory duct
Ejaculatory pump
Terminalia
Spermatheca
Terminalia

Spermatheca Base of pharynx


Base of pharynx Haltere of male

66 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
Species identification

P. papatasi male/female P. argentipes male/female


1. Distal part of parameres strongly 1. Paramere with 2 ventral long
curved up processes
2. Coxite wide
2. Second dorsal process long and thin.
3. Spermatheca short with about
3. Surstyle with two or three similar
15-17 segment (female)
spines
4. Pharynx with uniform squamae
5. Spermatheca cylindrical (female)

Terminalia Base of pharynx Terminalia


(Female)

50.0
50.0

Cibarium (female) Base of Pharynx Spermatheca


Spermatheca
(female) cylindrical
cylindrical
(female)
(female)

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 67
68
Bionomics of vectors
Knowledge of vector biology plays a very important role in developing cost-effective vector control strategies. Therefore, breeding, resting, feeding
and biting habits of 74 species of mosquitoes and 2 species of sandfly are given in the table below.

S.No Vector Species Breeding Habitats Bionomics


A Vector of malaria (Anopheles)
1 An. aconitus Cultivated rice fields and swampy areas. Other Females feed on humans both inside and outside houses and
natural and human-made larval sites include lakes, in varying proportions, depending on location, generally with
swamps, marshes, flooded grassland, shallow ponds, no strong preference reported. Feeding can occur throughout
ground depressions, pools in rocks, creeks and river the evening, typically beginning at dusk, with the majority of
beds, irrigation channels, fish ponds, roadside storm females feeding on humans before midnight. Common human-
water drains, open ditches and tanks (reservoirs) made resting sites are found in and around animal shelters.
with grassy margins.
2 An. annularis Stagnant water with thick grassy edges in permanent Adults zoophilic, Females enter human dwellings and animal
ponds, ground pits, tanks, swamps, stagnant drains shelters. They are primarily zoophilic but are known to bite
and rice fields. humans even in the presence of cattle.
3 An. argyropus Rice fields and swamps Rest in cattle sheds and houses. It seems to be more attracted to
cattle than human.
4 An. baimaii Rock pools along the banks of thickly shaded streams, in Considered very anthropophilic in their blood feeding
cut bamboo stumps animal footprints, wheels and cart preference and demonstrate both exophagic and endophagic
tracks along paths and roads, animal wallows, seepage behaviors, and in some cases greater tendency toward exophily
pools, shallow streams, ditches, and rice paddies.
5 An. balabacensis Forest inland areas in shaded temporary pools, The biting activity of An. balabacensis is strongly exophagic in
muddy animal wallows and hoof-prints. the mountainous area of Indonesia where biting activity was

