Form 4

MRSM KUALA KLAWANG

Ts. Syahrul Affendi Bin Abdul Rahman

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At the end of this class, students can explain

• The Role of Data

• Data and Information
• Data Management
o Manual Processing System
o File System
o Database system
• Data Integrity, Consistency & Redundancy

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 DATABASE
• Computer-based information system collection point
• Used to facilitate data & information to be stored,
accessed and updated

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 DATA AND INFORMATION

• Making decisions
• Data is meaningless if it is not analyzed into information

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DATA AND
INFORMATION

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DIFFERENCE EXAMPLES BETWEEN
DATA AND INFORMATION

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 DATA MANAGEMENT

• Manual Processing System

• File System
• Database System

MANUAL
DATABASE
PROCESSING FILE SYSTEM
SYSTEM
SYSTEM

Dara Management Evolution

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IMPORTANCE OF DATA MANAGMENT

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MANUAL PROCESSING

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FILE SYSTEM

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DATABASE SYSTEM

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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DATABASE
AND FILE SYSTEM

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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DATABASE
AND FILE SYSTEM

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 DATA INTEGRITY, CONSISTENCY &
REDUNDANCY

• Data Integrity is the assurance that digital information is

uncorrupted and can only be accessed or modified by
those authorized to do so.
• Data Consistency means data remains unchanged
regardless of how, or how often, it's accessed and no
matter how long it's stored. For example, data accessed
a year from now will be the same data that's generated
or accessed today.
• Data Redundancy occurs when the same piece of data is
stored in two or more separate places and is a common
occurrence in many businesses.

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DATA INTERGRITY

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DATA CONSISTENCY

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DATA REDUNDANCY

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INTRO TO DATABASE QUIZ

https://bit.ly/3UE3460

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END OF CHAPTER

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At the end of this class, students can explain

• Database Models
o Hierarchy
o Network
o Relational
o Object-Oriented

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 DATABASE MODELS

Hierarchy Network

Database
Models

Relational Object - Oriented

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 Hierarchical Model

• Used since 1950 by International Business Machine (IBM)

• Data is organized in a tree structure
• Suitable for parent and child relationships
• Support the relationship of one parent to many children
(One to Many relationship)
• Does not support the relationship of many parents to
many children (Many to Many relationship).

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MIND TEST:

• Which one of the following entities is the parent, or child

or parent/child?

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 Network Model

• Consists of several record types linked by pointers

• This model overcomes the indeterminacy of hierarchical
models in Many to Many Relationship situations

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 Relational Model

• Often used because it is easy to build & use in the real

world
• Data is organized in rows and columns
• The advantage of the in model is that the data structure
does not need to be specified in advance

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 Object Oriented Model

• New methods in data modeling

• Definition of object (entity) can be reused (reusable)
• Stores definitions of objects and relationships
• This model has 3 main concepts namely
• Class (class) – object/entity
• Attributes (attributes) - properties of objects
• Method - the behavior/operation that the object can perform
(also known as a procedure or function)

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 MIND TEST:

• List three objects that are suitable for a database system

in a library
• What are the three properties that are appropriate for a
book object other than the name of the book?
• What are the operations that can be performed by the
librarian object

XXXXXXXXXX
BOOK
----------------------------- SXXXXXX
-----------------
Staff Name --------------------
Book Name
Staff No Student name
XXXXX
Department College No
XXXXX
Position grade Class
XXXXX
----------------------------- Form
------------------
OpenSystem() --------------------
Dipinjam()
ConfirmBookLoan() BorrowBook()
Dipulangkan()
ConfirmBookReturn() ReturnBook()
Dilupus()
CloseSystem()

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MIND TEST:
• IDENTIFY WHAT DATABASE MODELS ARE SHOWN?

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MIND TEST:
• IDENTIFY WHAT DATABASE MODELS ARE SHOWN?

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MIND TEST:
• IDENTIFY WHAT DATABASE MODELS ARE SHOWN?

