Institute of chemical and environmental engineering

Lab Report

Particulate Technology Lab (CHEN-1204)

Submitted To:
Engr. Makhdoom Jawad Ullah Hashmi

Submitted By:

Muhammad Adan Ali

Registration No.

CHEN221101002

Semester: 2nd

Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and

Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan

Submitted Date
19th June 2023
 SR.NO NAME OF EQUIPMENTS

01 Sedimentation Apparatus

02 Hammer Mill

03 End Runner Mill

04 Edge Runner Mill

05 Jaw Crusher

06 Sieve Shaker

07 Magnetic Separator

08 Oil Expeller

09 Paddle Mixer

10 Kneader Mixer

11 Ball Mill
 Weekly Lab Plan

Week Lab Sessions

01 Introduction to Particulate Technology Lab and study the mechanism of size reduction and
different laws of particulate technology + Lab layout
02 To observe the sedimentation rate of Sand CLO-2
03 To observe the sedimentation rate of Bricks powder and Clay CLO-2
04 To perform the particle size distribution of brick powder in Sieve Shaker CLO-1

05
To perform the particle size distribution of product (clay) of End Runner Mill. CLO-1

06
To perform the particle size distribution of product (clay) of Edge Runner Mill CLO-1

07
To perform the particle size distribution of milled brick pieces in Hammer Mill CLO-1

08
To demonstrate the working and the function of various parts of Ball Mill CLO-2

09 To observe the time of complete mixing for the paste of sand and salt in the ratio of 10:1
using Kneader Mixer CLO-1
10 To notice the effect of drum rotation speed on the efficiency of separation in Magnetic
Separator CLO-1

11 To Notice the effect of Mass flow rate of feed on the efficiency of separation in Magnetic
Separator CLO-1

12 To find the oil yield percentage from different sample using Oil Expeller CLO-2

13 To perform the particle size distribution of bricks in Jaw Crusher. CLO-1

14
To formulate the energy required to mix sand and salt in the ratio 30:1 using Paddle Mixer
CLO-2

15 Quiz / Open-Ended Lab CLO-2

16 Viva Voice
 CLOs vs PLOs

Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)

CLO Description Domain/level PLO
CLO-1 Distinguish among various particle size reduction, unit P-1 PLO-1
operations based on their respective applications to practical
chemical engineering problems.
CLO-2 Explain different unit operations that are being used on an P-2 PLO-2
Industrial scale.

Lab Rubrics for Particulate Technology Lab

Scale Criteria 1 Criteria 2 Criteria 3 Criteria 4

Following Interaction with Results recording Q & A (Level of

procedure and group/Teamwork and understanding)
lab techniques Calculations
Outstanding Demonstrates Shows outstanding Able to perform Student
(9-10 superb leadership measurements demonstrates full
Marks) knowledge of qualities through and calculations knowledge by
lab procedures. shared accurately and answering
Measurements, participation and perfectly. question with
skills, or respect for others; explanation
techniques are keeps others on and elaboration,
both accurate task, managing without
and precise and time; Assumes referring to notes
may show responsibility for
innovation. effective functioning
of the group.

Excellent Demonstrates Very good Student has Student is at ease

(7-8 Marks) sound participation; is correctly with expected
knowledge of respectful of measured all answer to
lab procedures. others and their parameters; question, with
Measurements, point of view; calculations done elaboration
skills, or makes sure that accordingly. but reading from
techniques are everyone gets a notes
accurate with turn
reasonable
precision.
Good Demonstrates Good Student has Student is
(5-6 Marks) good knowledge participation; correctly uncomfortable
 of lab appears interested; measured most of with information
procedures. enthusiastic but the parameters, and is
Measurements, talks over and some able to answer the
skills, or teammates or may parameters question,
techniques are "hog" tasks; tries incorrectly; without
mostly accurate. to help group performed elaboration and
complete tasks; calculations without referring
correctly. to notes
Fair Demonstrates Minimal Student has Student has little
(3-4 Marks) general participation; performed grasp of
knowledge of Shows little incorrect information;
lab procedures. interest; doesn't measurement of student
Has some ideas pay attention to relevant answer the
of what to do. other group parameters and question about
Measurements, members; may performed subject, without
skills, or argue to get point calculations with elaboration
techniques are across; helps errors. but reading from
somewhat group only when the notes
inaccurate and asked;
very imprecise.

Poor Lacks the No participation; Student was Student does not

(1-2 Marks) appropriate sits on the unable to have grasp of
knowledge of the sidelines with no identify/measure information;
lab procedures. interaction; poor relevant student cannot
Has no idea what teamwork parameters; and answer question
to do.
perform about subject.
Measurements,
calculations.
skills, or
techniques are
incomplete,
inaccurate
and/or imprecise.
 Lab Session 1
Safety Rules

• Eating, drinking, smoking or use of cell phones is strictly prohibited inside the
laboratory. Use of laptops and tablets is only allowed for educational purposes. The
working area is to be kept clean and free of personal belongings.
• Proper clothes and shoes must be worn in the laboratory. Long hair should be restrained
to prevent contact with the moving parts.
• Be familiar with the location and use of the First Aid Kit, Fire Alarm and Fire
Extinguisher.

• Safety goggles and hearing protections must be worn at all times, when appropriate.

• No laboratory experiment will be performed without the Laboratory Instructor.

• Before the lab equipment is switched on, valves and tubing connections should first be
checked by the Lab Instructor. Similarly, follow the standard procedure to shut down and
switch off the lab equipment.
• Lab Equipment found to be faulty in any way should be reported immediately and should
not be used until it is inspected and declared safe. Do not use the damaged tubing, broken
clamps or unauthorized accessories. Inform the instructor about such damaged
components.
• Use extension cords only when necessary and only on a temporary basis

• Know the correct handling procedures for lab equipment, measuring instruments and
accessories.
• Never make any changes to the operating procedures of the lab equipment. Always
follow the standard operating procedure as mentioned in the lab manual.
• Avoid filling water in the tanks of hydraulic bench when the equipment is in operation.

• Do not splash water to the electrical connections of the lab equipment to avoid electrical
hazards. Keep the floor and equipment dry at all times.
• Immediately attend to spills of water and notify other students of the potential slipping
hazards
 General Rules

• You must attend and complete all the experiments. Be on time.

• Read the lab manual carefully to understand the objectives of the experiment and the
procedure to perform the experiment beforehand.
• Follow the lab syllabus and prepare the practical notebook according to the established
format.
• Complete any required pre-lab exercises before you come to the lab. If you come
prepared to the lab, it will also take you less time to complete an experiment.
• Always bring a hard copy of the lab manual with you.