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
highest from 19:00 and 21:00 and gradually decreased toward
morning.
6 An. barbirostris Ditches, Ponds, Rice fields, Tyre trail. Females of An. barbirostris s.l. bite humans but generally prefer
to feed on other animals, especially bovids. Feeding apparently
takes place outdoors, but adults have been collected resting
inside houses and animal shelters as well as outside.
7 An. barbumbrosus Partially shaded and sunlit fresh and slowly running Outdoor mosquito species, rarely found indoor places.
water, grass-fringed streams to stagnant water pools
and man-made place like rice fields
S.No Vector Species Breeding Habitats Bionomics
8 An. bengalensis Seepage springs/slow running streams with clear Found at altitudes between 500 m and 2000 m
water, isolated pools along a stream, animal hoof-
prints, bamboo grooves
9 An. cracens Breeds in stagnant (or very slowly flowing) water, Anthropophilic species with peak biting at 1900–2100 hours
such as pools, puddles, small pits , animal footprints,
wheel ruts, hollow logs, streams and even wells in
forests and fruit or rubber plantations.
10 An. crawfordi Marshes and ground pools It is more attracted towards man than monkeys.
11 An. culicifacies fresh (unpolluted) water, artificial water containers Adult biting activity occur during the first half of the night in
and unused swimming pools, river-bed pools, rain cooler months (November-March) and during the second and
water collections, streams, rice- fields, seepage third quarters of the evening in the warmer months (September-
water, borrow pits, irrigation channels. October), although peak biting activity has also been reported
as occurring around 23:00 to midnight. Post-feeding behaviour
of the species showed a higher tendency for resting indoors,
mainly in cattle sheds
12 An. dirus Breeds in small, shallow, usually temporary, mostly Highly anthropophilic, exophagic as well as endophagic, and
shaded bodies of fresh, stagnant (or very slowly exophilic. in Thailand, An. dirus has a tendency to bite between
flowing) water, such as pools, puddles, small pits 20:00 and 23:00
(e.g. gem pits), animal footprints (e.g. elephant
footprints), wheel ruts, hollow logs, streams and
even wells located in primary, secondary evergreen
or deciduous forests, bamboo forests and fruit or
rubber plantations.
13 An. dravidicus Permanent or semi-permanent bodies of clean water Female mosquito is attracted more towards cattle than human.
that are often exposed to direct sunlight, including Peak biting time 18:00-21:00
ponds, lakes, swamps, ditches, wells, different types
of pools i.e. grassy, sandy, ground, flood, stream
14 An. farauti Forest inland areas in shaded temporary pools, An. farauti s.s. readily bites humans. Feeding of An. farauti s.l.
muddy animal wallows and hoof-prints is mainly nocturnal and continues throughout the evening,
however, daytime biting can occur. Females readily attack

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
humans inside and outside houses. Indoor resting behaviour
occurs before and after feeding, but habits are varied.

69
70
S.No Vector Species Breeding Habitats Bionomics
15 An. fluviatilis Slow-flowing streams or river margins, in direct or The most anthropophilic and endophilic species. Biting activity
diffuse sunlight, rice fields, often in low numbers, begins around 19:00 and peaks between 20:00 and 21:00,
possibly washed into the fields from the irrigation but may also occur throughout the night until dawn without an
channels where they tend to be found in higher apparent peak.
densities.
16 An. hackeri Split bamboo, cavities of leaf bases Generally bites macaques, exophilic and early biters
17 An. introlatus Prefers to breed in shaded rocky pools, ground Attracted to monkeys at canopy level compared to humans. Rest
pools, in jungle areas and also breeds in rocky and feed outdoor
stream pools, wheel ruts, hoofprints and elephant
footprints.
18 An. jamesii Prefers to breed mainly in tanks, fallow and growing Rests inside houses and cattle sheds during day time.
rice fields
19 An. jeyporiensis Along margins of slow-moving streams and channels It’s an early biter, generally anthropophilic. The species is found
with grassy edges, pools, ponds, swamps and in large numbers in cattle sheds and to a lesser extent inside
terraced rice fields. houses.
20 An. karwari Shady areas including marshes, small, slow-moving Females are generally anthropophilic. Rests inside houses and
streams, seepages, ground and rock pools, springs, cattle sheds during day time.
and rice fields.
21 An. kochi Breeds in shallow muddy collections of water, The adults rest mainly outdoors. It is found more at night times
ground pools with or without grass, hoof- prints, rice in houses. The female bites man readily.
fields.
22 An. koliensis Forest inland areas in shaded temporary pools, Females are generally strongly anthropophilic although they
muddy animal wallows and hoof-prints also feed on animals (birds, dogs and pigs). This species readily
bites outdoors and freely enter houses to feed but does not rest