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MIND TEST:
• IDENTIFY WHAT DATABASE MODELS ARE SHOWN?

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DATABASE MODELS QUIZ

https://bit.ly/3GCOSnI

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END OF CHAPTER

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At the end of this class, students can explain

• Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) and its

components
• ERD using correct notations
• System requirement specifications and translate it
into ERD

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Entity Relationships Diagram
A step-by-step

https://youtu.be/_iVp0n8ALRA

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 Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)

• a visual representation of different entities within a

system and how they relate to each other.
• For example, the elements writer, novel, and a
consumer may be described using ER diagrams the
following way:

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ERD Examples

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 Entity

• An entity can be a person, place, event, or object that is relevant

to a given system.
• For example, a school system may include students, teachers,
major courses, subjects, fees, and other items.
• Entities are represented in ER diagrams by a rectangle and
named using singular nouns.

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 Attribute

• An attribute is a property, trait, or characteristic of an

entity, relationship, or another attribute. For example,
the attribute Inventory Item Name is an attribute of the
entity Inventory Item.

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 Relationship

•A relationship describes how entities interact. For

example, the entity “Carpenter” may be related to the
entity “table” by the relationship “builds” or “makes”.
Relationships are represented by diamond shapes and
are labeled using verbs

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 Cardinality

• Cardinality expresses the specific number of entity

occurrences associated with one occurrence of the
related entity.

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Entity Relationships Diagram
A step-by-step

https://youtu.be/Tg_8UYoKoQ8

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 How to Draw ER Diagrams

1. Identify all the entities in the system. An entity should

appear only once in a particular diagram. Create
rectangles for all entities and name them properly.
2.Identify relationships between entities. Connect them
using a line and add a diamond in the middle describing
the relationship.
3. Add attributes for entities.
Give meaningful attribute
names so they can be understood easily.
4.Add cardinality of all relationship between entities with
label of 1, M or N for one-to-one, one-to-many, many-
to-one or many-to-many relationship.

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 Class Activity

• Create ERD for School Information System which

contain:
1. Any Entities with at least two of its attributes from
each of them
2. Relationship to connect all the entity with suitable
labelling and cardinality
3. Example entities: Student, teacher etc.

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MIND TEST:
Group Activity 1

• Create ERD for Library System which contain:

1. Three (3) entities with at least three (3) attributes
form each of them
2. Relationship to connect all the entity with suitable
labelling and cardinality

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 Group Activity 2

• Create ERD for Human Resource System which contain:

1. Three (3) entities with at least three(3) attributes
form each of them
2. Relationship to connect all the entity with suitable
labelling and cardinality

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 Group Activity 3

• Create ERD for Airline Ticketing System which contain:

1. Three (3) entities with at least three (3) attributes
form each of them
2. Relationship to connect all the entity with suitable
labelling and cardinality

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 Pair Exercise
1. A company has a number of employees. Each
employee may be assigned to one or more projects. A
project must have at least one department assigned.
Please include two (2) examples of attributes for any
entities identified.
2. A university has a large number of courses in its
catalogue. Each course may have one or more
subjects. The subject contain several assignments.
Please include two (2) examples of attributes for any
entities identified.
3. A college course may have one or more scheduled
classroom, or may not have a scheduled classroom.
The classroom is assigned at least to one lecturer.
Please include two (2) examples of attributes for any
entities identified.
4. A hospital patient has a patient history. Each patient
has one or more history. The history record may be
assigned to at least one medicine. Please include two
(2) examples of attributes for any entities identified.
5. A video store may stock more than one copy of a given
movie. It is also true that the store may not have a
single copy of a particular movie. A movie contain at
least one chapter. Please include two (2) examples of
attributes for any entities identified.
6. An employee must manage exactly one department. A
department may or may not have one employee
manage it. The employee must be assigned at least
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one task. Please include two (2) examples of attributes
for any entities identified.
 ERD QUIZ

https://bit.ly/3GErVAL

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END OF CHAPTER

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Akhlak Terbilang, Pendidikan Cemerlang

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