• A make-up lab on a later date will be conducted in case of public holiday or an official
university activity.
• In case of an absence from the lab with the prior intimation or an official excuse, you will
be allowed to perform the missed experiment in the make-up lab. But no special make-up
lab will be organized to cater personal demands.
• There will be no make up for any experiment you have missed unless you have an official
excuse.
• After you complete an experiment, you must disconnect the pressure tubing and other
accessories. Place the accessories and measuring instruments in their original places or
hand it over to the lab technician. Non-compliance may result in grade penalties.
• Practical notebook must be prepared according to the required format.

• Lab report written in the practical notebook must be evaluated from the lab instructor no
later than one week after the experiment.
• Experiments will be performed in a group of not more than 5-6 students.

• Each student will write his practical notebook individually but the students will perform
the experiment and complete the results in groups.
• Any groups involved in copying the contents of and/or lab results will receive zero grade.
Those sharing their results or practical notebook with other groups will also receive zero
grades.
Unit Operation and Unit Process

Chemical engineering may broadly be divided into two separate classes namely unit operation
and unit processes. In Chemical and Petrochemical industry there are various process steps that
are integrated to perform a required task these steps are reactions as well as some physical
operations such as Distillation, Evaporation and Drying etc. Such physical operations in which
no chemical change occurs are termed as unit operations A Unit Process involves a chemical
change and it is essentially single class of chemical reactions. Examples are Nitration,
Alkylation, Sulphonation, Hydrogenation and Isomerization.

What is process diagram and its importance?

If you visit any manufacturing plant for the first time and ask any question about the process
running in the plant, the first advice or answer that you would get is to refer two different types
of documents. These two documents are called process flow diagrams commonly called PFD and
the piping and instrumentation diagram commonly called P &IDs. Every aspect of the process
running in the plant and the entire plant itself is discussed in these two documents using various
standard symbols. There is a basic difference between the two after mentioned documents’
thorough understanding of the process plant can be gained by referring to both these documents
without which it would be difficult to make sense of what is going on in the plant.

Block diagram

A sequence of blocks (shapes like rectangles, squares and circles) connected by lines
constituents a block diagram.in process design applications, the blocks themselves represent unit
operation and unit processes occurring in a process under consideration. The lines are flow lines
that represent input and output streams. Only crucial information such as conversion, product
purity and important flow valves are provided. The diagram provides a useful starting
information upon which the corresponding process flow diagram can be developed

Process flow diagram

Unlike the blocks in a block diagram, a series of flow sheet symbols are connected with flow
lines. Every major process equipment such as reactor, distillation column, exchanger,
compressor etc. is shown on the diagram. Each of the process equipment’s is named and allotted
a specific equipment no. (Tag). Each of the process equipment’s is named and allotted a specific
equipment no. (Tag) according to the area in which it is located. Flow lines are numbered and
necessary information regarding stream flow rate, composition, temperature and pressure of each
flow lines is provided either on a separate sheet or on the same sheet (diagram).some basic
control loops are also shown on the diagram. Utility streams for the major equipment’s are
shown.

Piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID)

It provides the information about the mechanical details of a process. Each of the process
equipment’s is shown. Information about pipe size, pipe material of construction and insulation
is also provided. Detailed instrumentation and control loops are a part of P&ID, However, it does
not provide information about equipment’s layout, fittings and process conditions (temperature,
pressure and flow rates)

Define size reduction

Size reduction is the operation carried out for reducing the size of bigger particles into smaller
one of desired size and shape with the help of external forces.

Figure: Large size particles break down into small size particles

Objective of size reduction

 Increase the surface area because, in most reactions involving solid particles, the rate of
Reactions is directly proportional to the area of contact with a second phase.

 Achieve intimate mixing

 To improve the handling characteristics
 To dispose solid waste easily
  Break a material into very small particles in order to separate the valuable amongst the
two constituents

Advantages

 Content uniformity
 Uniform flow

 Effective drying
 Increase surface area or viscosity
 Uniform mixing and drying
 Improve rate of absorption, smaller the particles greater is absorption

Disadvantages

 Drug degradation
 Contamination
Mechanism of size reduction

Compression

In this mode material is crushed between rollers by the application of pressure

Impact

Particle size reduced by a single rigid force (hammer)

Attrition

Arising from particles scrapping against one another or against a rigid surface by rubbing action
Cutting

Materials is cut by means of sharp blades

Define Particle

A minute quantity of matter usually of a solid. Often the terms particles and solid particles are
interchangeable.
Mesh no.

A measure of fineness of a mesh: the numerical value indicates the number of openings per
linear inch. The smaller the mesh number, the larger particles can pass through the mesh.

Mesh No. of S
 Lab Session 02
Objective:

To observe the sedimentation rate of Sand

Apparatus:

Sedimentation study apparatus, stop watch, sand, weight balance, measuring cylinder

Theory:

The bench-top sedimentation studies

apparatus has been designed to allow
students to study the different characteristics
of sedimentation. The unit consist five equal
sized acrylic / glass cylinders mounted on a
vertical back-panel, which is illuminated
from behind. Measuring scales are provided
for each of cylinders to measure the
suspension height. Each of cylinders may be
removed from the board of fitting and the
mixing of solid particles as well as for
cleaning. It is a process of separating
suspended solids from a suspension and defined as the settling of solid particles under the
influence of gravity. Sedimentation is a process used widely in the clarification of water and
waste water. Particles settle from suspension in different ways, depending on the
concentration of the suspension and the characteristics of the particles. The simplest type of
sedimentation is the settling of a dilute suspension of particles that have little or no tendency
to flocculate. For higher concentrations where inter-particle effects become significant and
where agglomeration may take place, different regimes of settling rate occur, known as
‘zone’ settling.

Zones of sedimentation

During the course of sedimentation of solids present in a slurry, three separate zones may be
observed which are known as zones of sedimentation. Taking a slurry of solid particles in a
vertical cylinder, after the elapse of some time, three distinct zones may be appeared. The top
zone is the clear or hazy liquid, the middle zone is the slurry or settling zone and the bottom
zone is the concentrated sludge or compression zone.
Coagulation:

The process in which the charged forces of water and suspended colloidal particles are
destabilized and particles are allowed to attach each other. Solids are removed by (settling)
followed by Small particles are not removed efficiently by sedimentation because they settle
too slowly; they may also pass through filters. They would be easier to remove if they
clumped together (coagulated) to form larger particles, but they don't because they have a
negative charge and repel each other. In coagulation we add a chemical such as which
produces positive charges to neutralize the negative charges on the particles. Then the
particles can stick together, forming larger particles which are more easily removed. The
coagulation process involves the addition of the chemical (e.g. alum) and then a rapid mixing
to dissolve the chemical and distribute it evenly throughout the water.
Flocculation:

Is different than coagulation in that it increases the rate of attachment of particles to increase
the size of the particles and hence to increase the rate of settling.

Scaling:

If the different parts of a map, drawing, or model are to scale, they are the right size in
relation to each other.