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
indoors for long periods of time either before or after feeding,
only rarely being found resting inside dwellings throughout the
evening and/or during the day. Biting occurs throughout the
night both indoors and outdoors with the greatest activity often
occurring later in the evening between midnight and dawn.
S.No Vector Species Breeding Habitats Bionomics
23 An. koreicus Larvae are found more frequently in low mountain It is anthropophilic mosquito species, primarily exophilic.
regions in relatively cool water, such as springs and
stream bed pools.
24 An. latens Ground pools and stream margins, turbid water in Found in forest fringes and dense jungles. Female bites
grounds throughout the night. Peak biting time is from 24:00- 2:00
25 An. lesteri The larvae occur in marshes, ground pools, ponds, Rest in cool and shaded places, and have been collected in cow
rice fields and other impounded waters sheds and houses. Anopheles lesteri populations reach their
peak in August. Regarded as anthropophilic, readily attacks
humans. Peak biting activity is from 22:00 and 23:00
26 An. lindesayi Ground pools, rocky pools in mountain streams, It is a high altitudes species. Adults feed throughout day time.
stream bed pools, paddy fields, rock holes, seepage
pools. Hoofprints, seepage pools in rock with
decaying leaves, grass, muddy pools, truck trail
pools, wooden wells etc.
27 An. macarthuri Breed in clean seepage pools, side pools of the Species is exophilic and exophagy and bites more to animals.
stream, river, roadside pools, elephant foot prints,
flood pools and seepage spring in the forest area.
28 An. maculatus Clear moving water, permanent or semi-permanent Females are more strongly attracted to cattle than humans, but
bodies of clean water that are often exposed to freely bite people both inside and outside houses. Anopheles
direct sunlight, including ponds, lakes, swamps, maculatus early biter and peak occur between 18:00 and
ditches, wells, different types of pools (grassy, sandy, 21:00.
ground, flood, stream), margins along small, slow-
flowing streams, gravel pits along stream margins,
seepages, springs, rice fields
29 An. minimus Breeds in streams, canal with slow running clear and Females of An. minimus mainly bite humans but the degree of
cool water in foothills areas. It also breeds in ditches, anthropophily/zoophily depends on the availability of alternative
channels in tea garden, borrowpits, rice fields and hosts (e.g. cattle). Anopheles minimus tends to bite later, with
seepages. The species prefers to breed in shady peak activity occurring around 22:00
places.

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
71
72
S.No Vector Species Breeding Habitats Bionomics
30 An. nigerrimus Deep, cool, semi-open large bodies of water with It is zoophilic mosquito but bites human also and primarily
some emergent or floating vegetation in open exophilic.
sunlight to moderate shade. Habitats include canals,
large open marshes, large stream pools and rice
fields
31 An. nilgiricus Cement tanks, lakes, mud pools, paddy field, It is a species of high altitudes. Adults feeding throughout day
hoofprints time.
32 An. nitidus Commonly breeds in rice fields, tanks, pits, stream Outdoor resting
pools
33 An. nivipes Marshy lands, Ponds, Rice fields with good Host seeking behaviour relatively high in the early evening and
vegetation then declined, but they increased again in the early morning.
34 An. notanandai Ponds, lakes, swamps, ditches, wells, pools Most commonly attracted to cattles than humans.
35 An. pallidus Stagnant waters, Ditches, Ponds with vegetation, Exhibits opportunistic blood-feeding behavior, in that they
shallow pools in beds of stream. prefer to feed on accessible hosts, either human or animal.
36 An. paraliae Marshes, ground pools, ponds, rice fields and other Forest fringe area. Anthropophilic, readily attacks humans. Peak
impounded waters biting activity is from 22:00 to 23:00
37 An. peditaeniatus Ditches, Ponds, Rice fields, Tyre trail Bites both indoor (20:00-2100 h) and outdoors (18:00-20:00 h)
38 An. philippinensis Marshy lands, Ponds, Rice fields with good An. philippinensis appears to be mostly anthropophilic and
vegetation available in broken forest areas. It’s a mid night biter, mainly
exophagic and exclusively exophilic
39 An. pseudojamesii (An. Rain water pools, tanks and swamps with heavy Rests inside houses and cattle sheds in small numbers. Bites
ramsayi) growth of vegetation between 19:00-21:00 h

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
40 An. pseudowillmori Ground Pools, Streams and Rice Fields. An. pseudowillmori prefers to bite out doors. Biting activity peak
in the mid-night
S.No Vector Species Breeding Habitats Bionomics
41 An. pujutensis Breeds in small, shallow, usually temporary, mostly Highly anthropophilic, exophagic as well as endophagic, and
shaded bodies of fresh, stagnant (or very slowly exophilic. In Thailand, it has a tendency to bite between 20:00
flowing) water, such as pools, puddles, small pits and 23:00
(e.g. gem pits), animal footprints (e.g. elephant
footprints), wheel ruts, hollow logs, streams and
even wells located in primary, secondary evergreen
or deciduous forests, bamboo forests and fruit or
rubber plantations.
42 An. punctulatus Forest inland areas in shaded temporary pools, Females readily attack humans outdoors and also enter houses
muddy animal wallows and hoof-prints in search of hosts. Individuals that feed in houses may rest
indoors for the entire evening and daytime but the vast majority
of females leave before dawn to rest outdoors. Peak activity
occurring around or after midnight in some areas.
43 An. pursati Rice field in plain, but also has many manmade Considered also as an economic pest of cattle because of its
canals and ponds vicious biting-behavior
44 An. sawadwongporni Permanent or semi-permanent bodies of clean water Freely bite human both inside and outside houses. Appear to
that are often exposed to direct sunlight, including be the least zoophilic species and exhibit early biting activity,
ponds, lakes, swamps, ditches peaking between 18:00 and 21:00 h.
45 An. scanloni Standing and slowly moving water in deep forest. Found in evergreen forest, deciduous forest. Highly
Also breeds in pools connected with streams, rock anthropophilic and exophagy and endophagy depend upon
pools, in the bed of rivers, Gem pits, wells in forest area to area. Rest mostly outdoors. Bites in the mid night.
areas
46 An. sinensis Stagnant waters, rice fields and swampy areas, Feed throughout the night, with peak activity apparently
lowland, shallow, fresh-water habitats with emergent occurring at different hours depending on locality. Under
and/or floating vegetation in open agriculture lands normal circumstances, females are predominantly zoophilic and
(mainly rice fields). They also utilise stream margins, exophilic, infrequently biting humans in the presence of their
irrigation ditches, ponds, marshes, swamps, bogs, preferred hosts (buffalo and cattle)
pits, stump ground holes, grassy pools, flood pools,
stream pools, rock pools, seepage- springs and
wheel tracks.

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
73
74
S.No Vector Species Breeding Habitats Bionomics
47 An. sineroides Breeds in ponds and ground pools, also from rock Occurs more frequently at higher elevations than in lowlands.
holes, fresh clean water in well , shaded margins of Bites before mid night.
small streams, ditches and ground pools.
48 An. splendidus Breeds in Hill streams, jungles, ponds, pools with It is found in small numbers in houses and cattle sheds.
algal vegetation and also tanks and lake margins with Primarily a cattle feeder but may occasionally bite man.
vegetation.
49 An. stephensi An. stephensi larvae utilise fresh-water pools, stream Anopheles stephensi is generally considered to be an endophilic
margins and stream beds, catch basins, seepage and endophagic species even though it bites outdoors during
canals, wells and domestic water- storage containers. the warmer/summer months due to greater outdoor activity of
humans and domestic animals.
50 An. subpictus Natural larval habitats include ponds, well, Anopheles subpictus appears overall to exhibit an endophilic
borrowpits, lagoons, shallow ponds, marshes, slow- resting habit. It is generally zoophilic. Bites throughout the night
flowing rivers, natural pools and margins of small but peak biting occurs in early hours i.e. 18:00-20:00 h.
streams, also highly associated with rice fields and
irrigation schemes, etc.
51 An. sundaicus Breeds in natural fresh and brackish water Females are mainly anthropophilic and exhibit both endophagic
impoundments, often with dense aquatic vegetation and exophagic feeding habits. Peak biting activity typically
in coastal areas. occurs between 20:00 and 03:00 depending on locality.
52 An. tessellatus Larval habitats are collections of dirty stagnant water Adults primarily zoophilic but will enter houses to bite man.
in sun or shade.
53 An. theobaldi Found more frequent in streams than still water Females are more strongly attracted to cattle than humans.
54 An. umbrosus Larvae found in still, shaded, dark, acidic water Adults are exophagic and mid night biters.
with emergent vegetation or numerous leaves in the
water. Habitats include freshwater swamps, jungle