Corrosion:
Corrosion is a natural process that converts a refined metal into a more chemically stable
form such as oxide, hydroxide, or sulfide. It is the gradual destruction of materials (usually a
metal) by chemical and/or electrochemical reaction with their environment.

Sludge:

Sludge is a semi-solid slurry that can be produced from a range of industrial processes, from
water treatment, wastewater treatment or on-site sanitation systems.

Erosion:

In earth science, erosion is the action of surface processes (such as water flow or wind) that
removes soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth's crust, and then
transports it to another location (not to be confused with weathering which involves no
movement).

Procedure:

Take 5 liters of water in the sedimentation tube.

Then add 250gm of sand in the tube.

Now place the tube in sedimentation apparatus

Note the height of sand in the tube as it settles to bottom after every 5 sec.

Observations and Calculations:

Initial Height = cm

Time = sec

Mass of sand = gram

Water = Liter
Sr. No Height (cm) Time (sec)

GRAPH:

Learning Outcomes:

Do it yourself
Briefly Explain the sedimentation process. Also mention the daily life examples and
applications of sedimentation process
 Lab Session 03
Objective:

To observe the sedimentation rate of Bricks powder and Clay

Apparatus:

Sedimentation study apparatus, stop watch, brick powder, weight balance, measuring cylinder
Theory:

The bench-top sedimentation studies apparatus

has been designed to allow students to study the
different characteristics of sedimentation. The
unit consist five equal sized acrylic / glass
cylinders mounted on a vertical back-panel,
which is illuminated from behind. Measuring
scales are provided for each of cylinders to
measure the suspension height. Each of
cylinders may be removed from the board of
fitting and the mixing of solid particles as well
as for cleaning. It is a process of separating
suspended solids from a suspension and defined
as the settling of solid particles under the
influence of gravity. Sedimentation is a process
used widely in the clarification of water and waste water. Particles settle from suspension in
different ways, depending on the concentration of the suspension and the characteristics of
the particles. The simplest type of sedimentation is the settling of a dilute suspension of
particles that have little or no tendency to flocculate. For higher concentrations where inter-
particle effects become significant and where agglomeration may take place, different
regimes of settling rate occur, known as ‘zone’ settling.
Zones of sedimentation

During the course of sedimentation of solids present in a slurry, three separate zones may be
observed which are known as zones of sedimentation. Taking a slurry of solid particles in a
vertical cylinder, after the elapse of some time, three distinct zones may be appeared. The top
zone is the clear or hazy liquid, the middle zone is the slurry or settling zone and the bottom
zone is the concentrated sludge or compression zone.

Coagulation:
The process in which the charged forces of water and suspended colloidal particles are
destabilized and particles are allowed to attach each other. Solids are removed by (settling)
followed Small particles are not removed efficiently by sedimentation because they settle too
slowly; they may also pass through filters. They would be easier to remove if they clumped
together (coagulated) to form larger particles, but they don't because they have a negative
charge and repel each other. In coagulation we add a chemical such as which produces
positive charges to neutralize the negative charges on the particles. Then the particles can
stick together, forming larger particles which are more easily removed. The coagulation
process involves the addition of the chemical (e.g. alum) and then a rapid mixing to dissolve
the chemical and distribute it evenly throughout the water.
Flocculation:

Is different than coagulation in that it increases the rate of attachment of particles to increase
the size of the particles and hence to increase the rate of settling.

Scaling:

If the different parts of a map, drawing, or model are to scale, they are the right size in relation to
each other.
Corrosion:
Corrosion is a natural process that converts a refined metal into a more chemically stable
form such as oxide, hydroxide, or sulfide. It is the gradual destruction of materials (usually a
metal) by chemical and/or electrochemical reaction with their environment.

Sludge:

Sludge is a semi-solid slurry that can be produced from a range of industrial processes, from
water treatment, wastewater treatment or on-site sanitation systems.

Erosion:

In earth science, erosion is the action of surface processes (such as water flow or wind) that
removes soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth's crust, and then
transports it to another location (not to be confused with weathering which involves no
movement)

Procedure:

I take 5 liters of water in the sedimentation tube

I then add 250gm of brick powder in the tube
I now place the tube in sedimentation apparatus
I note the height of brick powder in the tube as it settles to bottom after every 5 sec

Observations and Calculations:

Initial Height = cm

Time = sec

Mass of brick powder = gram

Water = Liter
 Sr. No Height (cm) Time (sec)

Graph:

Learning Outcomes:
 Lab Session 04
Objective:

To perform the particle size distribution of brick powder in Sieve Shaker CLO-1

Apparatus:

Sieve shaker, sieves, stop watch and scale.

Theory:

Particle characterization:

Particle characterization is the process of identifying various particles by particle shape, size,
surface properties, charge properties, mechanical properties, and microstructure. There is a
broad range of commercially available particle characterization techniques that can be used to
measure particulate samples.

Particle size distribution:

A wide range of particle size analysis equipment to help you find better solutions for particle
size analysis work. We use advanced, scientific approaches, collaborate extensively with
global research leaders in academia, government and industry to answer questions at the
leading edge of particle sizing research. We carry out every production step under our own
roof, including key components manufacturing and automated assembly, to anticipate
possible failures or manufacturing problems.
Quality is at the core of the way we do
business, and is constantly verified by our
customers and partners. The latest technology
and strict quality control system enable our
particle size, image particle size analyzer,
powder physical properties tester, tapped
density. To operate trouble-free on average for
more than 1,000 days. For more than 20 years,
we have delivered excellence to our business
partners. Now, our ambition is to become the
leader in particle sizing and powder characterization field, offer top quality particle size
analysis machine, to support companies and laboratories worldwide.
Procedure:

1. I take 1 kg of feed.
2. I arrange the screens in order of decreasing aperture.
3. I drop the weighed sample on the top most screen.
4. I vibrate the screens for about 20 minutes
5. I than note the mass retained on each sieve then calculate the mass fraction

Observations and Calculations:

Feed taken =

Mass obtained=

Mesh no. (mm) Mass retained Recovery % Cumulative MF

(gram)
4
25
50
80
PAN
Total

Graph:
Learning Outcomes:

Do it yourself

 What is size distribution?

 What is sieve shaker?
 Define Mesh No.
 Enlist some applications of sieve shaker
 Lab Session 05
Objective:

To perform the particle size distribution of product (clay) of End Runner Mill.

Apparatus:

End runner mill, stop watch, scale, set of sieves.