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
pools, large isolated stream pools. Swamp forest
edge in ditches with vegetation.
55 An. vagus Breeds in Ditches, Ponds, pools, rainwater An. vagus are zoophilic, exophilic and exophagic in nature. Bites
collection, Rice fields, Tyres, Animal hoof print, early hours i.e. 18:00 - 20:00 h.
Puddle and also breed in muddy water collection.
56 An. varuna Breeds primarily in a natural stream that also Generally regarded as anthropophilic mosquito, readily
doubled as an irrigation conveyance canal, collected in houses and cattle sheds. Indoor biting between mid
streambed pools. night and dawn. Also outdoor resting.
S.No Vector Species Breeding Habitats Bionomics
57 An. willmori Breeds in slow running stream margins, rice fields, Anthropophilic and opportunistic feeding behavior, freely bite
pits and wells people both inside and outside houses. Exhibit early biting
activity
58 An. yatsuschiroensis Paddy fields, irrigation ditches, creeks and so forth; Adult populations are highest in June and October. Peak biting
activity is from 21:00 to 22:00
B. Vectors of Filariasis and Japanese encephalitis (Culex)
59 Cx. bitaeniorhynchus Larvae are restricted to ground water habitats Females are blood feeders of birds and sometimes humans.
containing Spirogyra.
60 Cx. fuscocephala Breeds in ground pools and rice- fields and in highly Bites both human and animal. Rest both outdoor and indoor.
polluted water such as drains, cesspool and bamboo
pits.
61 Cx. gelidus Ground Pools, usually those containing much weed, Females are vicious biters, preferring large domestic animals to
Rice- fields and marshy tracts man
62 Cx. perexiguus Standing water bodies, including container habitats, Believed to feed mainly on birds, females discovered to take
generally away from human habitations, and can bovine blood. Occasionally, females enter houses and bite
tolerate some salinity humans
63 Cx. pseudovishnui Edges of rice fields, puddles, wells Rest in cow sheds and human habitations.
64 Cx. quinquefasciatus Bodies of water containing a high degree of organic Females readily enter houses at night and bite man in
pollution and close to human habitation including preference to other mammals
stagnant drains, cesspools, septic tanks with leaks,
borrow pits
65 Cx. tritaeniorhynchus Ground pools, rice fields, marshes, and small, stable Most abundant in July, August, and September in subtropical
collections of clean water around cultivated fields, and temperate climates. The adult females do not rest in houses
ground pools, ditches or animal shelters in the daytime except in small numbers.
Entry and resting at night in houses and animal shelters have
been observed, but feeding probably takes place most often in
the open. Feeding activity is greatest during the first hour after
sunset.
66 Cx. vishnui Ground Pools, Rice- fields, puddles, ditches, ponds, Females feed primarily on pigs and birds, but in their absence will

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
animal and wheel tracks and salt marshes readily bite man