Theory:

Components of the End runner mill

The unit comes complete with the following

Main components:
(i) Pestle
An implement used since ancient times
to prepare ingredients or substances by
crushing and grinding them in to a fine
paste or powder
(ii) Mortar
An implement used since ancient times
to prepare ingredients or substances by
crushing and grinding them into a fine
paste or powder in the kitchen, medicine
and pharmacy. The pestle is a heavy and
blunt club-shaped object. The mortar is a
bowl, typically made of hard wood,
metal, ceramic, or hard stone, such as
granite.
(iii) Shaft
A shaft is a rotating machine element, usually circular in cross section, which is used to
transmit power from one part to another, or from a machine which produces power to a
Machine which absorbs power. They are mainly classified into two types. Transmission shafts
are used to transmit power between the source and the Machine shafts are the integral part of
the machine itself; e. g. crankshaft.
 (iv) Scrappers
Scrapers are used for moving or removing dirt, gravel and any other unnecessary material
from the surface. In edge milling Scrappers and ploughs are provided for directing the mass
into the path of the rollers.
(v) Flange plate
A flange is a projecting edge on an object. Its purpose is to strengthen the object or to connect
it an object. A projecting disc-shaped collar or rim on an object for locating or strengthening
it or for attaching it to another object.
(vi) Beveled cog fitting
Bevel gears are gears where the axes of the two shafts intersect and the tooth-bearing faces of
the gears they are conically shaped. Bevel gears are most often mounted on shafts that are 90
degrees apart, but can be designed to work at other angles as well. The pitch surface of bevel
gears is a cone.
(vii) Bed
It is the main body of the machine. All main components are bolted on it. It is usually made
by cast iron due to its high compressive strength and high lubrication quality. It is made by
casting process and bolted on floor space.
(viii) Base
Base is the main casting that supports all other parts of edge milling machine. Bases are
supporting devices that function as a stable foundation for mounting different tools,
instruments, and equipment.
(ix) Material
Material is a broad term for a chemical substance or mixture of substances that constitute a
thing.
Summary of Theory:
Basic Principle
The principles of size reduction applied by these mills are crushing due to heavy weight of
the stones or metal and shearing force which is as a result of movement of these stones or in
the End-runner mill, a weighted pestle is turned by the friction of material passing beneath it
as the mortar rotates under powder. The Edge-runner mill has the paste equivalent mounted
horizontally and rotating against a bed of powders.
Other Purpose:
It can als0 use in mixing of foundry chemicals, pastes, molding stand, and foundry fluxes,
food colors etc. Edge Runner Machine is excellent where an amount of binder of agglomerate
is to blended into the material. Also used for identification of the mix. The pan is stationery
inside which rotate duty millers/rollers. The heavy wide rollers ride over the material where
intensive crushing, shearing, and mixing section takes place.
Procedure:
I start the mill.
I insert the feed inside hopper.
I turn on the hammer mill and open the trap door of hammer mill.
At the end of the milling I draw the sample from product.
Observation and Calculation:

Mass of brick particles feed to hopper

Mass of product obtained
% product recovery
Feed Taken.

Mesh no. (mm) Mass retained (gram) Recovery % Cumulative MF

4
25
50
80
PAN
Total
Graph:

Learning Outcome:

 Size Reduction Process.

 Particle Size Distribution.

Do it yourself
Explain the basic parts and working principle of End runner mill.
 Lab Session 06
Objective:
To perform the particle size distribution of product (clay) of Edge Runner Mill

Apparatus:

Edge runner mill, stop watch, scale, set of sieves.

Theory:

Construction:

In the edge runner mill shown in

Figure a heavy cast iron or granite
wheel, or Muller as it is called, is
mounted on a horizontal shaft which
is rotated in a horizontal plane in a
heavy pan. Alternatively, the Muller
remains stationary and the pan is
rotated, and in some cases the mill
incorporates two material is fed to
this worked outwards by the action
of a scraper continuously removes
material that has adhered to the sides
of the pan, and returns it to the
crushing zone. In many models the outer rim of the bottom of the pan is perforated, so that
the product may be removed continuously as soon as its size has been sufficiently reduced.
The mill may be operated wet or dry and it is used extensively for the grinding of paints,
clays and sticky materials.
Working Principal:
The pestle rotates by friction and is free to rise and fall in the mortar so that its grinding action
involves both impact and shear, the material being crushed and rubbed between it and the
rotating mortar.
Application:
An edge mill is a mill used for crushing or grinding in which stones roll around on
their edges on a level circular bed. When the millstones were replaced with iron or steel disks
in the 19th century, they were known as a Chilean mill. It is used for milling ore and as an
oil mill.

Procedure:

 I start the mill.

 I insert the feed inside hopper.
 I turn on the hammer mill and open the trap door of hammer mill.
 At the end of the milling I draw the sample from product.

Figure:

Observations and Calculations:

Mass of brick particles feed to hopper

Mass of product obtained
% product recovery
Feed Taken.

Mesh no. (mm) Mass retained Recovery % Cumulative MF

(gram)
4
25
50
80
PAN
Total

Graph:

Learning Outcomes:

 Size Reduction Process.

 Particle Size Distribution

Do it yourself
Briefly explain the basic parts and working principle of Edge runner mill. Also mention it
applications

Lab Session 07
Objective:

To perform the particle size distribution of milled brick pieces in Hammer Mill

Apparatus:

Hammer mill, stop watch, scale, set of sieves.

Theory:

Construction:

The hammer mill is an impact mill employing a

high-speed rotating disc, to which are fixed
a number of hammer bars which are swung
outwards by centrifugal force. Material is fed in,
either at the top or at the center and it is thrown
out centrifugally and crushed by being beaten
between the hammer bars, or against breaker
plates fixed around the periphery of the
cylindrical casing. The material is beaten until it
is small enough to fall through the
screen which forms the lower portion of the
casing. Since the hammer bars are hinged, the presence of any hard material does not cause
damage to the equipment. The bars are readily replaced when they are worn out. The machine
is suitable for the crushing of both brittle and fibrous materials, and, in the latter case, it is
usual to employ.

Working Principle:

The basic principle is straightforward. A hammer mill is essentially a steel drum containing a
vertical or horizontal rotating shaft or drum on which hammers are mounted. The material is
impacted by the hammer bars and is thereby shredded and expelled through screens in the
drum of a selected size

Application:

A hammer mill is a mill whose purpose is to shred or crush aggregate material into smaller
pieces by the repeated blows of little hammers. These machines have many sorts
of applications in many industries, including: Ethanol plants (grains) a farm machine,
which mills grain into coarse flour to be fed to livestock

Procedure:

 I start the mill.

 I insert the feed inside hopper.
 I turn on the hammer mill and open the trap door of hammer mill.
 At the end of the milling I draw the sample from product.

Calculations and Observations:

Mass of brick particles feed to hopper

Mass of product obtained
% product recovery
Feed Taken.
 Mesh no. (mm) Mass retained Recovery % Cumulative MF
(gram)
4
25
50
80
PAN
Total

Graph:

Learning Outcome:

 Size Reduction Process.