75
76
S.No Vector Species Breeding Habitats Bionomics
67 Cx. whitmorei Fresh water ground pools, including ditches and Prevalence of adults show a peak usually towards the end of rainy
puddles in rice fields containing numerous grasses season. Adults attracted mainly towards cattles, but also to pigs,
birds and man.
C Vectors of dengue, chikungunya and Zika (Aedes)
68 Ae. aegypti Breeds in areas of stagnant water, containers such Most commonly feed at dusk and dawn, indoors, in shady
as flower vases, uncovered barrels, buckets, and areas, or when the weather is cloudy, they can bite and spread
discarded tyres, overhead tanks, curing tanks and infection all year long and at any time of day. Lifespan of an
toilet tanks and is known as container breeder. adult Ae. aegypti is two to four weeks, eggs can be viable for
over a year in a dry state.
69 Ae. albopictus Tree holes, particles of plants and artificial Typically flies and feeds in the daytime in addition to at dusk
containers, rock holes, hollow bamboo stumps and and dawn. They are strongly attracted to bite humans, but also
leaf axils feed on cats, dogs, squirrels, deer and other mammals, as well
as birds. They bite outdoors and indoors, but are usually found
outside.
70 Ae. vittatus Boats, wells, tree trunks, tree holes, bamboo cups It is a voracious biter of humans
and pots, occasional utensils, rock pools, rock holes,
in pools, in rock outcrops or river beds
71 Ae. niveus Immatures are found in tree holes and bamboo Females are day biter and mostly zoophilic
stumps.
D Vector of Filariasis (Mansonia)
72 Ma. annulifera Pools, permanent marshy area It is an endophilic species, prefer to rest indoor places. Adults
normally active after midnight and before dawn. It shows high
affinity for human biting. The biting tendency is relatively more

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
indoors (endophagic).
73 Ma. indiana Several marshy, water-logged areas suitable for The biting tendency is relatively more indoors (endophagic).
the growth of Pistia stratiotes, Salvinia auriculata, It shows a predilection towards cattle, with varying degrees of
Eichhornia speciosa etc zoophily.
74 Ma. uniformis Open swamps formed when forest is clear in which The biting tendency is outdoors (exophagic) for Ma. uniformis.
the vegetation is dominated by the swamp grasses It shows a predilection towards cattle, with varying degrees of
zoophily.
S.No Vector Species Breeding Habitats Bionomics
E Vector of Leishmaniasis (Phlebotomus)
75 P. argentipes Organic soils at the junction of the floor and walls Bites at night during 9 pm and 1 am with its peak time 11–12
of cattle sheds and earthen houses, mud-plastered pm
walls with cracks, and damp floors in constructions
close to small water bodies and vegetation
76 P. papatasi Rodent burrows, the deep and relatively cool and Have a relatively long flight range and does not always stay near
humid cracks with cut roots and branches between breeding sites
the large cracked soil

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
77
Bibliography

(1) B.K. Tyagi, A. Munirathinam and A. Venkatesh (2015). A catalogue of Indian mosquitoes. International
Journal of Mosquito Research 2 (2): 50-97.
(2) B.N. Nagpal and V.P. Sharma (1995). Indian Anophelines. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi.
(3) Bina Pani Das Dr. (2013). Pictorial key to common species of Culex (Culex) mosquitoes associated with
Japanese encephalitis virus in India. DOI: 10.1007/978-81-322-0861-7_3
(4) Bryan JH (1974). Morphological studies on the Anopheles punctulatus Donitz complex. Trans. R. ent.
Soc. Lond. 125(4), pp. 413-435
(5) Filipe Dantas-Torres, Viviana Domenica Tarallo and Domenico Otranto. Morphological keys for the
identification of Italian phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae). Dantas-Torres
et al. Parasites & Vectors 2014; 7:479.
(6) Glick I Jayson (1992). Illustrated key to the female Anopheles of Southwestern Asia and Egypt
(Diptera:Culicidae)
(7) Lewis, D. J. (1963). Arthropod vectors of public health importance. Bulletin of the World Health
Organization; 29 Suppl:19-24 .http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/266880
(8) Peyton MSG and Scanlon LTC (1966). Illustrated key to the female Anopheles mosquitoes of Thailand.
United States Army Medical, South-East Asia Treaty Organization, Bangkok, Thailand
(9) Rampa Rattanarithikul and Ralph E. Harbach (1990). Anopheles maculatus (Diptera: culicidae from the
type locality of Hong Kong and two new species of maculatus complex from the Philippines. Mosq.
Systematic Vol 22(3):160-183.
(10) Rattanarithikul R and Christopher A. Green (1986). Formal recognition of the species of the Anopheles
maculatus group (Diptera: Culicidae) occurring in Thailand, including the descriptions of two new
species and a preliminary key to females. U.S. Army Medical Component, Department of Entomology,
Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences
(11) Rattanarithikul R, Harrison BA, Harbach RE, Panthusiri P and Coleman RE (2006). Illustrated Keys to
the mosquitoes of Thailand IV. Anopheles. The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public
Health Volume 37 Supplement 2, 2006
(12) Reuben R, Tewari SC, Hiriyan J and Akiyama J (1994). Illustrated keys to species of Culex (Culex)
associated with Japanese encephalitis in Southeast Asia (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics,
26(2):75-96.
(13) Sallum MAMS, Peyton EL, Harrison BA, Wilkerson RC (2005). Revision of the Leucosphyrus group of
Anopheles (Cellia) (Diptera, Culicidae). Rev. Bras. Entomol. Vol 49 suppl.1, Sao Paulo
(14) Tanaka K, Mizusawa K and Saugstad ES (1979). A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes of Japan
(including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara Islands) and Korea. U.S. Army Medical Laboratory,
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(15) World Health Organization. Division of Vector Biology and Control (1989) .Geographical distribution
of arthropod-borne diseases and their principal vectors .Geneva :World Health Organization. http://
www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/60575.

78 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
Glossary
Abdomen The abdomen is composed of 10 segments but externally only eight segments
can be seen, the last two being modified into genital organs

Accessory sector pale spot The group of pale scales sometimes occurring on the radius at or just distad
of the splitting of radius-one and the radial sector

Antennae Antennae are sense organs which arise on the front of the head between
the eyes and consist of a flagellum of 13 flagellomeres in females and 14
flagellomeres in males

Anterior and posterior The areas of the wing enclosed by the branches of veins 2(RS) and 4(M) are
forked cells known as anterior and posterior forked cells respectively

Anthropophillc showing a preference for feeding on man even when non-human hosts are
available. A relative term requiring qualification so as to indicate the extent
of this preference

Apical pale band The pale or the white band which is away from the head, i.e., towards the
distal end

Bands on legs There are two types of bands: (1) very narrow bands confined to the apices,
i.e., towards the tips only and leaving the bases dark and (2) broad bands
spreading across the joints on the bases of the next segment

Basal band third band, which is towards the basal side, is known as the basal or proximal
pale band.

Costa and Subcosta The thickened anterior border of the wing is known as costa and parallel
to it is the subcostal, which fuses the costa in the middle of the anterior
border of the wing.

Ecology The study of the interaction between organisms and their environment

Endophily Tendency of Mosquitoes to rest indoors, whether by day or by night

Exophagy Tendency of mosquitoes to feed outdoors

Exophily Tendency of mosquitoes to rest outdoors, whether by day or by night

Fauna The animal life of a region

Female genitalia Female genitalia have no special characters which can help in the species
identification, but they may be of use in the separation of species belonging
to subgenus Anopheles from subgenus Cellia

Head The head is the smallest part of the mosquito body, is almost spherical, and
is connected to the thorax through a narrow, membranous neck.

Identification The determination of the taxonomic identity of an individual

Key, taxonomic List of distinguishing morphological characters so arranged as to facilitate


identification of species. The commonest form is the dichotomous key, in
which the characters are displayed as pairs of alternatives ("couplets")

Labium The proboscis also consists of a sheath-like structure, known as labium,


enclosing a group of six styles.