 Particle Size Distribution

Do it yourself
Explain the basic parts and working principle of hammer mill along with applications.
 Lab Session 08
Objective:

To perform the particle size distribution of bricks in Ball Mill.

Apparatus

Ball Mill, scale, stop watch, plastic tub, and set of sieves.

Theory:

 Ball Mill: A ball mill consists of a hollow

cylindrical shell rotating about its axis. The
axis of the shell may be either horizontal or
at a small angle to the horizontal. It is
partially filled with balls. The grinding
media are the balls, which may be made of
steel (chrome steel), stainless steel, ceramic,
or rubber. The inner surface of the
cylindrical shell is usually lined with an
abrasion-resistant material such
as manganese steel or rubber lining. Less
wear takes place in rubber lined mills. The
length of the mill is approximately equal to its diameter.
 Working Principle: A Ball Mill grinds material by rotating a cylinder with steel
grinding balls, causing the balls to fall back into the cylinder and onto the material to
be ground. The rotation is usually between 4 to 20 revolutions per minute, depending
upon the diameter of the mill. The larger the diameter, the slower the rotation.
 Parts of Ball Mill:
There are the following parts of ball mill:
 Cylinder:
 A slightly inclined or horizontal rotating cylinder is partially filled with balls, usually
stone or metal, which grind material to the necessary fineness by friction and impact
with the tumbling balls. Ball mills normally operate with an approximate ball charge

of 30%.
 Inlet:
Crushed ore is fed to the ball mill through the inlet. A scoop ensures the feed to the
mill is constant.
 Discharge:
Reduced feed exits the mill through the discharge.
 Ring Gear:
A gear ring installed on the outer periphery of the drum.
 Electric Motor:
A motor used to rotate the drum. The motor drive train leads to a gearbox than a ring
gear. The motor is usually fitted with a variable speed drive (VSD) to control the rpm
of the ball mill.
 Gearbox:
Used for speed reduction from the motor to the ball mill.
 Balls:
Usually manufactured from manganese alloy steel, but the material depends upon for
what material the mill will grind (chrome steel alloy and rubber also available). The
 size of the balls depends upon the size of the drum, typical ball sizes are two to three
inches in diameter (four-inch balls are also possible).
 Bearings:
Smaller ball mills use anti-friction cylindrical roller bearings. Larger ball mills
use turn-on bearings.

 Critical Speed: Critical speed is defined as the point at which the centrifugal force
applied to the grinding mill charge is equal to the force of gravity. At critical speed,
the grinding mill charge clings to the mill inner surface and does not tumble. Most
ball mills operate at approximately 75% critical speed, as this is determined to be
the optimum speed. The true optimum speed depends upon the drum diameter. Larger
drum diameters operate at lower than 75% critical speed whilst smaller drum
diameters operate at higher than 75% critical speed.

 Advantages: Ball milling boasts several advantages over other systems: the cost of
installation and grinding medium is low; the capacity and fineness can be adjusted by
adjusting the diameter of the ball; it is suitable for both batch and continuous
operation, similarly it is suitable for open as well as closed circuit grinding and is
applicable for materials of all degrees of hardness.
 Disadvantages of Ball Mills: Contamination of product may occur as a result of
wear and tear which occurs principally from the balls and partially from the casing.
High machine noise level especially if the hollow cylinder is made of metal, but much
less if rubber is used.
 Applications: Ball mills are used for grinding materials such as coal, pigments, and
feldspar for pottery. Grinding can be carried out either wet or dry but the former is
performed at low speed.
 Sieving, screening and characterization of products.
 Operation and working principle of ball mill.
 Critical speed of ball mill.
Procedure:

1. I took the 15 kgs. Weigh of red bricks.

2. Switch on the Ball Mill and note time required for 2 revolutions in unloaded condition.
3. Feed the Ball Mill and note time required for same number of revolutions as well as total
time of grinding the whole feed.
4. Switch off the Ball Mill immediately after finishing the grinding operation.
5. Took known weight of the product and sieve it using set of sieves by sieve shaker.
6. Weigh the mass retained on each sieve and find mass fraction.
7. Plot the required graph.

Observations and Calculations:

Mesh no. (mm) Mass retained Recovery % Cumulative MF

(gram)
4
25
50
80
PAN
Total

Graph:
Learning Outcomes:

After working on ball mill, I learn about the following:

 Working principle of ball mill.

 Parts of ball mill.
 Advantages & Disadvantages of ball mill
 Industrial applications.
 I analyze the comparison between the feed and product size of ball mill.

Do it yourself

 Explain the construction and working principle of Ball mill

 What are advantages and disadvantages of ball mill
 Enlist some applications of ball mill
 Lab Session 09

Objective:

To observe the time of complete mixing for the paste of sand and salt in the ratio of 10:1
using Kneader Mixer CLO-1

Apparatus:

Kneader mixer, scale, stop watch, plastic tub, sand and salt, burette and pipette, HCl.

Theory:

Mixing:

Mixing is a general term that includes stirring, beating, blending, binding, creaming,
whipping and folding. In mixing, two or more ingredients are evenly dispersed in one another
until they become one product.

Mixing equipment:

There are the following types of mixers:

 Tumbler Blender – for dry mixing

 Kneader Mixer – for wet mixing
 Ribbon Blender – This mixer is for bulk solid and powder blending
 Paddle Mixer – For solids, wet-dry mixing, viscous/slurry liquid mixing
 Agitator – Liquid-liquid mixing or liquid-gas mixing
 Emulsifiers – for immiscible liquids. Here we discuss about kneader mixer:
Kneader Mixer:

Kneader mixer has two mixing blades rotate towards each other at differential speeds inside a
W shaped trough. Each blade moves the material in opposite direction thereby providing
excellent cross mixing of all raw materials. The blades pass the through walls and each other
at close clearances resulting in good mixing.

Working Principle:
The kneader mixer extruder operation is in two modes – mixing mode, discharge mode. In
the mixing mode, the blades rotate towards each other; the rotation of the screw ensures a
constant feed of material into the mixing zone.

Parts of Kneader mixer:

There are the following parts of kneader mixer:

Stationary Bowl:
It is a steel container that is having blade
assembly and during operation it also carries the
material.

Saddle:
It consists of saddle shape container made of
either mild steel or stainless steel 304 or 316
with jacket of covering two side of heating or
cooling application and dust free cover to get
vacuum if desired or normal cover.

Blades:
Mixing is done by two heavy blades on horizontal shaft in a short through with a saddle
shaped bottom blades turn towards each other at top, drawing mass downward over the point
of the saddle, then shearing it between the blades and wall.

Machine Base:
Base is the main casting that supports all other parts of milling machine. Base is a supporting
device that function as a stable foundation for mounting differencing tools, instruments and
equipment.

Spur Gear:
Spur gear is the most common type of gear. They have straight teeth and are mounted on
parallel shaft. Sometime many spur gears are used at once to create a gear reduction.

Drive:
The drive consists of motor of type TEFC or TEFC flameproof of specified 440 RPM.
Reduction gear box of reputed make having suitable size and ratio, spur gear are also
provided of adequate size and having machine cut teeth, between the front and rear blade
complete with guard suitable for grease lubrication.

Advantages:
Kneader mixer offer a number of technological advantages for dry processing:
Excellent mixing and kneading performance during wet, pasty and viscous phases. Large
working volume reactors efficiently handling large product volumes. Large heat-exchange
surface areas yielding highest possible surface-to-volume ratio.

Disadvantages:

Single screw shearing is not intense and single screw mixer not as effective as co-rotating and
counter rotating twin screw mixer.

Applications:

Kneaders are used in the food industry to process high viscosity materials such as chewing
gum, dough, and toffee, and in the chemical industry for the processing of rubber, silicone,
adhesives and resins. Talk to us; our experts can help you choose the best kneader for
your application.

Procedure:

1. I took known weight of sand and salt in the ratio of 10:1.

2. Fill the mixer with salt and sand.
3. Operate the mixer for about 1 hour.
4. Took the sample of 2 gms. After every 5 minutes.
5. Dissolve the samples in 20 ml of distilled water.
6. Titrate the samples against 0.1 HCl solution & note volume used.
7. Find the time of complete mixing from graph.

Observation and Calculation:

No. of obs. Time of mixing (min) Vol. of acid used (ml)

Graph:

Learning Outcomes:

After working on kneader mixer, I learn about the following:

 Types of mixer.
 Working principle of kneader mixer.
 Parts of kneader mixer.
 Applications of kneader mixer.
 Practically observe the mixing.

Lab Session 10
Objective:

To notice the effect of drum rotation speed on the efficiency of separation in Magnetic
Separator CLO-1

Apparatus:

Magnetic separator apparatus, stop watch

Theory:

Principle of magnetic separator:

The working principle of magnetic separation is that materials which is going to be elected
bearing the force of magnetic and other mechanical (such as gravity, centrifugal force,
friction, medium resistance, etc.) together, in the sorting space of the magnetic separator.

Ferrous and nonferrous material:

In short, the definitions go like

this: Diamagnetism refers to materials that are
not affected by a magnetic
field. Paramagnetic refers to materials like
aluminum or platinum which become
magnetized in a magnetic field but their
magnetism disappears when the field is
removed. Ferromagnetism refers to materials
(such as iron and nickel) that can retain their
magnetic properties when the magnetic field is
removed. Ferro is the Latin word for iron (this
is the reason behind the atomic symbol of iron-
Fe), a material which displays strong magnetic properties. Electrons produce a small
magnetic field as they spin and orbit the nucleus of an atom. For many atoms, the
combinations of electrons in their orbits cancel each other out. In ferromagnetic materials,
however, the electron fields in the atoms do not cancel out, so they exhibit a long-range
ordering phenomenon at the atomic level, which causes unpaired electron spins to line up
parallel with each other in a region called a domain. Within the domain, the magnetic field is
intense, but in a bulk sample the material will usually be magnetized because the many
domains will themselves be randomly oriented with respect to one another. But when you
expose that material to a magnetic field, the magnetic fields will line up with each other and
your material will be magnetized. Ferro magnets will tend to stay magnetized to some extent
after being subjected to an external magnetic field. This tendency to "remember their
magnetic history" is called hysteresis. The fraction of the saturation magnetization which is
retained when the driving field is removed is called the eminence of the material, and is the
basis of data storage on audio and video tapes and computer hard drives. The recording head
of a tape recorder or the write head of a disk drive applies a field that magnetizes a small
portion of the tape (or disk). The magnetism in each portion remains until another magnetic
field changes it. When each magnetized section is moved under the playback head or read
head, the moving magnetic field induces small currents which are amplified and turned into
either music or data bits

Industrial applications of magnetic separator:

Magnetic separation is an indispensable part of magnetic separation, and the dry magnetic
separator can be selected under the condition of water shortage in China to ensure that our
country can also be selected under the conditions of lack of some resources. The magnetic
separator plays a role in improving the grade of ore, purifying solid and liquid materials, and
recycling waste. With the application and development of magnetic separation technology,
magnetic separation equipment is constantly updating and replacing, and dry magnetic
separation has experienced remarkable technological progress over the past twenty years.
There are many new ideas and techniques applied in magnetic separators. So far, dry
magnetic separators have developed many different applications for mineral and coal
processing, for induction roller magnetic separators for chromite.

Procedure:

 First of all weight the total feed

 Then fill the feed box of the magnetic separator with feed material.
 Now fix the mass flow rate of feed and open the feed door of the hopper.
 Collect the materials in the two receiver baskets and then weight the material collected in
each basket at fixed feed flow rate.
  Now change the RPM (Rotation per minute) of drum and repeat the experiment and
calculate the separation efficiency of Magnetic separator for different RPM

Observation and Calculation:

Feed =

Product:

Sr # RPM (Rotation Feed (iron+ Basket 1 iron Basket 2 Efficiency

per minute) inert) gm material (gm) inert of
material separation
(gm) %
1 40
2 50
3 60
4 70

Graph:

EFFICIENCY
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
Efficiency

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
RPM

Learning Outcomes:
After performing this experiment, we learn:

 Drum rotation speed or it effect on efficiency of magnetic separator.

Basic principle of magnetic.
 Lab Session 11
Objective:

To Notice the effect of Mass flow rate of feed on the efficiency of separation in Magnetic
Separator CLO-1

Apparatus:

Magnetic separator apparatus, stop watch

Theory:

Principle of magnetic separator:

The working principle of magnetic separation is that materials which is going to be elected
bearing the force of magnetic and other mechanical (such as gravity, centrifugal force,
friction, medium resistance, etc.) together, in the sorting space of the magnetic separator.

Ferrous and nonferrous material:

In short, the definitions go like

this: Diamagnetism refers to materials that are
not affected by a magnetic
field. Paramagnetic refers to materials like
aluminum or platinum which become
magnetized in a magnetic field but their
magnetism disappears when the field is
removed. Ferromagnetism refers to materials
(such as iron and nickel) that can retain their
magnetic properties when the magnetic field is
removed. Ferro is the Latin word for iron (this is
the reason behind the atomic symbol of iron- Fe), a material which displays strong magnetic
properties. Electrons produce a small magnetic field as they spin and orbit the nucleus of an
atom. For many atoms, the combinations of electrons in their orbits cancel each other out. In
ferromagnetic materials, however, the electron fields in the atoms do not cancel out, so they
exhibit a long-range ordering phenomenon at the atomic level, which causes unpaired
electron spins to line up parallel with each other in a region called a domain. Within the
domain, the magnetic field is intense, but in a bulk sample the material will usually be
magnetized because the many domains will themselves be randomly oriented with respect to
one another. But when you expose that material to a magnetic field, the magnetic fields will
line up with each other and your material will be magnetized. Ferro magnets will tend to stay
magnetized to some extent after being subjected to an external magnetic field. This tendency
to "remember their magnetic history" is called hysteresis. The fraction of the saturation
magnetization which is retained when the driving field is removed is called the eminence of
the material, and is the basis of data storage on audio and video tapes and computer hard
drives. The recording head of a tape recorder or the write head of a disk drive applies a field
that magnetizes a small portion of the tape (or disk).