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 79
Legs There are three pairs of legs originating from the lower side of the thorax:
the forelegs, midlegs and hindlegs. Each leg consists of conical coxa, a small
hinge-like trochanter, a long femur, a slender tibia, and a five- segmented
tarsus

Longitudinal veins There are six longitudinal veins known as veins 1 (R1), 2{RS), 3{R4 +5),
4(M), 5(Cu) and 6{Anal); Veins 1{R1), 3(R4 + 5). and 6(Anal) are undivided
and veins 2(RS), 4(M), and 5(Cu) are bifurcated and their numbers designated
2{RS). 2.1(R2), 2.2(R3), 4(M), 4.1{M1). 4.2(M2), 5(Cu), 5.1(Cu1), 5.2{Cu2).
Veins 2(RS) and 4(M) and subcosta are concave and prominent on the
under surface of the wing and veins 1 (R1), 3{R4 + 5). 5(Cu). and 6(Anal)

Male genitalia The male genitalia is also known as external genitalia, terminalia, or
hypopygium-a copulatory apparatus

Palpi A pair of palpi arises from the lower front margin of the head near the either
side of proboscis.

Pre-apical dark band The dark band between the apical and subapical pale bands is known as
the pre-apical dark band or intervening dark band.

Pre-sector dark spot The group of dark scales occurring between the presector pale and sector
pale spots

Proboscis The proboscis projects downwards and forwards from the lower front
margin of the head and generally is continuously dark in colour, except the
labellum, which is light yellow

Pupa Stage between the larva and the imago in the development of the mosquito,
during which it is aquatic and active but does not feed. When the larva
undergoes metamorphosis into a pupa ("pupation") the fourth and last larval
skin is cast off.

Resistance 1. Ability of a parasite strain to multiply or to survive in the presence of


concentration of a drug that normally destroy parasites of the same
species or prevent their multiplication. Such resistance may be relative
(yielding to increased doses of the drug tolerated by the host.)
2. Ability in population of insects to tolerate doses of an insecticide which
would prove lethal to the majority of individuals in a normal population
of the same species; developed as a result of selection pressure by the
insecticide. Simultaneous resistance to one or more insecticides of two
different group is known as double insecticide resistance (not to be
confused with insecticide cross-resistance)

Species Group of organisms capable of exchanging genetic material with one


another and incapable, by reason of their genetic constitution, of exchanging
such material with any other group of organisms. The limits of species are
indicated by the comparative study of morphological and other characters

Speckling in legs Presence of scattered and irregular patches of pale spot on the femur, tibia
and some tarsal segments

80 Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region
Susceptibility 1. Liability in a population of insects to be killed by a particular insecticide.
The average susceptibility of a species or population of mosquitoes is
usually measured in terms of the median lethal concentration (LC50).
2. Liability of species of mosquito to become infected when fed on a person
known to be infectious; usually measured in relation to the liability of
infection of another species fed at the same time on the same person
3. Liability of a person to become infected. The lower the immunity, the
higher the susceptibility

Systematics The science dealing with the diversity of organisms

Taxonomy The theory and practice of classifying organisms

Tergites and sternites The dorsal part of the abdomen is called dorsum and the segments are
known as tergites; the ventral side is known as venter and segments are
called sternites

Thorax The thorax is the middle part of the body. It bears two pairs of wings and
three pairs of legs and has three distinct parts-pronotum, scutum, and
metanotum-each part consisting of one pair of legs

Vector In malaria, any species of mosquito in which the Plasmodium completes its
sexual cycle in nature and which is thus able to transmit the disease

Vector principal Species mainly responsible for transmitting malaria in any particular
circumstance. Principal vector may overlap or may alternate seasonally

Vector, secondary Species thought to play a minor role in transmission in association with a
principal vector and to be capable of maintaining malaria at a reduced level
in the absence of the latter.

Wings A pair of wings arises from the scutum and bears a number of important
characters which help to identify the subgenus and species.

Zoophilic Term applied to mosquitoes showing a relative preference for non- human
blood even when human hosts are really available

Pictorial identification key of important disease vectors in the WHO South-East Asia Region 81
Pictorial identification key
of important disease vectors in
the WHO South-East Asia Region

2020

9 789290 227588

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