Industrial applications of magnetic separator:

Magnetic separation is an indispensable part of magnetic separation, and the dry magnetic
separator can be selected under the condition of water shortage in China to ensure that our
country can also be selected under the conditions of lack of some resources. The magnetic
separator plays a role in improving the grade of ore, purifying solid and liquid materials, and
recycling waste. With the application and development of magnetic separation technology,
magnetic separation equipment is constantly updating and replacing, and dry magnetic
separation has experienced remarkable technological progress over the past twenty years.
There are many new ideas and techniques applied in magnetic separators. So far, dry
magnetic separators have developed many different applications for mineral and coal
processing, for induction roller magnetic separators for chromite.

Procedure:

First of all I took the weight of total feed

Then fill the feed box of the magnetic separator with feed material.

Now fix the mass flow rate of feed and open the feed door of the hopper

Collect the materials in the two receiver baskets and then weight the material collected in
each basket at fixed feed flow rate.

Now change the RPM (Rotation per minute) of drum and repeat the experiment and calculate
the separation efficiency of Magnetic separator for different RPM.
Observation and Calculation:

Sr. No. Feed inlet Feed (iron+ Basket 1 iron Basket 2 Efficiency of
opening size inert) gm material (gm) inert separation
(cm) material %
(gm)

1 5

2 4.5

3 4

4 3.5

Graph:

EFFICIENCY
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
Efficiency

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Field inlet opening size

Learning Outcomes:

After performing this experiment, we learn:

 Mass flow rate of feed or it effect on efficiency of magnetic separator.

 Basic principle of magnetic separator.
 Lab Session 12
Objective:

To find the oil yield percentage from different sample using Oil Expeller

Apparatus:

Oil Expeller, beaker, scale, stop watch, seeds

Theory:

Components of Oil Expeller Unit

The oil expeller consists of different parts.

It is mainly consists of body, hopper, main
shaft and gear assembly. The screw shaft is
provided with gear assembly to rotate in
the cage. The following are the parts
included in the construction of oil expeller
machine
1. Body:

The body is as the casing of the parts of oil

expeller machine. It is made of the highly
closed grained casting to ensure continued
service without any vibration and
accurately.

2. Feeder/Hopper:

The hopper is used for feeding the raw materials for extracting the oil from it. It is directly
over the grinder and maintains the flow of oil seeds during the operation.

3. Bed:

The bed is provided for support to the structure of oil expeller machine. The structure is made
of the steel. This ensures the better alignment and balancing to the parts of the oil expeller
machine. The bed is provided with good vibration absorbing mechanism so that with stand
with loading capacity.

4. Main Shaft:

It is main part of expeller. It carries and support to worm gear, cone, collar, cutter, gear etc.
5. Gear Box:

The gear box consists of gears and pinions of oil expeller are manufactured from alloy steel
to ensure smooth running of gears. Induction and oil quenching hardness is given to gears for
long the gears are fitted in oil bath case for smooth running.

6. Worms:

The most essential part of modern oil milling is the shape, design and material construction of
pressing worms.

7. Bearing:

All imported heavy duty bearings, taper bearings, roller bearings and thrust bearing etc.

8. Barrel

The barrel is means for providing the cage Structure to the oil expeller. It is made from the
mild steel with assembly of tempered cage bars and frames.

9. Cone & Collar:

Cone is placed at the end of extraction of oil on the main shaft. it is mainly use for
maintaining cake thickness. Collar has placed after the cone

10. Cutter

Cutter has placed after cone and collar, it is use for cutting the cake.

Summary of Theory

Basic Principle
Expeller pressing (also caned Oil pressing) is a mechanical method for extracting oil from
materials are squeezed under high pressure in a single step. When used for the extraction of
food oils, typical raw materials are nuts, seeds and algae, which are supplied to the press in
continuous feed. As the raw material is pressed, friction causes it to heat up harder nuts
(which require higher pressures) the material can exceed temperature120 °F (49 °C). The Oil
extraction technology has been in use for a very long time in Pakistan and the techniques that
are followed for expelling oil are very laborious and relatively inefficient. There has not been
significant improvement in the oil extraction processes and even today a century old
technology such as Single screw press, hydraulic presses1 are being use parts of the country.
Mechanical screw presses are ideally preferred for oil extraction as they are economical and
Continuous production can be achieved. Any improvement in the technique of oil extraction
tends to bridge the technological gap and increase availability of feedstock for extraction of
oil.

Procedure:

1. I weigh 500 grams of rape seeds and clean them.

2. I switch on the Expeller and note the time for unloaded conditions.
3. I put the seeds into the Expeller & note the time for loaded conditions.
4. I note the total time for crushing the seeds.
5. I collect the oil into pre-weighed beaker from bottom of the machine.
6. I find the energy required and %age yield of material using formulae.

Observations and Calculations:

Sample used sun flower seeds.

Percentage yield = (weight of oil obtained practically/theoretical weight of oil taken) x100
Sr. NO. Mass of Temperature Pressing Oil Mass (g) Yield %
Seeds(g) ℃ Time s

Learning Outcomes:

After performing that experiment, I learn:

 Percentage yield.

Do it yourself

 Explain the basic parts and working principle of oil expeller.

 What are theapplicationsof oil expeeler
 Lab Session 13
Objective:

To perform the particle size distribution of bricks in Jaw Crusher.

Apparatus:

Jaw Crusher, scale, stop watch, plastic tub, set of sieves.

Theory:

Crushing:

Crushing is the process of transferring a force amplified by mechanical advantage through a

material made of molecules that bond together more strongly, and resist deformation more,
than those in the material being crushed

Types of Crushers:

There are the following types of crushers.

Jaw Crusher
Gyratory crusher
Horizontal impact crusher
Cone crusher
Here I use the Jaw crusher in KFUEIT Particulate Technology Lab and now I discus
about the type of Jaw crusher
Types of jaw crushers:

Jaw crusher classified into two types:

1. Blake Jaw Crusher
2. Dodge Jaw Crusher
Both crusher employs a compressive force for size reduction.
Blake Jaw Crusher:

This type crusher has a fixed feed area and a variable discharge area. Greatest amount of
motion is at the bottom of V which means that it has a little tendency to chock. In Blake jaw
crusher, the swing jaw is pivoted at upper position.

Dodge Jaw Crusher:

In this crusher the jaws are farther apart at the top then at the bottom. Which form a tapered
chute so that the material is crushed. Progressively smaller and smaller as it travels
downward until it is small enough to escape from the bottom opening. In the dodge jaw
crusher, the moving jaw is pivoted at the bottom. As minimum movement is at the bottom it
has a greater tendency to choke.

Principle of Jaw Crusher:

The electrical motor transmits power to the eccentric shaft through v-belt and belt pulley.
Then the exciting force generated by the
eccentric shaft will make the movable jaw
move upwards and downwards. This
movement would trigger the toggle plate to
push the movable jaw forwards and
backwards. When the movable jaw moves
forth towards the fixed jaw, materials in the
crushing cavity will be squashed or chopped.
And then the movable jaw travels back, the
chopped or squashed materials which meet
the requirement will be discharged from the
outlet. Since the motor keeps working. The
crusher will crush and discharge periodically
to achieve mass production.

Parts of Jaw Crusher:

Jaw crusher having the following parts:

 1. Eccentric Shaft: That is where the energy comes from, the crushing action itself
is generated by the eccentric shaft, and this shaft is called the pitman. This is
simply a shaft with a portion of its length offset from the rest of the shaft. As
the shaft is revolved that portion will travel in a greater arc.
2. Toggle Plate: Toggle plate is a power transmission part of jaw crusher. It is used
to support movable jaw
plate and transmit
crushing force to the
back of body frame.
Adjust the outlet of jaw
crusher by way of
changing the size of
toggle plate
3. Flywheel:
The purpose of
the flywheel is to
generate energy in the form of motion. Once the motor has the flywheel turning
the momentum of the wheel will carry it through a crushing cycle. The motor then
will only have to provide the energy.
4. Cheek Plate: Cheek plates are positioned on the left and right ends of the
crushing chamber to prevent the material being crushed from reaching the frame
of the crusher, which will lead to the wear of the frame.
5. Jaw plate: It is made of high manganese steel castings can be reversed allowing
extended life.
6. Frame: It’s a heavy-duty design steel plate which make the body of crusher
Procedure:

1. I took 15 kg Weighs of red bricks.

2. Then Switch on the crusher and note time required for 2 revolutions in unloaded
condition.
3. After it I Feed the crusher and note time required for 2 revolutions as well as total
time of crushing the whole feed.
4. After finishing the crushing operation, I Switch off the crusher immediately.
5. Took the known weight of the product and sieve it using set of sieves by sieve shaker.
 6. Weigh the mass retained on each sieve and find mass fraction and cumulative mass
fraction.
7. Calculate the energy required, Ratzinger’s and Kick’s law constants using formulae.
8. Plot the required graph.
Observations and Calculations:

Feed =

Product=

Mesh no. (mm) Mass retained Recovery % Cumulative MF

(gram)
4
25
50
80
PAN
Total

Graph:
Learning Outcomes:

After working on crusher, I learn about the following:

 Working principle of crusher.

 Parts of crusher.
 Functions of each part of crusher.
 Comparison of Jaw crusher feed and product size.
 Applications of Jaw crusher at industrial level

Do it yourself
What is the difference between crusher and grinder
Explain the basic parts and working principle of jaw crusher
Applications of jaw crusher
 Lab Session 14

Objective:

To formulate the energy required to mix sand and salt in the ratio 30:1 using Paddle Mixer

Apparatus:

Paddle mixer, scale, stop watch, plastic tub, sand and salt, burette and pipette, HCl

Theory:

Mixing:

Mixing is a general term that includes stirring, beating, blending, binding, creaming,
whipping and folding. In mixing, two or more ingredients are evenly dispersed in one another
until they become one product.

Mixing equipment:

There are the following types of mixers:

 Tumbler Blender – for dry mixing

 Ribbon Blender – This mixer is for bulk solid and powder blending
 Paddle Mixer – For solids, wet-dry mixing, viscous/slurry liquid mixing
 Agitator – Liquid-liquid mixing or liquid-gas mixing
 Emulsifiers – for immiscible liquids.
Here we discuss about paddle mixer.

Paddle Mixer:

A mixing paddle is a shaped device, typically mounted

on a shaft, which can be inserted on the shaft end into a
motorized drive, for the purpose of mixing liquids,
solids or both. Paddle mixers may also be used
for kneading. Whilst mounted in fixed blending
equipment, the paddle may also be referred to as
an agitator.
Working principle of paddle mixer:

The rotating paddles divide and blend sequentially the mass of product and generate a quick
and intense movement of each particle through the mixing chamber (convection). Due to the
defined angle of the paddles, the mixer shows an excellent axial and radial dispersion.
Purpose of Paddle mixer:

Mixing paddles are used for mixing ingredients in cooking and for mixing construction
products, such as pastes, slurries or paints. They are also used for dispersing solids within
liquids (for example, some polymers may be delivered in solid form, but will dissolve in
liquids).

Parts of Paddle Mixer:

There are the following main parts of paddle mixer:

Housing:
It is the casing or body of mixer.

Mixer Blades:
It is used for the proper mixing.

Drive unit:
It is a prime mover which drive the mixing blades
which operate electrically.

Cover: Sometime cover is use at the bowl of mixer which prevent the mixing material from
splashing.

Advantages of Paddle mixer:

The main advantages of paddle mixers are their simplicity and low cost.

Disadvantages of Paddle mixer:

A disadvantage is their small pumping capacity (a slow axial flow), which does not provide a
thorough mixing of the volume of the tank or vessel.

Applications:
Paddle mixers are used commonly for mixing dry materials such as coffee, sugar, minerals,
drywall, chemicals and agricultural feed among many other food, pharmaceutical and
chemical products.

Procedure:

1. I took known weight of sand and salt in the ratio of 30:1.

2. After it I Note time for 2 revolutions in unloaded and loaded conditions.
3. Put salt and sand in the mixer in the form of layers.
4. Start the mixer & take 2 gm. Of sample after every 5 minutes.
5. Operate the mixer for about 1 hour & take 12 samples.
6. Titrate each sample against standard solution of 0.1HCL.

Observation and Calculation:

No. of obs. Time of mixing (min) Vol. of acid used (ml)

Plot the required graph and find the time of complete mixing.

Graph:
Learning Outcomes:

After working on Paddle mixer, I learn about the following:

 Types of mixer.
 Working principle of paddle mixer.
 Parts of paddle mixer.
 Advantages and disadvantages of paddle mixer.
 Applications of paddle mixer.
 Practically mix the sand & salt with the ratio of 30:1

Do it yourself

 Explain the basic parts and working principle of paddle mixer.

 Applications of paddle mixer